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All Journal Masalah-Masalah Hukum Yustisia Veritas et Justitia PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Journal of SouthEast Asian Human Rights Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat (JIPEMAS) Jurnal Simbur Cahaya Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis Indonesian Journal of Law and Society Indonesian Journal of International Law Belli Ac Pacis (jurnal hukum internasional) Jurnal Dedikasi Hukum Indonesia Law Review (ILREV) Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan Proceeding of the International Conference on Law and Human Rights Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum
Erna Dyah Kusumawati
Universitas Sebelas Maret
Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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The Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Indonesia: The Importance of Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 1, No 2 (2014): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (617.3 KB)

Abstract

AbstractThis article aims to analyse how the Indonesian government complies with obligations enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Furthermore, this study will assess how the national law provides justiciability as well as redress if the violations of socio-economic rights occur. The protection of socio-economic rights in Indonesia is enshrined in the Constitution, the Human Rights Law Act, and other thematic acts; such as the Children Protection Act, Labour Act, etc. However, some violations have occurred these days both by commission and omission of the government, such as in the Lapindo and Mesuji case. These two cases show that the rights to adequate housing, work, health, healthy environment, and rights to land have been severely violated. In the case of Lapindo, the decision of the court regarding the violations of socio-economic rights was unreasonable; they did not even put the element of tort into consideration for their decision concerning the human rights norm. For the second case, the process of legal settlement is still ongoing. Thus, the government has to establish a comprehensive policy to redress the violation of the socio-economic rights as these rights are not justiciable before the national law. If national law does not provide enforcing element, citizens will have no place to file a complaint for the violation of socio-economic rights. The Optional Protocol to the (OP to the ICESCR) provides individual communication to the Committee (CESCR). Reflecting from the cases of Lapindo and Mesuji, this paper will elaborate how the OP to the ICESCR guarantees the justiciability of socio-economic rights.Keywords: individual communication, justiciability, economic and social rights, state obligation, Committee CESCR. Justisiabilitas Hak-hak Ekonomi dan Sosial di Indonesia: Pentingnya Meratifikasi Protokol Tambahan Kovenan Internasional Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (KIHESB)AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepatuhan pemerintah Indonesia terhadap kewajiban memenuhi hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya (ekosob). Selain itu artikel ini akan menguji bagaimana hukum nasional menyediakan justisiabilitas termasuk ganti rugi jika pelanggaran terjadi. Perlindungan hak ekosob di Indonesia terdapat dalam berbagai hukum nasional, seperti Undang-undang Dasar Tahun 1945, Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia, serta undang-undang tematik lainnya (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak, