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RESPONS TANAMAN KEDELAI TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN TUMBUH Taufiq, Abdullah; Sundari, Titik
Buletin Palawija No 23 (2012)
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-umbian

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Tanaman kedelai (Glycine max L.) dapat memberikan respon positif dan negatif terhadap perubahan lingkungan tumbuh di atas tanah maupun di dalam tanah. Respon tersebut dapat diketahui dari perubahan perubahan fenotipik dan fisiologis tanaman. Lingkungan di atas tanah yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai terutama adalah lama dan intensitas penyinaran, suhu udara dan kandungan CO2 di atmosfer. Lama penyinaran yang optimal adalah 10-12 jam. Berkurangnya intensitas cahaya matahari menyebabkan tanaman tumbuh lebih tinggi, ruas antar buku lebih panjang, jumlah daun dan jumlah polong lebih sedikit, dan ukuran biji semakin kecil. Respon kedelai terhadap perubahan suhu tergantung pada fase pertumbuhan. Suhu yang sesuai pada fase perkecambahan adalah 15-22oC, fase pembungaan 20-25oC, dan pada fase pemasakan 15-22oC. Peningkatan CO2 atmosfer dari 349 ÂµL menjadi 700 ÂµL meningkatkan laju pertukaran karbon (C), menurunkan laju transpirasi, dan meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air. Kondisi lingkungan di dalam tanah yang berperan terhadap pertumbuhan kedelai terutama adalah tekstur tanah, kadar air tanah dan unsur hara, unsur-unsur toksik, kemasaman tanah, suhu tanah, dan salinitas. Kedelai tumbuh baik pada tanah bertekstur ringan hingga berat, namun tanah yang padat (BI >1,38 kg/m3) tidak sesuai untuk kedelai. Kebutuhan air tanaman kedelai pada fase generatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada fase vegetatif, sehingga pada fase generatif lebih peka terhadap kekeringan terutama pada fase pembungaan hingga pengisian polong. Kandungan air optimal adalah 70-85% dari kapasitas lapangan. Kandungan unsur hara tanah harus di atas batas kekahatan agar tanaman tumbuh optimal. Nilai kritis suatu unsur hara dalam tanah beragam tergantung jenis tanah dan metode analisis yang digunakan. Pengaruh suhu tanah terutama pada fase perkecambahan, dan suhu tanah optimal adalah 24,2-32,8Â°C. Kedelai agak sensitif terhadap kemasaman tanah, unsur-unsur toksik, dan salinitas. Nilai kritis pH, Al, Mn, dan salinitas berturut-turut adalah pH 5,5, Al-dd 1,33 me/100 g, Mn 3,3 ppm, dan 1,3 dS/m. Rhizobium berperan dalam memasok kebutuhan N tanaman kedelai, namun inokulasi tidak efektif pada tanah yang sering ditanami kedelai.

Ubi Kayu Sebagai Bahan Baku Industri Bioetanol Ginting, Erliana; Sundari, Titik; Saleh, Nasir
Buletin Palawija No 17 (2009)
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-umbian

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Ubi kayu sebagai bahan baku industri bioetanol. Penggunaan sumber energi alternatif terbarukan yang berasal dari hasil pertanian seperti bioetanol perlu dilakukan karena meningkatnya harga Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) di pasaran dunia dan menipisnya cadangan fosil. Ubi kayu cukup berpotensi sebagai bahan baku industri etanol karena mampu memproduksi etanol sebanyak 2.000â7.000 l/ha/th. Kandungan pati yang tinggi pada ubi kayu merupakan substrat yang baik untuk menghasilkan glukosa sebagai produk antara pada pembuatan etanol. Proses pengolahan ubi kayu menjadi etanol meliputi gelatinisasi pati, diikuti hidrolisis pati secara enzimatis menjadi glukosa dengan menggunakan enzim amilase dan glukoamilase (likuifikasi dan sakarifikasi), lalu difermentasi menjadi etanol dan dilanjutkan dengan distilasi dan dehidrasi untuk mendapatkan bioetanol dengan kadar 99,5% (fuel grade). Berdasarkan kadar gula total, pati dan ratio fermentasinya, beberapa varietas/klon ubi kayu, di antaranya CMM 99008-3, MLG 0311, OMM 9908-4 dan UJ-5 sesuai untuk bahan baku industri etanol dengan nilai konversi 4â4,5 kg umbi kupas segar/liter etanol 96%. Departemen Pertanian melalui program Peningkatan Mutu Intensisifikasi (PMI) dan perluasan areal tanam, telah memproyeksikan secara bertahap pengembangan ubi kayu untuk mendukung industri bioetanol. Program tersebut perlu mendapat dukungan semua stake holder, termasuk pengusaha/industri serta kebijakan serius dari Pemerintah untuk mendorong realisasi substitusi 10% premium dengan bioetanol (Gasohol E-10).

