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All Journal Journal of Tropical Life Science : International Journal of Theoretical, Experimental, and Applied Life Sciences e-NERS e-CliniC Jurnal e-Biomedik JURNAL BIOMEDIK JURNAL KEDOKTERAN KOMUNITAS DAN TROPIK Jurnal Keperawatan YARSI Medical Journal Jurnal Promotif Preventif Medical Scope Journal (MSJ) KESANS : International Journal of Health and Science eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia Grimsa Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Jurnal Inovasi Global
Tuda, Josef Sem Berth
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Astronomy Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Education Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada Sampel Sputum menggunakan Teknik Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP-TB) Sumual, Rama L.; Wahongan, Greta J.P.; Tuda, Josef S.B.
e-Biomedik Vol 5, No 2 (2017): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v5i2.18603

Abstract

Abstract: Pulmonary TB is still a threat included in top 10 causes of death in the world. Limitation in diagnostic methods is one of the obstacles in improving the detection of pulmonary TB cases. WHO recommend Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) with sensitivity, specificity, high efficiency, fast, and simple in terms of molecular method to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was aimed to find out whether LAMP-TB could detect M. tuberculosis in the sputum samples. This was a descriptive observational/survey study using a diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design. Samples were patients suspected as pulmonary TB with negative result in sputum smear microscopy at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado during September until October 2017. The results obtained 25 samples of patients suspected pulmonary TB with negative result in sputum smear microscopy. Most of them were at the age of 52-64 years, male (18 people; 72%), and had purulent sputum (14 samples; 56%). Examination by using LAMP-TB obtained 4 samples (16%) stated as positive M. tuberculosis and 21 samples (84%) stated as negative M. tuberculosis. Conclusion: TB-LAMP could detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum samples.Keywords: pulmonary TB, M.tuberculosis, TB-LAMP Abstrak: TB Paru saat ini masih menjadi ancaman dan termasuk 10 besar penyebab kematian teratas di dunia. Keterbatasan metode diagnostik merupakan salah satu hambatan dalam meningkatkan temuan kasus TB Paru. Saat ini WHO telah merekomendasikan metode Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP-TB) yang memiliki sensitivitas, spesifitas, efisiensi tinggi, cepat dan sederhana dalam hal metode molekular untuk mengidentifikasi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah teknik LAMP-TB dapat mendeteksi M.tuberculosis pada sampel sputum. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional/survei dengan pendekatan uji diagnostik secara potong lintang pada pasien terduga TB Paru BTA negatif di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado selama bulan September-Oktober 2017. Dari 25 sampel pasien terduga TB paru BTA negatif didapatkan sebagian besar berusia 52-64 tahun, berjenis kelamin laki-laki 18 orang (72%), dan konsistensi sputum purulen pada 14 sampel (56%). Pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan metode LAMP-TB mendapatkan 4 sampel (16%) dinyatakan positif mengandung M.tuberculosis dan 21 sampel (84%) dinyatakan negatif. Simpulan: Metode LAMP-TB dapat mendeteksi M.Tuberculosis dalam sampel sputum.Kata kunci: TB paru, M.tuberculosis, LAMP-TB
PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA TOMBATU I KECAMATAN TOMBATU KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA TENTANG PENYAKIT MALARIA Lombogia, Patris J.; Pijoh, Victor D.; Wahongan, Greta J. P.; Tuda, Josef S. B.
e-Biomedik Vol 3, No 1 (2015): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v3i1.7502

