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Endang Setyowati
Universitas Muhammadiyah Kudus
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Chemometric Analysis of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract 70% and Ethyl Acetate of Kersen Leaf (Muntingia calabura L.) Afif Putri Habibah; Endang Setyowati; Emma Jayanti Besan
International Journal Of Health Science Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): International Journal of Health
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/ijhs.v5i2.5583

Abstract

This study analyzed the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of kersen leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L.) obtained with 70 % ethanol and ethyl acetate through a chemometric approach. Extraction is carried out by maceration, total flavonoids are determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with quercetin, while total phenolics with gallic acid. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method and the IC₅₀ value was calculated. The results showed that the total flavonoid content in 70% ethanol extract was 3.374 ± 0.082 mg EK/mL, while in ethyl acetate extract it was 2.726 ± 0.014 mg EK/mL. The total phenolic content in 70% ethanol extract was 152.34 ± 5.71 mg EAG/mL, while in ethyl acetate extract it was 262.78 ± 6.27 mg EAG/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from ethyl acetate extract with an IC₅₀ value of 34.45 ± 1.23 μg/mL, while ethanol extract 70% showed an IC₅₀ value of 42.35 ± 7.22 μg/mL. Chemometric analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a relationship between the 70% ethanol flavonoid content and ethyl acetate on the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method.  
Chemometric Analysis of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of 70% Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Butterfly Pea Flowers Nabila Naila Amelia; Endang Setyowati; Muhamad Khudzaifi
International Journal Of Health Science Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): International Journal of Health
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/ijhs.v5i2.5594

Abstract

Antioxidants are essential for the body to inhibit or ward off free radicals. Naturally, the body can produce antioxidants, but they can also be obtained from external sources. Interestingly, antioxidants can also be found in plants, one of which is the butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). Compounds contained in butterfly pea flowers, such as flavonoids and phenolics, were macerated with 70% ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical content (flavonoids and phenolics) and evaluate the antioxidant activity of butterfly pea flower extract and their relationship with the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) chemometric method. The total flavonoid content test was carried out with quercetin as a comparator, while the total phenolic content test was carried out with gallic acid as a comparator. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method. In this study, the total flavonoid content in the 70% ethanol extract was 4.109 ± 0.027 mg QE/mL, while in the ethyl acetate extract it was 6.616 ± 0.22 mg QE/mL. The total phenolic content produced was 28.276 ± 1.36 mg GAE/mL for the 70% ethanol extract and 31.579 ± 1.59 mg GAE/mL for the ethyl acetate extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 value for antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract had a value of 54.23 ± 2.37 µg/mL, while the ethyl acetate extract had a value of 39.38 ± 3.14 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract had higher flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant activity than the 70% ethanol extract. Chemometric analysis showed a positive correlation between flavonoids and phenolics in the ethanol solvent. Chemometric analysis showed a relationship between flavonoid and phenolic content in both the ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents and the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method.
Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Gatal (Laportea aestuans L. Chew) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dengan Metode Dilusi Cair: Antibacterial Potential of Itchy Leaf Extract (Laportea aestuans L. Chew) Against Staphylococcus aureus Using Liquid Dilution Method Emma Jayanti Besan; Endang Setyowati; Muhammad Nurul Fadel; Ulfa Nabila Besan
Journal of Holistics and Health Sciences Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Holistics and Health Sciences (JHHS), Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/jhhs.v8i1.720

