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Topo Santoso
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Religion Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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Discontinuation of Corruption Investigation and Prosecution: A Comparison of Indonesia, The Netherlands, and Hong Kong Ahwan Ahwan; Topo Santoso
Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure Vol 22, No 1 (2022): March Edition
Publisher : Law and Human Rights Policy Strategy Agency, Ministry of Law and Human Rights of The Repub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (566.872 KB) | DOI: 10.30641/dejure.2022.V22.1-16

Abstract

The discontinuation of the investigation and prosecution of corruption crimes is one of the important substances of the amendment to Law No. 19 of 2019 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission which then led to debates both among academicians and legal practitioners. The discourse focused on the essence and concerns of transactional practices in the process of law enforcement for corruption crimes in the future. By using the legal comparative method, this paper tries to compare the provisions regarding the discontinuation of the investigation and prosecution of corruption crimes in Indonesia, Hong Kong, and the Netherlands. The results of the study show that the provisions regarding the discontinuation of the investigation and prosecution of corruption crimes in the three countries have differences in their arrangements. Normatively, Indonesia and the Netherlands regulate this matter in several articles, while for Hong Kong, although they do not regulate it in an expressis verbis manner in the law, the provisions concerning the discontinuation of investigations and prosecutions of corruption crimes are known in their law enforcement practices as seen in the case handling scheme published by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). However, the use of the mechanism for terminating the investigation and prosecution of corruption crimes can be seen as a balancing mechanism against the legal process. Regulations regarding the discontinuation of investigations in corruption crimes must be maintained as a control mechanism against the possibility of errors in law enforcement procedures or for other technical reasons.
POLITICAL PARTY’S CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN INDONESIA Mulyati, Nani; Santoso, Topo
Indonesia Law Review
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

In Indonesia, according to civil law, a political party can be a separate legal personality from its members vested with the same legal rights and duties as a legal citizen. They can participate in the economic, politic, legal, and social relationships. If they violate the law, they can also be held responsible. However, it is still very doubtful whether they can be liable in criminal law since they have critical function in the democratic political process as acknowledge by the constitution. This paper examines the position of a political party in their criminal liability, whether they can be prosecuted, and sanctioned. In order to do that the scientific methodology used for this research is doctrinal legal research, scrutinizing some theories, regulations, and legal cases, and analyzing some legal theories on corporate legal personalities. It examines regulations and cases that describe the conditions when a political party can or cannot be prosecuted as political parties. It is concluded that political parties do have some peculiarities that ordinary private corporations do not, such as the important roles they play in constitutional life as they can contest election results and hold power in the government. Some countries treat political parties differently when it comes to criminal law. This research will provide valuable information for judges, other law enforcement officers, and academia in understanding the position of political parties in criminal liability.
Principle of Simple, Speedy, and Low-Cost Trial and The Problem of Asset Recovery in Indonesia Nelson, Febby Mutiara; Santoso, Topo
Indonesia Law Review
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article discusses whether simple, speedy and low-cost principles have been implemented in the criminal justice in Indonesia and the obstacles faced by the Indonesian criminal justice system, especially in terms of returning state losses due to corruption cases. The findings indicate that such principles are yet to be effectively implemented in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. Some obvious issues have emerged as an area for attention; first, that law enforcement in corruption cases takes a long time, remains complicated, and is also high-priced. Second, there are a number of obstacles confronted by the Indonesian criminal justice system, especially in terms of returning state losses due to corruption that should be able to follow the concept of justice in a simple, speedy manner and at low cost.
PENERAPAN ALASAN PERINGAN DALAM PUTUSAN PEMIDANAAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI Mahri Hasan; Topo Santoso
JURNAL RECTUM: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana Vol 5 No 2 (2023): EDISI BULAN MEI
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Darma Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46930/jurnalrectum.v5i2.3180