Pengujian 15 Genotipe Kedelai pada Kondisi Intensitas Cahaya 50% dan Penilaian Karakter Tanaman Berdasarkan Fenotipnya Susanto, Gatut Wahyu Anggoro; Sundari, Titik
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 6, No 3 (2010): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe Examination of 15 Soybean Genotypes at 50% Light Intensity and Evaluation of CropâsPhenotypic Characters. Sunlight is one of the important plant growth requirements. In orderto understand morphological character changes in the crops due to different light intensity, 15genotypes of soybean consisted of Willis, D3578-3/3072-11, Seulawah, Aochi/W-62, Kaba,IAC 100/Brr-1, MLGG 0081, MLGG 0059, MLGG 0120, 9837/Kawi, D-6-185, IAC 100, MLGG0383-1, Pangrango, MLGG 0069 and MLGG 0122 were tested. The research was conducted inKendalpayak (grey Alluvial soil type, 450 above sea level, C3 climate type), Malang at dryseason in 2006. The research design was Randomize Complete Block under two differentenvironmental conditions, with three replications. The experiment was conducted under fulland 50 %light intensity. The results indicated that the reduction of light intensity as much as50 % resulted in some changes in phenotypic characters such as size and lifespan of the 15genotype being tested, included the increase of plant height, the longer distance betweennodes, the decrease in node number, the smaller size of stem diameter, the decrease on thenumber of leaves, the narrower of the leaf âs width and the decrease in pod number. Lessenedseed weight, the low weight of 100 seeds, the lowering level of the leafâs greenness, and theaccelerate age of flowering and harvesting. IAC 100, MLGG 0383-1 and IAC 100/BBR-1 producedhigh under 50% of light intensity.Keywords : Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill), light intensity, phenotypic

Bentuk Sel Epidermis, Tipe dan Indeks Stomata 5 Genotipe Kedelai pada Tingkat Naungan Berbeda Sundari, Titik; Atmaja, Rahmat Priya
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 7, No 1 (2011): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTShape of Epidermal Cells, Type and Stomata Index of 5 Soybean Genotypes at Different Levelsof Shading. This study aimed to determine the shape of epidermal cells, type of stomata andthe stomatal index of five soybean genotypes at different levels of shading. Research conductedat the Screen House of Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute in Marchuntil July 2007. Split plot design with repeated three times was used in this research. The mainplots were four levels of shading (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) and subplot is the five soybeangenotypes (Pangrango, Tanggamus, Wilis, Lokon and IAC-100). Shading is used black screen.Plants fertilized with the 50 kg Urea + 100 kg SP36 75 + 75 kg KCl / ha. Fertilizing done atplanting time. The results showed that shade does not change shape of epidermal cell andstomata types of five soybean genotypes. Differences in stomatal index was not determinedby interaction of genotypes with levels of shading, but by the differences in shade andgenotype. Shading treatment increased stomatal index of soybean abaxial leaf surface. HighestSomatal index of soybean abaxial leaf surface is achieved by IAC 100 and the lowest is achievedby Wilis. Wilis is a genotype that can be adapted to the shaded environment, by maintainingleaf area, number of epidermial cells and stomata, stomatal index, and seed weight.Key words : soybean, shading, epidermis and stoma