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium often associated with skin infections and various other diseases. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has prompted the search for alternative antibacterial agents derived from medicinal plants. Daun Itch (Laportea aestuans L. Chew), a plant from Eastern Indonesia, known locally as daun itch, contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which are reported to have antimicrobial potential. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of daun itch against Staphylococcus aureus using the liquid dilution method. Daun itch was macerated using 70% ethanol for 5 days, phytochemical screening tests were carried out using two methods, namely Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Tube Test. Observation of antibacterial activity by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) through a series of dilutions in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) media. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of daun itch contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids using TLC and Tube Test. Bacterial growth was assessed visually based on turbidity and confirmed by subculture on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The MIC and MBC values ​​of the ethanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus were 300 mg/mL and 600 mg/mL, respectively. These concentrations indicate that the higher the concentration used, the greater the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. These findings indicate that the extract of daun itch leaves has significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and can serve as a natural source of antibacterial agents. Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the active compounds that act as antibacterials.   ABSTRAK Staphylococcus aureus adalah bakteri patogen yang sering dikaitkan dengan infeksi kulit dan berbagai penyakit lainnya. Prevalensi resistensi antibiotik yang semakin meningkat telah mendorong pencarian agen antibakteri alternatif yang berasal dari tanaman obat. Daun Gatal (Laportea aestuans L. Chew), tanaman dari Indonesia Timur, yang dikenal secara lokal sebagai daun gatal, mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan terpenoid, yang dilaporkan memiliki potensi antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun gatal terhadap  Staphylococcus aureus menggunakan metode dilusi cair. Daun gatal dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 70% selama 5 hari, uji skrining fitokimia dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dan Uji Tabung. Pengamatan aktivitas antibakteri dengan menentukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) melalui seri pengenceran dalam media Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun gatal mengandung senyawa flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan terpenoid menggunakan uji KLT dan Uji Tabung. Pertumbuhan bakteri dinilai secara visual berdasarkan kekeruhan dan dikonfirmasi dengan subkultur pada Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). Nilai KHM dan KBM ekstrak etanol terhadap Staphylococcus aureus adalah 300 mg/mL dan 600 mg/mL. Konsentrasi tersebut menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi yang digunakan maka efek penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri juga akan meningkat.  Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun daun gatal memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang signifikan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan dapat berfungsi sebagai sumber alami agen antibakteri. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi senyawa aktif yang berperan sebagai antibakteri.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Antidiabetes Terhadap Penurunan Hba1c Dan GDS Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II Di RSU PKU Muhammadiyah Gubug Grobogan Ramadhani Annisa Rahim; Endang Setyowati; Intan Adevia Rosnarita
Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): April - Juni
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Knowledge and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69693/ijim.v4i2.825

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas pengobatan antidiabetik terhadap kadar glukosa pada pasien diabetes di wilayah Gubug. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah kuantitatif dengan metode observasional analitik dan pendekatan retrospektif. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 60 responden yang datanya diperoleh melalui rekam medis pasien. Kriteria inklusi penelitian ini mencakup pasien laki-laki dan perempuan yang terdiagnosis DM berusia 35-85 tahun, pasien yang menerima terapi antidiabetes, serta memiliki data hasil pemeriksaan HbA1c dan GDS. Hasil data responden menunjukkan bahwa usia 35-60 tahun 36 (60%) merupakan kelompok paling sering mengalami Diabetes Mellitus, dengan perempuan lebih banyak 38 (63,3%), hasil durasi terapi paling dominan yaitu hasil terapi selama 2 bulan 33 (55%), hasil data lab HbA1c sebelum terapi paling banyak yaitu hasil diabetes (≥6,5) sebanyak 53 (44,1%). Sedangkan data lab GDS sebelum terapi paling banyak angka tidak normal yaitu (>200 mg/dL) sebanyak 35 (29,1%). Hasil profil penggunaan obat antidiabetes terapi kombinasi paling banyak digunakan yaitu metformin 500 mg dan glimepirid 3 mg sebanyak 15 (25%). Hasil persentase penggunaan obat antidiabetes paling dominan digunakan yaitu metformin 500 mg mencapai 32 (27,3 %). Hasil efektivitas ADO terhadap penurunan HbA1c dan GDS secara statistik menunjukkan terjadi perbedaan atau efektivitas karena data memenuhi syarat yaitu dibawah 0,05. Hasil Efektivitas HbA1c secara klinis menunjukkan data normal (<5,7) sebanyak 15 (12,5%). Hasil data lab GDS secara klinis sesudah terapi angka normal (<200 mg/dL) sebanyak 49 (40,8%).
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Terhadap Kepatuhan Minum Obat Antihipertensi Pada Pasien Hipertensi di Rumah Sakit X Kabupaten Malang Tahun 2025 Ahmad Wildan Waviulahdi; Endang Setyowati; Fahrudin Arif
JURNAL BIDANG ILMU KESEHATAN Vol 16, No 1 (2026): Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan
Publisher : Universitas Respati Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52643/jbik.v16i1.8211