Abstract

Abstract: Malaria is a very dominant infectious disease in the tropical and subtropical areas which can lead to death of more than a million people every year. Malaria is caused by infection of the protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Symptoms of malaria are not specific, such as headache, weakness, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, as well as muscle and joint pain, usually followed by fever, chills, sweating, anorexia, vomiting, and worsening malaise. Malaria control requires an integrated approach as follows: prevention (primary vector control) and immediate treatment with effective antimalarial drugs. This study aimed to determine the knowledge of malaria of villagers Tombatu I subdistrict Tombatu Southeast Minahasa District. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design by using questionnaire. The study involved 95 respondents: 46 males (48.4%) and 49 females (51.6%). Ages of the majority were more than 41 years (57.9%), most were high school educated (45.2 %), and most were housewives (46.3%). Resources of malaria were obtained from TV/ Electronic Media (66.7%). Approximately 21% respondents knew that the cause of malaria spreading was Anopheles species and as much as 50.9% knew that mosquitoes bit at night. A total of 34.5% of respondents chose that puddles were breeding places of mosquitoes. A total of 42.2% of respondents knew that chills and fever were the symptoms of malaria. A total of 36.4% of respondents chose that the way of prevention was using mosquito nets. Conclusion: Knowledge about malaria transmission was good but about the species that caused malaria, the biting behavior of mosquitoes spreading malaria, and malaria breeding places was still poor.Keywords: malaria, Anopheles mosquito species, knowledge of malaria.Abstrak: Malaria merupakan penyakit menular yang sangat dominan didaerah tropis dan subtropis yang dapat menyebabkan kematian lebih dari sejuta manusia setiap tahunnya. Malaria disebabkan oleh infeksi protozoa parasit dari genus Plasmodium. Gejala malaria yang tidak spesifik seperti sakit kepala, kelemahan, fatigue, ketidak nyamanan abdomen, dan nyeri otot dan sendi, biasanya diikuti oleh demam, menggigil, berkeringat, anoreksia, muntah dan malaise yang memburuk. Kontrol malaria membutuhkan pendekatan yang terintegrasi yaitu pencegahan (kontrol vektor primer) dan penanganan segera dengan antimalaria yang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan masyarakat Desa Tombatu I kecamatan Tombatu Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara tentang malaria. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif survei desain potong lintang dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Penelitian melibatkan 95 responden yaitu 46 (48,4%) laki-laki dan 49 (51,6 %) perempuan, Usia terbanyak ialah lebih dari 41 tahun (57,9%), pendidikan terbanyak SMA (45,2%), dan pekerjaan terbanyak ialah ibu rumah tangga (46,3%). Sumber informasi malaria yang diperoleh responden dari TV/Media elektronik (66,7%). Sekitar 21% responden yang tahu spesies Anopheles penyebab penyebaran dan sebanyak 50,9% mengetahui bahwa nyamuk menggigit pada malam hari. Sebanyak 34,5% responden memilih bahwa genangan air pada tanah yang menjadi tempat perindukan nyamuk. Sebanyak 42 % responden mengetahui bahwa panas menggigil merupakan gejala malaria. Sebanyak 36,4% responden memilih cara pencegahan dengan menggunakan kelambu. Simpulan: Pengetahuan tentang malaria cukup baik tentang penularan malaria, namun pengetahuan tentang spesies penyebab malaria, perilaku menggigit nyamuk penyebar malaria, serta tempat perindukan malaria masih kurang.Kata kunci: malaria, spesies nyamuk Anopheles, pengetahuan tentang malaria.
JENIS DAN KEPADATAN TUNGAU DEBU RUMAH DI KELURAHAN BITUNG KARANG RIA KECAMATAN TUMINTING KOTA MANADO Batti, Cindy A.; Wahongan, Greta J. P.; Tuda, Josef S. B.
eBiomedik Vol 1, No 1 (2013): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.1.1.2013.1611