Penampilan Karakter Kuantitatif Genotipe Kedelai di Bawah Naungan Sundari, Titik; Wahyuningsih, Sri
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 13, No 1 (2017): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTSunlight is main source of energy in photosynthesis process. In any habitat, light intensity varies temporally and spatially. Plants develop the strength of acclimatization and plasticity to overcome these problems. Each plant provides a different response to shade, and expressed through diverse appearance of the characters. This research aims to know the ability of soybean genotypes in the response to shade. Research conducted at Kendalpayak Research Station, Malang in 2013. The research used factorial experimental design, with two factors. The first factor is shade, consisted of without shading (N0) and 50% shading (N1). The second factor is soybean genotypes, consisting of three sensitive varieties to shade (Grobogan, Argopuro, and Panderman), two resistant varieties (Dena1 and Dena 2), and two lines of crossbreeding (IBM-10-75 and K-13). Placement of treatments was based on randomized complete block design, repeated three times. Observations included: plant height, leaves number, leaf area, stem diameter, seed weight per plant, 100-seed weight and dry weight: total, roots, stems, leaves and pods. The results showed that the treatment of 50% shade causes the low light stress, with intensity of 30.31%. That stress intensity, causes differences in the quantitative characters performance among genotypes tested. Dena 1, Dena 2, and K-13 suitable for shade environment, being able to maintain or increase the seed yield, whereas Argopuro, IBM-10-75, Grobogan, and Panderman not suitable for shade environment, because not able to maintain the yields. Dena 1 and Dena 2 developed avoidance mechanisms to respond shade, through increase in plant height, number and leaf area, while K-13 respond to the shade stress, through its ability to utilize absorbed light for seed formation an efficient.Keywords: stress, low light, soybeans

Interaksi Genotipe x Lingkungan dan Stabilitas Karakter Agronomi Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Sundari, Titik; Nugrahaeni, Novita
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 12, No 2 (2016): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v12i2.2889

ABSTRACTResearch aimed to determine effect of genotype x environment interactions (GEI) on agronomic characters and yield stability of soybean genotypes were conducted at eight locations, namely Ngawi, Probolinggo, Banyuwangi, Jember, Malang, Sleman-Yogyakarta, Rembiga and Sesela-West Lombok. Materials used in the study were nine soybean genotypes consisting of six promising lines and three improved cultivars (Malabar, Wilis, and Ringgit). A randomized complete block design was used in each location, repeated four times. Observations were made on flowering days, maturity days, plant height, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield. Results showed that the effect of GEI was significant on all of the observed agronomic characters. Maturity days, filled pods number, seed weight per plant, and seed yield were predominantly influenced by environmental factors, plant height and 100 seed weight were predominantly influenced by genetic factors, whereas flowering days was influenced by GEI. Genotype I/M-824-19 was stable with yield average lower compared to that of all genotypes and Agl/I-1114-8 was stable with yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes. Wilis and M/IB-895-2 were classified as unstable, but gave yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes.Keywords: adaptation, promising lines, soybean, stable

PENGUJIAN 15 GENOTIPE KEDELAI PADA KONDISI INTENSITAS CAHAYA 50% DAN PENILAIAN KARAKTER TANAMAN BERDASARKAN FENOTIPNYA Susanto, Gatut Wahyu Anggoro; Sundari, Titik
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 6, No 3 (2010): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v6i3.3151

ABSTRACTThe Examination of 15 Soybean Genotypes at 50% Light Intensity and Evaluation of Crop?sPhenotypic Characters. Sunlight is one of the important plant growth requirements. In orderto understand morphological character changes in the crops due to different light intensity, 15genotypes of soybean consisted of Willis, D3578-3/3072-11, Seulawah, Aochi/W-62, Kaba,IAC 100/Brr-1, MLGG 0081, MLGG 0059, MLGG 0120, 9837/Kawi, D-6-185, IAC 100, MLGG0383-1, Pangrango, MLGG 0069 and MLGG 0122 were tested. The research was conducted inKendalpayak (grey Alluvial soil type, 450 above sea level, C3 climate type), Malang at dryseason in 2006. The research design was Randomize Complete Block under two differentenvironmental conditions, with three replications. The experiment was conducted under fulland 50 %light intensity. The results indicated that the reduction of light intensity as much as50 % resulted in some changes in phenotypic characters such as size and lifespan of the 15genotype being tested, included the increase of plant height, the longer distance betweennodes, the decrease in node number, the smaller size of stem diameter, the decrease on thenumber of leaves, the narrower of the leaf ?s width and the decrease in pod number. Lessenedseed weight, the low weight of 100 seeds, the lowering level of the leaf?s greenness, and theaccelerate age of flowering and harvesting. IAC 100, MLGG 0383-1 and IAC 100/BBR-1 producedhigh under 50% of light intensity.Keywords : Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill), light intensity, phenotypic

BENTUK SEL EPIDERMIS, TIPE DAN INDEKS STOMATA 5 GENOTIPE KEDELAI PADA TINGKAT NAUNGAN BERBEDA Sundari, Titik; Atmaja, Rahmat Priya
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 7, No 1 (2011): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v7i1.3129