Abstract

Hypertension is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence and is often undetected in the early stage due to the lack of specific symptoms. Poor blood pressure control may lead to complications affecting vital organs. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between patients’ knowledge about hypertension and their adherence to antihypertensive medication. This research employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A total of 80 hypertensive outpatients were selected using a purposive sampling technique at Hospital X in Malang Regency from July to November 2025. Data were collected using validated and reliable questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square statistical test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that most respondents had a good level of knowledge (53 respondents; 66.3%), while 27 respondents (33.7%) had lower knowledge levels. Most respondents demonstrated high medication adherence. However, statistical analysis indicated no significant relationship between knowledge level and medication adherence among hypertensive patients (p>0.05). Therefore, knowledge level was not significantly associated with antihypertensive medication adherence in this study.
EVALUASI RASIONALITAS PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTI-INFLAMASI NON-STEROID (OAINS) PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DI PUSKESMAS SIWULUH KABUPATEN BREBES Alya Nisrina Zulfa; Endang Setyowati; Ulviani Yulia Husna
Nusantara Hasana Journal Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): Nusantara Hasana Journal, August 2026
Publisher : Yayasan Nusantara Hasana Berdikari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59003/nhj.v6i3.2306

Abstract

Background: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently prescribed medications for managing pain and inflammation. Uncontrolled NSAID use poses a risk of serious health issues, particularly in elderly patients with comorbidities. The Siwuluh Community Health Center (Puskesmas) in Brebes Regency serves a significant elderly population with musculoskeletal complaints who frequently use NSAID therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the rationality of NSAID use, specifically regarding the appropriateness of indications, patient selection, drug choice, dosage, and monitoring for side effects. Methods: This was a non-experimental, descriptive study utilizing a retrospective quantitative approach. Data were collected from the outpatient medical records at the Siwuluh Community Health Center, Brebes Regency, for the year 2025. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select 110 respondents who met the inclusion criteria (aged 60–74 years, female, and having comorbidities). Rationality was evaluated by comparing prescription and medical record data against the 2023 guidelines issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, specifically frequency distribution and percentages. Results: Respondent characteristics showed that 100% were female, with the largest age group being 60–64 years (53.6%). Hyperuricemia was the most prevalent comorbidity (54.5%). Mefenamic acid 500 mg was the most frequently prescribed NSAID (40.0%). The rationality evaluation revealed the following rates of appropriateness: indication (100.0%), patient selection (89.1%), drug choice (85.5%), and dosage (85.5%). Regarding side effect monitoring, 91.8% of cases required clinical attention due to the absence of gastroprotective agents. The analysis of irrationality revealed a 10.9% rate of contraindications and a 14.5% rate of dual NSAID combinations.
Analisis Kemometrika Kandungan Fitokimia dan Uji Anti Acne Ekstrak Etanol 70% dan Etil Asetat Daun Alpukat : (Persea Americana Mill) Pramesti Anggun Asyifa; Endang Setyowati; Fahrudin Arif
Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Maret : Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jikki.v5i1.7566

Abstract

Human skin requires care to prevent and treat acne caused by Propinobacterium acnes bacteria. Researchers are exploring the use of avocado leaves as a natural therapy to treat acne. Avocado leaves contain antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. This study aims to measure the total flavonoid and phenolic content in extracts obtained with 70% ethanol and avocado ethyl acetate and analyze their anti-acne activity. Total flavonoids were determined using a reagent consisting of 10% AlCl3 and 5% acetic acid. Total phenolic determination was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as a reference standard. Measurement of phytochemical levels used the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Antibacterial testing was carried out using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentrations of 12%, 14%, and 16%. The positive control used clindamycin. The negative control used 10% DMSO. The disc diffusion method was used to observe the inhibition zone in this study. The results of this study will be processed using chemometrics to analyze complex chemical data. The data results showed that 70% ethanol extract produced total flavonoid levels of 8.6954% mgEK/mL and total phenolics of 15.4385% mgEAG/mL, higher than ethyl acetate extract with total flavonoid results of 3.418% mgEK/mL and total phenolics of 4.6052% mgEAG/mL. The results of antibacterial activity at concentrations of 12%, 14%, 16%, 70% ethanol extract were 10.5±0.70 mm; 12.1±0.28 mm; 14.3±0.57 mm, respectively, which had higher activity than ethyl acetate extract with results of 9.1±0.28 mm; 10.5±0.5 mm; 12.3±0.57 mm, the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 16%. Chemometric analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a strong positive correlation between phytochemical content and antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was found in the 70% ethanol extract at a concentration of 16%.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MELINJO (Gnetum gnemon L.) Bintari Tri Sukoharjanti; Wahid Sabaan; Endang Setyowati; Ratna Dewi Isnaini; Novia Putri Anggraini
IJF (Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi) Vol 8, No 1 (2023): Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kudus

