Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

The Identification of Fishing Ground Area with MODIS Satellite Image (Case Study: South Coast of West Java) Hakim, Dudung Muhally; Wikantika, Ketut; Widiadnyana, Nengah; Napitu, Asmi M.; Darmawan, Soni
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 38, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Â According to UNCLOS, Indonesian marine territorial covers an area equal to around 2.8 million square kilometers inner archipelagic seas. Though the Indonesian water region is very wide, the resource within it is not yet been exploited optimally. Indonesia still has problems that have to be copped with, including identification of marine fishing ground areas. This report proposes a technology to make the fish-catching be more efficient and effective with the help of MODIS satellite image in term of Surface Temperature and chlorophyll-a computation. Data conversion from digital number to Water Brightness Temperature are performed. The determination of potential fishing ground area were conducted based on temperature and chlorophyll-a parameters which serve as an indicator of upwelling and observations were carried out on parameters which show this phenomenon. Based on the result, during May 2004 the upwelling process were not happened yet, and it seems to occur in June 2004. It showes by the decreasing of water temperature in South Coast of West Java particularly between the border of West Java and Central of Java. This phenomenon acts as an indicator for the raising of primer productivity and will takes about one month after upwelling to the bloom of phytoplankton.

Remote Sensing Analysis In RUSLE Erosion Estimation Saptari, Asep Yusup; A, Supriadi; Wikantika, Ketut; S, Darmawan
Indonesian Journal of Geospatial Vol 4, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Indonesian Journal of Geospatial

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (248.408 KB)

ABTRACT. Soil erosion is a major issue in various hemispheres. It is because erosion affects the survival of ecosystem. Diverse human actions, e.g., bushes burning and illegal logging, play a role in accelerating erosion. Climate factor such as rain intensity has also an influence in the release of soil particles. Therefore, a regular identification of those factors that affect erosion processes is highly needed in order to keep an environmental sustainable. Different areas in Indonesia have different erosion variable characteristics. One of the characteristics is indicated by the varieties of vegetation cover, where a loose vegetation cover causes soil surfaces open for a long time period. Â Till now, researches dealing with the modeling of erosions with wide area coverage are few, since erosion observations have always been conducted by direct observations in the field, hence time consuming. Therefore, an erosion mapping model that is applied in a wide coverage area and the up to date of data is needed. Spatially, erosions can be depicted in a form of spatial information system model describing their potential class levels. There are several erosion models that can be used to find out the erosion occurring on a land, among others Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model or its modification Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). RUSLE erosion model consists of rainfall, soil erodibility, vegetation cover, slope gradient and length, and support practice factors. Recent technology in remote sensing allowed vegetation cover to be analysed from satellite imagery, make the possibility of erosion analysis in large area in shorter time.Â KEY WORD:Â Erosion, Vegetation, Models, Remote Sensing, RUSLE

IDENTIFICATION OF WATER INUNDATION USING QUICKBIRD AND ALOS PALSAR SATELLITE IMAGE STUDY CASE: DAYEUHKOLOT SUBDISTRICT, BANDUNG DISTRICT Prihanggo, Maundri; Darmawan, Sony; Wikantika, Ketut
GEOMATIKA Vol 20, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Badan Informasi Geospasial in Partnership with MAPIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24895/JIG.2014.20-2.154

Indonesia was one of many disasterous potential country, more than 70% of natural disaster happened werehidrometeorogical disaster includingflood. Flood is definedas an overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage, any relatively highÂ streamflowÂ overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream. There are 4 regionsin Java Island that havethe highest potention of flood, they are Jakarta Province,Â Merapi Slope Area, Bengawan Solo and Citarum Watershed Area. The purpose of this study is to identify land cover and water inundation of the study area using Quickbird and ALOS PALSAR image. Before classified and analyze the result, image pre-processing has to be generated in Quickbird and ALOS PALSAR image data to rid off thedistorsion from the data. Quickbird Image can be used for land cover identification with generated object based image classification and ALOS PALSAR Image are applied to identify water inundation in flood area using backscatter value deliniation. By 10th September 2013 with only 5 mm, all of the classes were inundated by water at severalvalues. Keywords: water inundation, remote sensing, Quickbird, ALOS PALSAR.ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki potensi bencana yang cukup tinggi dan lebih dari 70% bencana yang terjadi merupakan bencana hidrometeorologis termasuk banjir. Banjir didefinisikan sebagai luapan atau genangan yang keluar dari sungai atau badan air dan menyebabkan suatu bahaya dan disebabkan oleh fenomena cuaca dan kejadian yang menyebabkan presipitasi berlebihan pada suatu permukaan bumi. Di Pulau Jawa terdapat empat daerah rawan banjir yang mendapat prioritas tinggi yaitu lereng Gunung Merapi, Provinsi Jakarta dan Daerah Aliran Sungai Bengawan Solo serta Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah melakukan identifikasi tutupan lahan daerah kawasan banjir beserta luasan genangan air pada tiap tutupan lahan dengan memanfaatkan citra Quickbird dan citra ALOS PALSAR. Sebelum dilakukan proses klasifikasi dan analisis citra, proses pra pengolahan data dilakukan pada citra Quickbird dan ALOS PALSAR agar bersih dari kesalahan yang ada. Tutupan lahan akan didapatkan dari citra Quickbird dengan metode klasifikasi object based dan genangan air diperoleh dengan deliniasi nilai backscatter citra ALOS PALSAR. Dengan curah hujan 5 mm pada tanggal 10 September 2007 seluruh kelas pada area studi tergenang dengan nilai tertentu.Kata kunci: genangan air, penginderaan jauh, Quickbird, ALOS PALSAR.