Abstract

Terdapat beberapa lembaga negara yang terlibat aktif dalam proses penegakan hukum pemberantasan korupsi diantaranya kepolisian, kejaksaan, komisi pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi dan pengadilan itu sendiri. Dari aspek penegakan hukum hakim diberikan tuntutan lebih khususnya pada ketepatan dalam memutus atau menyelesaikan perkara tindak pidana korupsi yang sedang disidangkan, masalah utaman dari persoalan ketepatan adalah pada saat hakim menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan yang relatif ringan terhadap terdakwa, hakim terkadang sangat mudah menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan dengan alasan peringan pidana yang tidak relevan, dengan problem tersebut maka Mahkamah Agung mengeluarkan peraturan Mahkamah Agung nomor 1 tahun 2020 tentang pedoman pemidanan pasal 2 dan 3 unandang-undang nomor 31 tahun 1999 kemudian diubah dengan undang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2001 tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi, peraturan mahkamah agung ini menjadi acuan normatif jika hakim ingin menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan didalam peraturan mahkamah agung tersebut alasan keadaan meringankan disebutkan dengan tegas.
Parties to Crime: Development and Comparison Santoso, Topo
Indonesian Comparative Law Review Vol 2, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/iclr.2217

Abstract

This article discusses parties to crime which are an important part of substantive criminal law. This concept is related to the involvement of more than one person in a criminal offence. Problems in participation include its definition, forms of participation, timing of implementation and criminal responsibility of the person involved in the participation. The debate over parties to crime has started from its definition since the formulation the Criminal Code is very short and need interpretation and the differences among the forms of participation. This article also discusses the arrangement of participation in several
Reconstruction to Prove Elements of Detrimental to State Finances in the Criminal Act of Corruption in Indonesia Firmansyah Firmansyah; Topo Santoso; Febrian Febrian; Nashriana Nashriana
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol 8, No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v8i3.18295