Abstract

Abstract: House Dust Mites located throughout the world, including Indonesia. Arthropods live in carpets, mattresses, clothes, etc. House Dust Mite populations most found in the bedroom of dust, especially in the mattress dust. House Dust Mites can also be found outside the home as in the nests of bird, mammals, skin surface and other animals. Factors supporting the number of House Dust Mites include temperature and humidity. The purpose of this study to determine the species and density of House Dust Mites in Bitung Karang Ria village, sub-district of Tuminting Manado city. This research method is descriptive survey with a cross sectional approach (cross-sectional). The results of this study suggest that the species of House Dust Mites located in Bitung Karang Ria village is Acarus spp, Tarsonemus spp, Glycyphagus destructor, Dermatophagoides spp, Cheyletus spp. The family room there is a lot more positive while the House Dust Mites populations more in the bedroom. House dust mites average density in the bedroom 2.63 and the family room 2.28. Conclusions: Species of House Dust Mites are most commonly found are Acarus spp and House Dust Mite density was higher in the bedroom than the living room. Key words: House Dust Mite, Species, Density, Bitung Karang Ria village.     Abstrak: Tungau Debu Rumah (TDR) terdapat di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Artropoda ini hidup pada karpet, kasur, pakaian, dll. Populasi TDR terbanyak didapatkan pada debu kamar tidur terutama pada debu kasur. Selain di dalam rumah, TDR dapat pula ditemukan di luar rumah seperti pada sarang burung, permukaan kulit mamalia dan binatang lainnya. Faktor pendukung banyaknya TDR antara lain yaitu suhu dan kelembaban udara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jenis dan kepadatan TDR di Kelurahan Bitung Karang Ria Kecamatan Tuminting Kota Manado. Metode penelitian ini bersifat survey deskriptif dengan pendekatan potong lintang (cross-sectional). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis TDR yang terdapat di Kelurahan Bitung Karang Ria yaitu Acarus spp, Tarsonemus spp, Glycyphagus destructor, Dermatophagoides spp, Cheyletus spp. Ruang keluarga lebih banyak yang positif terdapat TDR sedangkan populasi TDR lebih banyak pada ruang tidur. Kepadatan rerata TDR pada ruang tidur yaitu 2,63 dan ruang keluarga 2,28. Simpulan: Jenis TDR yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu Acarus spp serta kepadatan TDR lebih tinggi pada ruang tidur dibandingkan ruang keluarga. Kata kunci: Tungau Debu Rumah, Jenis, Kepadatan, Kelurahan Bitung Karang Ria.
Deteksi transmisi virus dengue pada nyamuk wild Aedes Aegypti betina di Kota Manado Trovancia, Grace; Sorisi, Angle; Tuda, Josef S.B.
e-Biomedik Vol 4, No 2 (2016): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v4i2.14661

Abstract

Abstract: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an acute disease with clinical manifestations of hemorrhage caused by dengue virus infection. Manado is endemic dengue. Dengue virus has the ability to maintain its existence in nature through horizontal and vertical transmission. There are several ways to detect the dengue virus by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC). This research aims to determine the wild Aedes aegypti population in Manado and to detect dengue virus in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti by ISBPC methods. This was a descriptive survey study with a cross sectional design to describe the transmission of dengue virus in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti in the city of Manado. The results showed that there were 5 wild Aedes aegypti mosquitoes positive for dengue virus, and 36 wild Aedes aegypti mosquitoes negative containing dengue virus. Conclusion: Of the 41 samples immunohistochemistry tested, 5 samples showed dengue virus transmission in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti in Manado which is a positive possibility of horizontal transmission.Keywords: detection of dengue virus, transmission, wild Aedes aegypti, Manado. Abstrak: Demam berdarah dengue adalah suatu penyakit akut dengan manifestasi klinis perdarahan yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus dengue. Manado merupakan daerah endemis demam berdarah. Virus dengue memiliki kemampuan untuk mempertahankan keberadaannya di alam melalui transmisi horizontal dan vertikal. Ada beberapa cara untuk mendeteksi virus dengue yaitu Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) dan imunohistokimia Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui populasi nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti di Kota Manado dan mendeteksi virus dengue pada nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti dewasa menggunakan metode imunohistokimia streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex (ISBPC). Jenis penelitian ialah survei deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang untuk mengetahui gambaran transmisi virus dengue pada nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti betina di Kota Manado. Hasil pene;itian mendapatkan 5 nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti positif mengandung virus dengue, dan 36 nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti negatif mengandung virus dengue. Simpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari 41 sampel yang telah diuji imunohistokimia, 5 sampel gambaran transmisi virus dengue pada nyamuk wild Aedes aegypti betina di Kota Manado yang kemungkinan transmisi horizontal adalah positif. Kata kunci: deteksi virus dengue, transmisi, wild Aedes aegypti, Manado.
Survei kecacingan pada anak dengan riwayat alergi di sekolah dasar yang terdapat di Kecamatan Sario Kota Manado Sartika, Sitha; Wahongan, Greta J.P.; Tuda, Josef S.B.
e-Biomedik Vol 4, No 2 (2016): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v4i2.14652