PENGOLAHAN DATA LANDSAT 8 UNTUK EKSTRAKSI OBJEK DI PERMUKAAN LAUT Susantoro, Tri Muji; Wikantika, Ketut
GEOMATIKA Vol 21, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Badan Informasi Geospasial in Partnership with MAPIN

Kenampakan objek di permukaan laut seperti kapal, bagan, platform migas dan lainnya secara umum mudah dipetakan menggunakan data citra satelit resolusi tinggi. Akan tetapi, harga citra satelit resolusi tinggi tersebut relatif lebih mahal. Penggunaan citra satelit resolusi menengah dan regional secara umum hanya untuk pemetaan permukaan laut masih didominasi untuk pemetaan kondisi fisik dan kimia air laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah data Landsat 8 dalam rangka mengidentifikasi objek di permukaan laut. Berdasarkan hasil kajian objek di laut seperti kapal yang sandar di Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas, Semarang, kapal yang bergerak di Utara Delta Wulan dan bagan tancap di perairan Jepara dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan NDVI dan penisbahan saluran ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR+RED)). Kenampakan kapal tampak lebih baik menggunakan NDVI dan penisbahan saluran ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR+RED)) dibandingkan pada citra komposit warna dengan kombinasi band 653 (RGB). Kapal yang bergerak terlihat jelas dengan buih gelombang dibelakangnya, sedangkan pada citra komposit warna dengan kombinasi band 653 (RGB), buih gelombang tidak dapat dilihat. Demikian juga dengan bagan tancap yang tidak terlihat pada citra komposit warna dengan kombinasi band 653 (RGB). Namun demikian bagan tancap dapat diidentifikasi dengan jelas pada NDVI dan penisbahan saluran ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR +RED)). Kemampuan Landsat 8 untuk memetakan objek di laut dengan baik ini, dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk perencanaan kegiatan di bidang migas dan peluang mencari kapal yang hilang ataupun untuk monitoring daerah rawan illegal fishing.Kata kunci: Landsat 8, kapal, pelabuhan, bagan tancap, NDVI, penisbahan saluran, RGBAbstractThe appearance of the object on the sea surface like a ship, charts, and other oil and gas platforms are generally easily mapped using high-resolution satellite imagery data. However, the prices of high-resolution satellite images are relatively expensive. The use of medium resolution satellite imagery and regional general for mapping the sea surface is still dominated for mapping the physical and chemical conditions of seawater. The objective of this research is conducting a processing of Landsat 8 data for identifying objects on the sea surface. Based on the results, objects on the sea, such as ship that is docked at Tanjung Emas Harbour, Semarang and moving ship in North Wulan Delta, Demak, as well as bagan atJepara sea can be identified using NDVI and Rationing band ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR +RED)). The appearance of ship is better identified using NDVI and Rationing band ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR +RED)) than on the composite imageries using combination bands of 653 (RGB). The moving ship seen more clearly with ripple wave in the backside, whereas its cannot be seen in the composite imageries using combination bands of 653 (RGB). Similarly, bagan cannot be seen in the composite imageries using combination bands of 653 (RGB). However,bagan can be identified clearly using NDVI and rationing band ((SWIR-RED)/(SWIR +RED)).Landsat 8 Ability to map the object in the sea with this good, can be used optimally for planning activities in the field of oil and gas and the opportunities to look for the missing ship or for monitoring areas prone to illegal fishing.Keywords: Landsat 8, ship, harbour, bagan, NDVI, rationing band, RGB

