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MODEL EXTENDED COX UNTUK MENGATASI NON-PROPORTIONAL HAZARD PADA DATA STUDI KANKER PARU-PARU Arumningtyas, Felinda; Juliza, Melda; Chandra, Novita Eka; Wulandari, Amelia
Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika Vol 17 No 2 (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika (JMP)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jmp.2025.17.2.18061

Abstract

Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Indonesia, making it essential to identify factors influencing patient survival. This study aims to analyze lung cancer patient survival using the Extended Cox Model as an alternative when the Proportional Hazard (PH) assumption is not met. Secondary data from 137 lung cancer patients were analyzed using variables such as type of treatment, treatment history, cancer cell type, Karnofsky score, age, and time of diagnosis. The results showed that only the Karnofsky score was significant in Cox-PH, but the assumption test showed that the cell type and Karnofsky score variables violated PH. Therefore, the analysis was continued with the Extended Cox Model. The final results showed that cell type and Karnofsky score had a significant effect on survival. The Hazard Ratio showed that a certain cell type reduced the risk of death by 22.7%, and an increase of one unit in the Karnofsky score reduced the risk of death by 3.1%. Cancer cell type and Karnofsky score are important factors in the survival of lung cancer patients, and the Extended Cox model has been proven to provide more reliable estimates than Cox-PH when the PH assumption is not being followed.
Forms of Spelling Errors in Biography Texts of Grade X Students of SMA Negeri 1 Pancung Soal Wulandari, Amelia; Afriananda, Aura; Akmalia, Della; Lorenza, Klaraysa Zeta; Afnita
Jurnal Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Januari 2026
Publisher : Raja Zulkarnain Education Foundation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55909/jpbs.v5i1.1134

Abstract

Writing in Indonesian has been taught from elementary school to high school. Spelling is one of the learning objectives, but many spelling errors are still found among high school students. This study aims to analyze spelling errors in biographical texts of 10th-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Pancung Soal. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The research data, in the form of biographical texts written by fourteen 10th-grade students, were collected using library techniques. The data on spelling errors were analyzed qualitatively by identifying, classifying, and describing the types of spelling errors. The results showed that the most dominant spelling errors made by students were capitalization errors (38%), followed by punctuation errors (27%), compound word errors (21%), and loanword errors (14%). Spelling errors are caused by students' lack of understanding of Indonesian spelling rules and language habits that do not conform to standard rules. The results of this study are expected to be used as considerations for Indonesian language teachers in improving learning strategies for writing biographical texts with an emphasis on correct spelling.