Abstract

AbstractState financial loss is one of the elements of the criminal act of corruption in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 of Law No. 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crime. The formulation of the element of detrimental to state finances in the two articles at the level of evidence still raises various obstacles because it is an obscure norm and is multi-interpretative. The results of the research show that proving that the element of detrimental to state finances in the criminal act of corruption is still understood as a formal crime so that the proof is sufficient by fulfilling the act and there is no need for consequences, whether potential loss of state finances or actual loss, the perpetrator can be convicted. After the Constitutional Court through its decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016 stated that the word "can" in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 is unconstitutional and has fundamentally changed the qualification of corruption to become a material crime, but in its application there are different views of law enforcement officials in proving that the element is detrimental to state finances, giving rise to legal uncertainty. In the upcoming reform of the criminal law of corruption, a more appropriate model of proof is to use the concept of state financial loss in the sense of the material crime. Through this concept, a new act can be seen as fulfilling the elements of a corruption crime on the condition that there must be an effect that the state loss is real and occurs (actual loss). The concept of proving state financial losses in a material sense ensures fair legal certainty.Keywords: Reconstruction, Evidence, State Financial Losses, Corruption Crime. Abstrak Kerugian keuangan negara merupakan salah satu unsur tindak pidana korupsi dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) dan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 1999 Jo Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Rumusan unsur merugikan keuangan negara pada kedua pasal tersebut dalam tataran pembuktian masih menimbulkan berbagai hambatan karena merupakan norma kabur dan bersifat multi tafsir. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, meskipun Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam putusannya Nomor 25/PUU-XIV/2016 telah menyatakan kata “dapat” pada kedua pasal tersebut inkonstitusional, telah merubah secara mendasar tindak pidana korupsi menjadi tindak pidana materiel, namun dalam penerapannya terdapat ketidakseragaman pandangan aparat penegak hukum dalam membuktikan unsur tersebut sehingga telah menimbukan ketidakpastian hukum. Model pembuktian yang lebih tepat adalah menggunakan konsep kerugian keuangan negara dalam arti tindak pidana materiel. Melalui konsep ini, suatu perbuatan baru bisa dipandang memenuhi unsur tindak pidana korupsi dengan syarat harus adanya akibat bahwa kerugian negara benar-benar nyata dan terjadi (actual loss). Konsep pembuktian kerugian keuangan negara dalam arti materiel lebih menjamin kepastian hukum yang adil.Kata Kunci: Rekonstruksi, Pembuktian, Kerugian Keuangan Negara, Tindak Pidana Korupsi.АннотацияФинансовые убытки государства являются одним из элементов коррупции в пункте (1) статьи 2 и в статье 3 Закона № 31 от 1999 г. в сочетании с Законом № 20 от 2001 г. Об Искоренении коррупционных преступлений. Расположение элементов, наносящих ущерб государственным финансам, в двух статьях на уровне доказательств по-прежнему создает различные препятствия, поскольку эта норма расплывчата и имеет множество толкований. Результаты исследования показывают, что доказательства элементов, которые наносят ущерб государственным финансам в преступном акте коррупции, по-прежнему понимаются как формальное преступление, так что доказательства являются достаточными путем совершения действия, и нет необходимости в последствиях, будь то потенциальный ущерб государственных финансов или фактических ущерб, виновный может быть осужден.  После того, как Конституционный суд через его решение № 25/PUU-XIV/2016 заявил, что слово «может» в статье 2 (1) и статьи 3 является неконституционным и коренным образом изменил квалификацию коррупции в материальное преступление, но в естественном применении существуют различные точки зрения сотрудников правоохранительных органов в доказательстве того, что эти элементы наносят ущерб государственным финансам , вызывая юридическую неопределенность. В рамках предстоящей реформы уголовного законодательства о коррупции более подходящей моделью доказательства является использование концепции финансовых потерь государства в смысле материального преступления. В рамках этой концепции новый закон может рассматриваться как выполнение элементов преступного коррупционного деяния при условии существования реальных и возникающих потерь государства (фактическая потеря).Ключевые Слова: Реконструкция, Доказательства, Финансовые Потери Государства, Коррупционная Преступность
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KOMANDO DALAM HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA DAN BELANDA (SUATU STUDI PERBANDINGAN HUKUM) Hans Giovanny Yosua; Santoso, Topo
Unram Law Review Vol 7 No 2 (2023): Unram Law Review(ULREV)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/ulrev.v7i2.301

Abstract

Command responsibility is a form of criminal responsibility that aims explicitly to ensnare commanders who know and allow not to prevent their subordinates from committing criminal acts, as well as commanders who fail to take steps in the form of handing over their subordinates who have become perpetrators of certain crimes to the investigation, investigation and prosecution process. The concept of command responsibility is regulated by several international court forums such as the ICTR, ICTY, and ICC. In command responsibility, increasing steps will also be held in national criminal law in its development. Several countries that regulate commando criminal responsibility include Indonesia and the Netherlands. The two countries regulate command responsibility in criminal laws outside the Criminal Code and exclusively apply command responsibility to certain types of crimes. These crimes are classified as the most severe or gross human rights violations.
Financial Service Provider and Online Sexual Exploitation of Children: A Lacunae in Indonesia Legal Framework? Nelson, Febby Mutiara; Santoso, Topo
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): January, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i1.14264