Temporal Decorrelation Effect in Carbon Stocks Estimation Using Polarimetric Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolInSAR) (Case Study: Southeast Sulawesi Tropical Forest) Jaya, Laode M Golok; Wikantika, Ketut; Sambodo, Katmoko Ari; Susandi, Armi
Forum Geografi Vol 31, No 1 (2017): July 2017
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.2518

This paper was aimed to analyse the effect of temporal decorrelation in carbon stocks estimation. Estimation of carbon stocks plays important roles particularly to understand the global carbon cycle in the atmosphere regarding with climate change mitigation effort. PolInSAR technique combines the advantages of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) and Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, which is evidenced to have significant contribution in radar mapping technology in the last few years. In carbon stocks estimation, PolInSAR provides information about vertical vegetation structure to estimate carbon stocks in the forest layers. Two coherence Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of ALOS PALSAR full-polarimetric with 46 days temporal baseline were used in this research. The study was carried out in Southeast Sulawesi tropical forest. The research method was by comparing three interferometric phase coherence images affected by temporal decorrelation and their impacts on Random Volume over Ground (RvoG) model. This research showed that 46 days temporal baseline has a significant impact to estimate tree heights of the forest cover where the accuracy decrease from R2=0.7525 (standard deviation of tree heights is 2.75 meters) to R2=0.4435 (standard deviation 4.68 meters) and R2=0.3772 (standard deviation 3.15 meters) respectively. However, coherence optimisation can provide the best coherence image to produce a good accuracy of carbon stocks. Â

Advanced Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Remote Sensing for Detecting Pre- and Syn-eruption Signatures at Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia Saepuloh, Asep; Mirelva, Prima Rizky; Wikantika, Ketut
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 6, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Geological Agency

DOI:10.17014/ijog.6.2.123-140Mount Sinabung was re-activated at August 28th, 2010 after a long repose interval. The early stage of a phreatic eruption was then followed by magmatic eruptions at September 15th, 2013 for years until now. To understand the ground surface changes accompanying the eruption periods, comprehensive analyses of surface and subsurface data are necessary, especially the condition in pre- and syn-eruption periods. This study is raised to identify ground surface and topographical changes before, intra, and after the eruption periods by analyzing the temporal signature of surface roughness, moisture, and deformation derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The time series of SAR backscattering intensity were analyzed prior to and after the early eruption periods to know the lateral ground surface changes including estimated lava dome roughness and surface moisture. Meanwhile, the atmospherically corrected Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR) method was also applied to know the vertical topographical changes prior to the eruptions. The atmospheric correction based on modified Referenced Linear Correlation (mRLC) was applied to each D-InSAR pair to exclude the atmospheric phase delay from the deformation signal. The changes of surface moistures on syn-eruptions were estimated by calculating dielectric constant from SAR polarimetric mode following Dubois model. Twenty-one Phased Array type L-band SAR (PALSAR) data on board Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and nine Sentinel-1A SAR data were used in this study with the acquisition date between February 2006 and February 2017. For D-InSAR purposes, the ALOS PALSAR data were paired to generate twenty interferograms. Based on the D-InSAR deformation, three times inflation-deflation periods were observed prior to the early eruption at August 28th 2010. The first and second inflation-deflation periods at the end of 2008 and middle 2009 presented migration of magma batches and dike generations in the deep reservoir. The third inflation-deflation periods in the middle of 2010 served as a precursor signal presenting magma feeding to the shallow reservoir. The summit was inflated about 1.4 cm and followed by the eruptions. The deflation of about 2.3 cm indicated the release pressure and temperature in the shallow reservoir after the early eruption at August 28th, 2010. The last inflation-deflation period was also confirmed by the increase of the lava dome roughness size from 5,121 m2 on July to 6,584 m2 on August. The summit then inflated again about 1.1 cm after the first eruption and followed by unrest periods presented by lava dome growth and destruction at September 15th, 2013. The volcanic products including lava and pyroclastics strongly affected the moisture of surface layer. The volcanic products were observed to reduce the surface moisture within syn-eruption periods. The hot materials are presumed responsible for the evaporation of the surface moisture as well.