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26751/ijf.v8i1.2098

Abstract

ABSTRAKDemam didefinisikan sebagai suhu maksimum untuk suhu tubuh, yaitu 36–37°C. Suhu ini dicapai saat fajar dengan badan yang turun seiring turunnya suhu tubuh sehingga timbul kemerahan pada permukaan kulit. Tanaman Melinjo mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai penghambat siklooksigenase. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan menggunakan dosis ekstrak daun melinjo sekitar 100, 200, dan 300 mg, serta menggunakan mencit sebagai hewan uji. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis pemberian ekstrak etanol daun melinjo terhadap efektivitas antipiretik yang diinduksi pepton pada jantan putih. Hasil Penelitian didapatkan kontrol positif parasetamol terdapat penurunan suhu 0,6oC, dosis I ekstrak daun melinjo 100mg/KgBB terdapat penurunan suhu 0,2oC, dosis II ekstrak daun melinjo sebesar 200mg/KgBB terdapat penurunan suhu 0,4oC, dosis III ekstrak daun melinjo sebesar 300mg/KgBB terdapat penurunan suhu 0,6oC, hasil penurunan suhu kontrol positif setara dengan dosis III yaitu 0,6oC, dilanjutkan dengan uji ANOVA yang memperoleh besaran nilai signifikasi 0,05 yaitu nilai sig. 0,024. Kesimpulan, ekstrak etanol daun melinjo dapat berfungsi sebagai antipiretik pada kasus mencit putih jantan yang diobati dengan pepton; dosis paling efektif adalah 300 mg, yang dapat mengurangi infeksi saluran kemih pada tingkat yang kira-kira sama dengan parasetamol. Kata Kunci: Antipiretik, Ekstrak Etanol Daun Melinjo, Mencit Putih Jantan, Pepton.
Efektivitas Jamu Godhok Herbal Terhadap Penderita Hipertensi Dengan Candesartan Sebagai Pembanding Davva Ra&#039;uf Raynadi; Endang Setyowati; Muhammad Nurul Fadel
JFM (Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati) Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati (JFM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/jfm.v9i2.25678

Abstract

Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang menyebabkan seseorang mengalamipeningkatan tekanan darah di arteri yang jika terus meningkat, akan menyebabkankomplikasi dan penyakit lebih lanjut seperti stroke, gagal jantung, dan kerusakanginjal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas Jamu godhokherbal maupun Candesartan 16 mg terhadap penurunan tekanan darah penderitahipertensi. Studi penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi eksperimental denganpengukuran kondisi sebelum (pre-test) dan kondisi setelah perlakuan (post-test).Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah Non Probability Samplingdengan metode Sampling Jenuh. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu 36 responden yangada di Rumah Sakit Kartika Husada Kedai Herbal Zarisma dengan pembagian 18orang kelompok Jamu herbal dan 18 orang kelompok Candesartan 16 mg. Hasilanalisis data dengan uji Paired Test menunjukkan bahwa Jamu godhok herbalmaupun Candesartan 16 mg memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penurunantekanan darah penderita hipertensi dengan nilai sig. (2 tailed) adalah 0,001 (p-value0,05). Namun, efektivitas Candesartan 16 mg dalam menurunkan tekanan darahdua kali lipat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberikan Jamugodhok herbal, dengan selisih penurunan masing-masing sebesar 18 mmHg dan 9mmHg.
Co-Authors Adinda Triatna Maullidiyah Afif putri Habibah Ahmad Wildan Waviulahdi Alya Nisrina Zulfa Amalia Khoirunnisa Andhika Setyawan Ari Simbara Ari Simbara Arina Zulfah P Bintari Tri Sukoharjanti Davva Ra&#039;uf Raynadi Dewi Septiyaningrum Diah Putri Nugraheni Diana Tri Lestari Dwi Asmawati Eko Retnowati Emma Jayanti Besan Eni Istiqamah Ezara Mila Fawwazah Prayitno Fahrudin Arif Fatika Oktasari Fina Sari Arstianti Hardiyani Presticasari Intan Adevia Rosnarita Irma Ravika Mila Umdatunnisa Muhamad Khudzaifi Muhammad Nurul Fadel Nabila Naila Amelia Nisa Oktadayana Novia Putri Anggraini Nur Farida Ulfa Nura Ali Dahbul Pramesti Anggun Asyifa Ramadhani Annisa Rahim Ratna Dewi Isnaeni Ratna Dewi Isnaini Ria Etikasari Rika Muharyanti Riska Ardiana Sabaan, Wahid Ulfa Nabila Besan Ulviani Yulia Husna Yayuk Mundriyastutik Yulis Trinovitawati Yunita Rusidah