Abstract

Abstract: Helminthic infection is an important public health problem in several parts of the world. It was noted that during 2012 in Manado there were 104 cases of helminthic infection. There is similarity between the immunological pathways from helminthic infection and allergy which is characterized by increases Th2. But in chronic helminthic infection, excessive immune response can be suppressed and therefore contribute to reduced susceptible to allergies. This study aims to see the survey of helminthic infection in students with allergy history in Sario District, Manado. This study is a cross sectional descriptive study. ISAAC questionnaire was distributed to 138 students and after being analyzed, 37 of them are allergy positive, and 16 of them are willing to participate in this study. Feces and blood were obtained as sample. From 16 feces samples, it was found that there is no helminthic infection in any of them. From 16 blood samples, it was obtained that there are 2 (12,5%) samples with eosinophilia. Conclusion: based on study that was done, helmintic infection survey found all negative result in students with allergy history in Sario District, ManadoKeywords: allergy, helminthic infection, elementary school students Abstrak: Infeksi kecacingan merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting di beberapa bagian dunia. Di Manado pada tahun 2012 tercatat ada 104 kasus kecacingan. Ada kemiripan jalur imunologi antar kecacingan dan alergi yang ditandai dengan peningkatan Th2. Namun, pada infeksi cacing kronis, respon imun yang berlebihan tersebut dapat ditekan hingga berpengaruh pada berkurangnya kerentanan terhadap alergi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui survei kecacingan pada anak dengan riwayat alergi di SD yang terletak di Kecamatan Sario Kota Manado. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sebanyak 138 kuesioner ISAAC dibagikan dan 37 diantaranya menunjukan hasil positif alergi. Dari 37 anak dengan alergi, 16 bersedia menjadi sampel penelitian. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel berupa feses dan darah untuk diperiksa kecacingan dan eosinofilia. Dari 16 feses yang diperiksa semua menunjukan hasil negatif kecacingan. Dari 16 sampel darah yang diperiksa ditemukan 2 (12,5%) diantaranya mengalami eosinofilia. Simpulan: berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, survei kecacingan pada anak dengan riwayat alergi di Kecamatan Sario, Kota Manado menunjukan hasil tidak ditemukan adanya infeksi kecacigan. Kata kunci: alergi, kecacingan, anak sekolah dasar
PERANAN LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN MALARIA DI KECAMATAN SILIAN RAYA KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA Pantow, Melisa; Tuda, Josef S. B.; Sorisi, Angle
e-Biomedik Vol 3, No 1 (2015): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v3i1.7428

Abstract

Abstract: Malaria, an infectious disease, is still an issue for public health world-wide, including in Indonesia. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium Sp. which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Southeast Minahasa Regency has high malaria rate. This study aimed to know the role of the environment on the incidence of malaria in Silian Raya subdistrict, Southeast Minahasa regency. This was a descriptive survey. The population was the community in Silian Raya subdistrict, Southeast Minahasa regency with 194 respondents. The results showed that people in Silian Raya subdistrict mostly live around swamps, rice paddies, and rivers. This study also showed that only a few people of Silian Raya subdistrict who had pets, and fish ponds around their houses.Keywords: malaria, environmentAbstrak: Malaria adalah penyakit menular yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Malaria merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium Sp ditularkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles. Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang angka malarianya tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui peranan lingkungan terhadap kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Silian Raya Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Jenis penelitian ini adalah survey yang bersifat deskriptif. Populasi penelitian adalah masyarakat di Kecamatan Silian Raya Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara dengan jumlah sampel 194 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat di Kecamatan Silian Raya sebagian besar memiliki tempat tinggal di sekitar rawa, sawah, sungai. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan hanya sedikit masyarakat Kecamatan Silian Raya yang memiliki hewan peliharaan atau kolam ikan di sekitar tempat tinggal.Kata kunci: malaria, lingkungan
KADAR TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR – α PADA SERUM PENDERITA MALARIA DENGAN GEJALA DEMAM Thiosanto, Monica; Bernadus, Janno; Tuda, Josef S. B.
Jurnal Biomedik : JBM Vol 6, No 1 (2014): JURNAL BIOMEDIK : JBM Maret 2014
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/jbm.6.1.2014.4162