PEMBUATAN PETA ZONASI RISIKO TSUNAMI MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS DI WILAYAH PESISIR PANGANDARAN Fahmi, Muhammad Nurul; Wikantika, Ketut; Harto, Agung Budi
Indonesian Journal of Geospatial Vol 6, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Indonesian Journal of Geospatial

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstrak. Pada tahun 2007 telah terjadi tsunami berskala kecil yang menerjang wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Pangandaran. Meskipun begitu setidaknya tsunami tersebut mengakibatkan 500 korban jiwa. Banyaknya korban jiwa disebabkan kekurangsiapan masyarakat terhadap bencana tsunami. Kekurangsiapan ini dipengaruhi oleh belum meratanya tindakan mitigasi bencana tsunami. Salah satu upaya mitigasi yang diperlukan berupa peta zonasi risiko tsunami. Peta risiko tsunami pada penelitian ini disusun dengan mengacu pada Peraturan Kepala BNPB No. 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum Pengkajian Risiko Bencana dengan beberapa modifikasi. Berdasarkan peraturan tersebut ditentukan beberapa parameter seperti tingkat ancaman, kerentanan, kapasitas, dan risiko bencana tsunami. Untuk memperoleh peta kerentanan pada penelitian ini dilakukan penghitungan kepadatan penduduk menggunakan metode land use density. Metode ini menggunakan data citra Quickbird sebagai sumber data utama. Selain itu pada penelitian ini juga digunakan data Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Kemudian ditambahkan data jarak dari garis pantai sebagai modifikasi untuk mengetahui zonasi ancaman tsunami. Peta risiko tsunami yang dihasilkan menunjukkan bahwa wilayah pesisir Pangandaran menjadi wilayah yang berisiko terkena tsunami. Untuk menentukan zona kapasitas digunakan data kapasitas bencana tsunami di wilayah penelitian. Dari peta zonasi risiko tsunami diperoleh bahwa Desa Pananjung merupakan desa yang memiliki tingkat risiko paling tinggi yang 81,20% wilayahnya memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi. Sedangkan Desa Cintakarya merupakan desa yang memiliki tingkat risiko paling rendah dengan 96,85% wilayahnya memiliki tingkat risiko rendah.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN TOPOGRAFI GUNUNG SINABUNG DAN GUNUNG SIBAYAK MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT ALOS PALSAR Trianaputri, Mila Olivia; Saepuloh, Asep; Wikantika, Ketut
Indonesian Journal of Geospatial Vol 6, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Indonesian Journal of Geospatial

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Pulau Ring of fire merupakan julukan yang diberikan kepada Indonesia, atas keberadaan deretan gunung api diwilayahnya. Posisi tersebut membuat Indonesia wajib memiliki informasi dan pengetahuan yang luas mengenai hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan gunung api, termasuk mengenai kebencanaan yang mungkin terjadi sebagai akibat dari kondisi wilayah tersebut. Gunung api Sinabung yang terdapat di Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara, merupakan salah satu contoh gunung api di Indonesia yang terus mengalami peningkatan aktivitas vulkanik semenjak tahun 2010. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan grafik perubahan topografi yang terjadi di puncak Gunung Sinabung dan Sibayak, serta mengetahui waktu mulai terjadinya perubahan topografi yang akan mengindikasikan adanya precursor behavior sebelum letusan terjadi. Teknologi penginderaan jauh membuat keseluruhan proses pengamatan topografi tersebut menjadi lebih cepat dan dapat menghemat biaya survei geologi. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengekstraksi nilai intensitas hamburan balik yang direkam dalam setiap piksel citra SAR Gunung Sinabung dan Gunung Sibayak, kemudian menghitung nilai normalised radar cross section dari hasil ekstraksi tersebut. Selanjutnya untuk validasi data, dibuat citra rasio yang merupakan perbandingan antara citra sebelum terjadinya letusan dan citra sesudah terjadinya letusan untuk identifikasi arah penyebaran volcanic product Gunung Sinabung. Dengan metode tersebut maka akan dihasilkan informasi mengenai perubahan topografi dan precursor behavior yang ditunjukkan oleh Gunung Sinabung.

Peningkatan Akurasi Interpretasi Foto Udara Menggunakan Metode Pembobotan Berbasis Objek untuk Pembuatan Peta Skala 1:5000 Lumbantobing, Marlonroi; Wikantika, Ketut; Harto, Agung Budi
REKA GEOMATIKA Vol 2017, No 1
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Nasional

