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All Journal NOTARIUS LAW REFORM Jurnal Hukum Progresif JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW STUDIES Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY Ijtima'iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research Jurnal Ius Constituendum Lex Scientia Law Review JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM INDONESIA JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Journal of Judicial Review Indonesia Law Review (ILREV) Jurnal Dinamika Hukum Lex Scientia Law Review Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services
Irma Cahyaningtyas, Irma
Unknown Affiliation
Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Online Child Sexual Exploitation And Abuse As Organized Crime: Towards a New International Legal Framework Septianita, Hesti; Pujiyono; Cahyaningtyas, Irma
LITIGASI Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pasundan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23969/litigasi.v27i1.43221

Abstract

Online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) has developed as an important manifestation of transnational organized crime, constituting a systematic violation of children's fundamental rights under international law. This study considers the structural transformation of OCSEA — starting from local, offline incidents to coordinated darknet operations characterized by hierarchical criminal networks, role specialization, cryptocurrency-based financial flows, and cross-border coordination. Employing a doctrinal legal approach, blended with comparative jurisdictional analysis and concrete review of law enforcement data, this research carefully evaluates the capacity of existing international legal regimes to address OCSEA as organized crime. The analysis shows substantial normative and institutional deficiencies across key international instruments — including UNTOC, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the Lanzarote Convention, and relevant ASEAN frameworks — encompassing definitional inconsistencies, fragmented jurisdictional authority, inadequately harmonized criminal standards, and enforcement gaps that organized criminal networks systematically exploit. The study further shows that OCSEA satisfies the defining criteria of transnational organized crime, as offenders across multiple jurisdictions collaborate in the production, distribution, and financial exploitation of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) through advanced technical infrastructure. Accordingly, this research develops a normative argument for a binding global legal framework that standardizes criminal definitions, establishes universal jurisdiction, strengthens cross-border cooperation, and institutionalizes international monitoring. In doing so, it contributes theoretically by reconceptualizing OCSEA within the transnational organized crime paradigm, and normatively by proposing a coherent direction for international legal reform.
Co-Authors Abd Aziz, Hartinie Adiyatma, Anton Sofian Adriyanti, Avita Agnetha, Bianca Aju Putrijanti Aminah Aminah Anda Narulita, Hardita Andriansyah, Aziz Ani Purwanti Anti Mayastuti Ardyanny, Fenny Azmi, Haykal Budi Harjanto Budi Ispriyarso Busyro, Achmad Cahya Wulandari Diana Lukitasari, Diana Dwi Budi Santoso Faizrosadi, Nurazima Fifiana Wisnaeni Firmansyah, Doni Hari Purwadi, Hari Haryono, Tyas Susilo Herawati, Novi Irawan, Chandra Noviardy Jananuraga, Hatma Aditya Karsudin, Karsudin Kristyan, Fredy Kurniawan, Dicky Lumbanraja, Brata Yoga Mardiana - Muchlas Rastra Samara Muksin Nugraha, Eril Aditya Nuriya, Ellida Nurkharisma, Dina Olga, Puspita Dewi Paramita Prananingtyas Pratama, Arfian Nanda Yogi Priyono, Pujiono Pujiono Pujiono Pujiyono Pujiyono Pujiyono Ratna M.S, Edith Retno Saraswati Salamor, Anna Maria Sarikat Putra Jaya, Nyoman Septianita, Hesti Setiawati, Ro'fah Sianipar, Gretel Marlene Yola Sirait, Trinita Yulinda Siti Malikhatun Badriyah, Siti Sukirno Sukirno Sulistyo, Edhei Tiffani, Michell Utami, Luh Putu Juwita Vidya Wibowo, Sabrina Wicaksono, Adi Hardiyanto Wirasaputri, Nina Mirantie