Abstract

Abstract: Malaria is classified as one of the infectious diseases that is very dangerous and can cause death. It is caused by parasites that live and thrive in human red blood cells. The disease is not just a problem in developing countries but also in developed countries. As an infectious disease, one of malaria clinical symptoms is fever. Theoretically, it is stated that TNF-α belongs to the cytokines that can cause fever. This was a descriptive study. The body temperatures of patients with malaria fever were measured and the levels of serum TNF-α were examined by using the ELISA method. There were 40 samples obtained by using simple random sampling. The results showed that moderate level of TNF-α (100-500 pg/ml) was found in 36 samples (90%); low level of TNF-α (<100 pg/ml) in 4 samples (10%); meanwhile high level of TNF-α was not found (0%). The data showed that although in most samples the increased body temperatures were associated by the increased TNF-α levels, this condition was not found in all samples Conclusion: In general, the levels of TNF-α increased in patients with malaria fever.Keywords: TNF-α, malaria, fever  Abstrak: Malaria tergolong sebagai salah satu penyakit infeksi yang sangat berbahaya dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Penyakit ini bukan hanya menjadi masalah di negara berkembang, namun juga di negara-negara maju. Malaria disebabkan oleh parasit yang hidup dan berkembang dalam sel darah merah manusia. Sebagai penyakit infeksi, malaria memiliki gejala-gejala klinis, salah satunya ialah demam. Dikatakan bahwa TNF-α merupakan sejenis sitokin yang menyebabkan terjadinya demam. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan sampel sejumlah 40 penderita malaria yang diambil secara simple random sampling. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran suhu tubuh penderita malaria yang disertai demam dan kadar serum TNF-α dengan menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kadar TNF-α sedang (100-500 pg/ml) ditemukan pada 36 sampel (90%), kadar rendah (<100 pg/ml) pada 4 sampel (10%), sedangkan kadar tinggi tidak ditemukan (0%). Data yag diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa walaupun pada sebagian besar kasus peningkatan suhu tubuh disertai dengan peningkatan kadar serum TNF-α, namun kondisi ini tidak berlaku bagi seluruh sampel. Simpulan: Kadar TNF-α umumnya meningkat pada penderita malaria yang mengalami demam.Kata kunci: TNF-α, malaria, demam
PERBANDINGAN HASIL DETEKSI PLASMODIUM SPP ANTARA CARA PEMERIKSAAN MIKROSKOPIK TETESAN DARAH TEBAL DAN TEKNIK POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Sandra, Cindy; Tuda, Josef S. B.; Pijoh, Victor D.
Jurnal Biomedik : JBM Vol 6, No 1 (2014): JURNAL BIOMEDIK : JBM Maret 2014
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/jbm.6.1.2014.4161