ABSTRAK Kebutuhan akan adanya pengembangan metode untuk meningkatkan akurasi dari interpretasi objek memerlukan kajian metodologi yang disebut analisis citra berbasis objek. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menentukan dan menganalisis akurasi dari interpretasi objek secara otomatis dengan metode berbasis objek dengan memberikan bobot yang berbeda untuk setiap kanal. Data yang digunakan adalah foto hasil pemotretan udara format menengah (medium format) dengan resolusi 16 cm. Ekstrak data menggunakan teknik object based image analysis (OBIA). Data diproses berdasarkan bobot yang yang berbeda untuk setiap kanal. Nilai akurasi ditentukan berdasarkan overall accuracy. Overall accuracy merupakan hasil validasi klasifikasi objek dengan ground truth yang diperoleh dari peta garis skala 1:5000 yang diinterpretasi secara visual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan nilai akurasi dengan pendekatan OBIA jika setiap kanal diberikan bobot yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan bobot yang sama. Peningkatan akurasi paling tinggi dengan bobot (Red=3, Green=4, Blue=3, IR=4, dan DEM= 3) menghasilkan akurasi 85,88%. Hasil akurasi meningkat sebesar 10,27 % dibandingkan dengan interpretasi tanpa pembobotan. Kata kunci: Interpretasi, Peta 1:5000, Klasifikasi, OBIA, Pembobotan, AkurasiABSTRACT Interpretation of imagery or aerial photo is an attempt to understand or interpret imagery to obtain accurate information and in accordance with the recorded object. The need for developing methods to improve the accuracy of the object interpretation requires assessment methodology which is called as object based image analysis. This study aimed at determining and analyzing the accuracy of the interpretation of the object automatically using object based method by giving different weights to each band. The data used were medium format aerial photos with a resolution of 16 cm. The method of data processing was object based image analysis (OBIA). Data were processed by different weights for each band. Accuracy value is determined based on the overall accuracy. Overall accuracy is the result of the validated object classification with ground truth obtained from the map of 1:5000 which were interpreted visually. The research results showed that the value of the accuracy with OBIA approach increased if each band is given different weights compared with the same weight. The highest accuracy was achieved with weights (Red=3, Green=4, Blue=3 , IR=4, and DEM=3), and resulted overall accuracy 85,88%. Results accuracy increased 10,27% compared with the interpretation without weighting. Keywords: Interpretation, Map 1:5000, Classification, OBIA, Weighting, Accuracy

Advanced Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Remote Sensing for Detecting Pre- and Syn-eruption Signatures at Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia Saepuloh, Asep; Mirelva, Prima Rizky; Wikantika, Ketut
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 6, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Geological Agency

DOI:10.17014/ijog.6.2.123-140Mount Sinabung was re-activated at August 28th, 2010 after a long repose interval. The early stage of a phreatic eruption was then followed by magmatic eruptions at September 15th, 2013 for years until now. To understand the ground surface changes accompanying the eruption periods, comprehensive analyses of surface and subsurface data are necessary, especially the condition in pre- and syn-eruption periods. This study is raised to identify ground surface and topographical changes before, intra, and after the eruption periods by analyzing the temporal signature of surface roughness, moisture, and deformation derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The time series of SAR backscattering intensity were analyzed prior to and after the early eruption periods to know the lateral ground surface changes including estimated lava dome roughness and surface moisture. Meanwhile, the atmospherically corrected Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR) method was also applied to know the vertical topographical changes prior to the eruptions. The atmospheric correction based on modified Referenced Linear Correlation (mRLC) was applied to each D-InSAR pair to exclude the atmospheric phase delay from the deformation signal. The changes of surface moistures on syn-eruptions were estimated by calculating dielectric constant from SAR polarimetric mode following Dubois model. Twenty-one Phased Array type L-band SAR (PALSAR) data on board Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and nine Sentinel-1A SAR data were used in this study with the acquisition date between February 2006 and February 2017. For D-InSAR purposes, the ALOS PALSAR data were paired to generate twenty interferograms. Based on the D-InSAR deformation, three times inflation-deflation periods were observed prior to the early eruption at August 28th 2010. The first and second inflation-deflation periods at the end of 2008 and middle 2009 presented migration of magma batches and dike generations in the deep reservoir. The third inflation-deflation periods in the middle of 2010 served as a precursor signal presenting magma feeding to the shallow reservoir. The summit was inflated about 1.4 cm and followed by the eruptions. The deflation of about 2.3 cm indicated the release pressure and temperature in the shallow reservoir after the early eruption at August 28th, 2010. The last inflation-deflation period was also confirmed by the increase of the lava dome roughness size from 5,121 m2 on July to 6,584 m2 on August. The summit then inflated again about 1.1 cm after the first eruption and followed by unrest periods presented by lava dome growth and destruction at September 15th, 2013. The volcanic products including lava and pyroclastics strongly affected the moisture of surface layer. The volcanic products were observed to reduce the surface moisture within syn-eruption periods. The hot materials are presumed responsible for the evaporation of the surface moisture as well.

Title

Found 43 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 43 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 43 Documents
Search