ABSTRACTShape of Epidermal Cells, Type and Stomata Index of 5 Soybean Genotypes at Different Levelsof Shading. This study aimed to determine the shape of epidermal cells, type of stomata andthe stomatal index of five soybean genotypes at different levels of shading. Research conductedat the Screen House of Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute in Marchuntil July 2007. Split plot design with repeated three times was used in this research. The mainplots were four levels of shading (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) and subplot is the five soybeangenotypes (Pangrango, Tanggamus, Wilis, Lokon and IAC-100). Shading is used black screen.Plants fertilized with the 50 kg Urea + 100 kg SP36 75 + 75 kg KCl / ha. Fertilizing done atplanting time. The results showed that shade does not change shape of epidermal cell andstomata types of five soybean genotypes. Differences in stomatal index was not determinedby interaction of genotypes with levels of shading, but by the differences in shade andgenotype. Shading treatment increased stomatal index of soybean abaxial leaf surface. HighestSomatal index of soybean abaxial leaf surface is achieved by IAC 100 and the lowest is achievedby Wilis. Wilis is a genotype that can be adapted to the shaded environment, by maintainingleaf area, number of epidermial cells and stomata, stomatal index, and seed weight.Key words : soybean, shading, epidermis and stoma

INTERAKSI GENOTIPE X LINGKUNGAN DAN STABILITAS KARAKTER AGRONOMI KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL) Sundari, Titik; Nugrahaeni, Novita
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 12, No 2 (2016): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v12i2.2889

ABSTRACTResearch aimed to determine effect of genotype x environment interactions (GEI) on agronomic characters and yield stability of soybean genotypes were conducted at eight locations, namely Ngawi, Probolinggo, Banyuwangi, Jember, Malang, Sleman-Yogyakarta, Rembiga and Sesela-West Lombok. Materials used in the study were nine soybean genotypes consisting of six promising lines and three improved cultivars (Malabar, Wilis, and Ringgit). A randomized complete block design was used in each location, repeated four times. Observations were made on flowering days, maturity days, plant height, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield. Results showed that the effect of GEI was significant on all of the observed agronomic characters. Maturity days, filled pods number, seed weight per plant, and seed yield were predominantly influenced by environmental factors, plant height and 100 seed weight were predominantly influenced by genetic factors, whereas flowering days was influenced by GEI. Genotype I/M-824-19 was stable with yield average lower compared to that of all genotypes and Agl/I-1114-8 was stable with yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes. Wilis and M/IB-895-2 were classified as unstable, but gave yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes.Keywords: adaptation, promising lines, soybean, stable

PENAMPILAN KARAKTER KUANTITATIF GENOTIPE KEDELAI DI BAWAH NAUNGAN Sundari, Titik; Wahyuningsih, Sri
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 13, No 1 (2017): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v13i1.3103

ABSTRACTSunlight is main source of energy in photosynthesis process. In any habitat, light intensity varies temporally and spatially. Plants develop the strength of acclimatization and plasticity to overcome these problems. Each plant provides a different response to shade, and expressed through diverse appearance of the characters. This research aims to know the ability of soybean genotypes in the response to shade. Research conducted at Kendalpayak Research Station, Malang in 2013. The research used factorial experimental design, with two factors. The first factor is shade, consisted of without shading (N0) and 50% shading (N1). The second factor is soybean genotypes, consisting of three sensitive varieties to shade (Grobogan, Argopuro, and Panderman), two resistant varieties (Dena1 and Dena 2), and two lines of crossbreeding (IBM-10-75 and K-13). Placement of treatments was based on randomized complete block design, repeated three times. Observations included: plant height, leaves number, leaf area, stem diameter, seed weight per plant, 100-seed weight and dry weight: total, roots, stems, leaves and pods. The results showed that the treatment of 50% shade causes the low light stress, with intensity of 30.31%. That stress intensity, causes differences in the quantitative characters performance among genotypes tested. Dena 1, Dena 2, and K-13 suitable for shade environment, being able to maintain or increase the seed yield, whereas Argopuro, IBM-10-75, Grobogan, and Panderman not suitable for shade environment, because not able to maintain the yields. Dena 1 and Dena 2 developed avoidance mechanisms to respond shade, through increase in plant height, number and leaf area, while K-13 respond to the shade stress, through its ability to utilize absorbed light for seed formation an efficient.Keywords: stress, low light, soybeans

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