Abstract

Abstract: Malaria is still a health problem in the world, especially in undeveloped countries. This disease is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and has two ways of transmission, naturally (Anopheles spp.) and unnaturally. WHO mentioned that in 2006 there were as many as 200-300 million cases of clinical malaria with 880,000 deaths. In 2012, it was recorded that there were a total of 8,691 malaria cases in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, an early diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity is needed. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity and specificity in detection of Plasmodium spp by using thick blood smear method to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This was a diagnostic test using blood samples of 30 malaria patients at Budi Mulia Hospital and Manembo-nembo Hospital Bitung from September 2013 - January 2014. Thick blood smears were prepared and microcopically tested, then the specimens were scrapped and be further tested by using the PCR. The microscopic test showed 20 positive samples meanwhile the PCR showed 24 positive samples. A diagnostic test using predictive table 2x2 indicated that the PCR had 100% sensitivity in general, 60% specifity, 83.3% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Compared to the thick blood smear, the PCR was more accurate in detecting plasmodia in malaria cases with a moderate specificity value and a high sensitivity value.Keywords: thick blood smear, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sensitivity, specificity  Abstrak: Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama di negara-negara yang belum berkembang. Malaria disebabkan oleh protozoa dari genus Plasmodium dan ditularkan melalui dua cara yaitu alamiah melalui nyamuk Anopheles spp. dan tidak alamiah. WHO melaporkan bahwa pada 2006 terdapat 200-300 juta kasus malaria dengan 880.000 kematian. Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, dilaporkan total kasus malaria tahun 2012 sebesar 8.691. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu alat diagnostik dini dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas hasil deteksi Plasmodium spp antara cara pemeriksaan mikroskopik tetesan darah tebal dan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan sampel darah dari 30 pasien malaria di RS Budi Mulia dan RS Manembo-nembo Bitung sejak September 2013 - Januari 2014. Setelah disiapkan tetesan darah tebal, dilakukan pemeriksaan mikroskopik. Selanjutnya, spesimen darah dikerok dan diperiksa dengan PCR. Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopik menunjukkan 20 sampel positif malaria sedangkan pemeriksaan PCR 24 sampel positif malaria. Tes uji diagnostik dengan tabel prediktif 2x2 mendapatkan tingkat sensitivitas PCR secara umum sebesar 100%, spesifisitas 60%, nilai duga positif 83,33%, dan nilai duga negatif 100%. Simpulan: Dibandingkan tetesan darah tebal, pemeriksaan PCR dapat mendeteksi secara lebih akurat adanya plasmodia pada kasus malaria, dengan nilai spesifitas sedang dan nilai sensitivitas tinggi.Kata kunci: tetesan darah tebal, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sensitivitas, spesifisitas
Sensitivity and Specificity of Nested PCR for Diagnosing Malaria: Cases in Several Areas of Indonesia Arifin, Samsul; Fitri, Loeki Enggar; Sujuti, Hidayat; Hermansyah, Bagus; Endharti, Agustina Tri; Burhan, Niniek; Candradikusuma, Didi; Sulistyaningsih, Erma; Tuda, Josef Sem Berth; Zein, Umar
Journal of Tropical Life Science Vol 8, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Journal of Tropical Life Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/jtls.08.02.11

Abstract

Indonesia is still included in high endemic area of malaria infection. Early detection as well as appropriate and quick treatment is needed to be able to prevent and treat malaria in Indonesia. Laboratory examination using a microscopic method is still used as the gold standard to diagnose malaria cases. However, the morphology similarity of some Plasmodium species and the number of parasites that can be seen under microscopy causes malaria diagnosis become difficult if only relying on microscopy diagnostic method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR compared to microscopic examination in diagnosing malaria cases. A cross-sectional study has been carried out in some areas of Indonesia and the microscopic analysis as well as nest PCR was done in Laboratory of Parasitology and Laboratory of Central Biomedical Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang East Java Indonesia. A total of 149 blood samples from patients with clinical symptoms of malaria had been obtained from Sumatra, Sulawesi and East Java during December 2011 to December 2013. From 149 sample, 81.9% samples were diagnosed malaria positive by microscopy examination, whereas the PCR results showed that 90.6% of samples were positive. Nested PCR sensitivity is 97.5%, and microscopy 88.2%. Nested PCR specificity is 40.7%, whereas microscopy 78.5%. PPV and NPV for nested PCR are 88,2% and 78.5% respectively, and for microscopy are 97.5% and 40.7% respectively. Nested PCR has a higher sensitivity than microscopy in diagnosing malaria and is able to detect mixed infection better than microscopic examination. However, it is statistically less specific than microscopy examination.
Deteksi porfirin besi pada pakan darah nyamuk liar antropofilik menggunakan uji benzidine Mengko, Stevano; Tuda, Josef S.B.
e-Biomedik Vol 4, No 2 (2016): eBiomedik
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/ebm.v4i2.14660