Abstract

Online sexual abuse and exploitation of children is a serious global issue nowadays. In Indonesia, data from the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (KemenPPA) shows that the number of reported child violence cases reached 24,158 in 2023. Of this total, sexual violence was the most common, with 10,932 cases. The key problem lies in the gap within the Legal Framework for addressing Child Sexual Exploitation in Indonesia. The issue is becoming more serious because the financial sector also plays a role, as perpetrators use financial means to carry out their actions. This has not been adequately addressed by Indonesia’s legal framework. Although Indonesia has prohibited and imposed penalties for perpetrators of child sexual exploitation and online sexual exploitation (for example, through the Criminal Code, Child Protection Law, Law on Sexual Violence, Pornography Law, and Electronic Information and Transactions Law), efforts to address the misuse of the financial sector by perpetrators have not been reflected in laws governing the financial services sector (such as the Indonesia Financial Services Authority Law, Banking Law, Indonesia Financial Services Authority Regulations, etc.). This paper, through a doctrinal research approach, examines the extent to which Indonesia’s legal framework addresses child sexual exploitation in accordance with international standards, conventions, trends, and developments. By analyzing how other countries—such as England, Wales, Sweden, the United States, and Australia—handle child sexual exploitation, particularly in relation to financial service providers, Indonesia can learn valuable lessons. In conclusion, this paper finds that Indonesia’s legal framework is insufficient to address child sexual exploitation and abuse involving financial means.
Implementation of Legal Culture toward Law Enforcement of Child Trafficking (Comparative Study of Indonesia and Australia) Nasution, Eva Syahfitri; Santoso, Topo; Marlina, Marlina; Rosmalinda, Rosmalinda
Ultimate Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): Ultimate Journal of Legal Studies (ULJLS)
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/uljls.v1i1.12945

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the influence of legal culture on criminal law enforcement in Indonesia and the implementation of legal culture on law enforcement for the crime of trafficking in children by conducting comparative studies in Indonesia and Australia. This research is qualitative and descriptive and uses literature studies to obtain secondary data. This research is limited only to how the implementation of legal culture affects enforcing the law on the crime of trafficking in children by conducting comparative studies in Indonesia and Australia. From the research, it was found that the legal culture is very influential on law enforcement in a country. When implemented in law enforcement, the effectiveness of the legal culture can be seen. Law enforcement itself has three concepts, namely the total concept (full enforcement concept), which is full (full enforcement concept). A comparison of the legal culture in enforcing the law on the crime of trafficking in children between Indonesia and Australia can be seen from the first two perspectives, from the cultural point of view of law enforcement officers. Second, it can be seen from the legal culture of Indonesian society that most of them still adhere to a patriarchal culture, while Australia adheres to what is called an egalitarian culture.
Reversal of Burden Proof as a Reform of Criminal Law Eradicate Money Laundering Azizah, Hanifah; Santoso, Topo; Husein, Yunus; Mulyadi, Mahmud
Ultimate Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Contemporary Legal Issues
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/uljls.v1i2.13758

Abstract

One of the efforts of the Indonesian government in reducing money laundering is to pay special attention in terms of proof, namely with the reverse proof system.  Over time, the reversed proof system in the Corruption Law is still regulated even though the Corruption Law has undergone many changes. Although it has been included in positive law, in practice this proof is not applied thoroughly and there are still obstacles in its application. This research seeks to answer in what cases the reverse burden of proof is applied and what are the obstacles in its application. This type of research is normative juridical. The results of the study resulted in the merging of corruption cases with money laundering can be considered to provide its own advantages in handling corruption cases. More actors are ensnared including corporations. Maximum punishment, streamlining the return of state assets can impoverish corruptors. Legal culture that has not adapted to the new system, reverse evidence is not clearly regulated in the law.
Co-Authors Ahwan Ahwan Azizah, Hanifah Eka Putra, Fariz Elwi Danil Eva Achjani Zulfa Eva Syahfitri Nasution, Eva Syahfitri Febrian Febrian Febrian, Febrian Firmansyah Firmansyah Firmansyah Firmansyah Hambali Yusuf Hamonangan Albariansyah Hans Giovanny Yosua Mahmud Mulyadi Mahri Hasan Marlina Marlina Nani Mulyati Nashriana Nashriana Nashriana, Nashriana Nasriana Nasriana Nasriana Nasriana, Nasriana Nelson, Febby Mutiara Novian, Muhammad Nur Afni NurAfni NurAfni NURLAILY, NURLAILY Okpirianti, Reni Ong’eta, Wyclife Ramadhani, Mochamad Rizki Reni Okpirianti Rina Shahriyani Shahrullah Rosmalinda, Rosmalinda Sigid Suseno Yunus Husein Zainal Muttaqin Zin, Hakimah Muhammad