Abstract

Abstract: The existence of human blood in mosquito’s bloodmeal is the characteristic of mosquitoes that bite humans (anthrophophilic). Anthropophilic is one of the indicator to determine the vectorial competence to assess effective and efficient vector. The anthropophilic characteristic was measured by detection of human blood using precipitin test. Benzidine test can be used to detection iron porphyrin through oxidation reaction and catalyzed by hemoglobin as peroxidase enzyme. Heme detection of mosquitoe’s bloodmeal using benzidine in Indonesia has not been reported yet. This study was aimed to obtain the effectiveness of benzidine test to detection human blood in antrophophilic mosquito’s bloodmeal. The mosquitoes were collected using human bait and sweeping collection technique at morning (06:00-09:00), afternoon (15:00-18:00), and in the night (20:00-00:00), and then determine by benzidine test. The results showed that from the collected mosquitoes there were 158 female mosquitoes of Aedes spp and Culex spp. The benzidine test showed 155 female mosquitoes showed discoloration on the indicator and 3 female mosquitoes did not. Conclusion: Benzidine test was effective to detection human blood from the mosquito’s bloodmeal to determine anthrophophilic mosquitoes.Keywords: anthropophilic, bloodmeal, benzidine. Abstrak: Adanya darah manusia dalam pakan darah nyamuk merupakan ciri dari nyamuk yang memiliki kesukaan menggigit hospes manusia (antropofilik). Sifat antropofilik nyamuk adalah salah satu indikator dalam penilaian kompetensi vektorial untuk menilai vektor yang efektif dan efisien. Penilaian sifat antropofilik dilakukan melalui penilaian pakan darah dengan uji presipitasi. Tes benzidine adalah salah satu uji yang dapat dilakukan karena efektif dalam mendeteksi porfirin besi (heme) melalui reaksi oksidasi yang dikatalisis oleh heme sebagai enzim peroksidase. Deteksi porfitin besi pada pakan darah nyamuk menggunakan benzidine belum banyak dilaporkan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah nyamuk yang mengisap darah hospes manusia (antropofilik) dapat dideteksi dengan uji benzidine. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menangkap nyamuk betina menggunakan umpan manusia dan sweeping pada jam puncak menggigit nyamuk yaitu pagi (06:00-09:00), sore (15:00-18:00), dan malam (20:00-00:00) lalu dilakukan tes benzidine. Hasil: Pada penangkapan nyamuk ditemukan 158 ekor nyamuk betina yang terdiri dari genus Aedes spp dan Culex spp. Pada uji presipitasi ditemukan 155 ekor nyamuk mengalami perubahan warna yang bervariasi pada indikator dan 3 ekor nyamuk tidak berubah warna. Simpulan: uji benzidine dapat dilakukan untuk penilaian sumber pakan darah nyamuk dalam menentukan sifat antropofilik nyamuk. Kata kunci: antropofilik, pakan darah, benzidine.
Co-Authors Abdul-Hamid, Nur A Agnes Kurniawan Agustina Tri Endharti Angle M. H. Sorisi Angle Sorisi Bagus Hermansyah Bakhtiar, Muh. Alvahrefi Bernadus, Janno Berty Bradly Burhan, Niniek C. Nagere, Andrew Cecilia S. Akay Cindy A. Batti Cindy Sandra D. Pijoh, Victor Didi Candradikusuma Diptyanusa, Ajib Erma Sulistyaningsih Finka Tangel, Finka Firra, Andi H. F. Greta J. P. Wahongan Greta Wahongan Herman Warouw Hidayat Sujuti Hiroyuki Matsuoka Ivan T. Sigarlaki, Ivan T. J. Kepel, Billy J. Runtuwene Jeanette I. Ch. Manoppo Jein Olifia Kapantow Kristanto, Erwin Gidion Kristin R. Walangare Labaiga, Natasya G.E. Lampus, Harsali Fransiscus Loeki Enggar Fitri Luis, Renjer Lumbantobing, Greva R. I. M. H. Sorisi, Angle Martha Marie Kaseke Megaria Rompas Meilany Tangkilisan Melisa Pantow Mengko, Stevano Mesaulawan, Septyarini Monica Thiosanto Muhammad Fikri Nakatsu, Masami Numansyah, Muhamad Patris J. Lombogia Priscilia, Lumataw Fransisca Rading, Fabio B. Ram Marnex Tampilang Regina C. Tawas Rianna J Sumampouw Rina Kundre Samsul Arifin Sartika, Sitha Senduk, Evy Beatrix Seroan, Alfa Yoan Simbala, Marsyella Arystia Sitanggang, Benedict C. Sorisi, Angle Maria Hasthee Sorisi, Angle Maria Hesthee Stefany P. Kristin, Stefany P. Stella E. Lumiu Sumual, Rama L. Tati Ponidjan Ticoalu, Eliza Rolanda Trovancia, Grace Umar Zein Umbas, Irene Megawati Van Basten, Juan Victor D. Pijoh Wahongan, Greta J.P. Wahongan, Greta Jane Pauline Wijaya, Raditya Putri Yohanes C. W. Kawulur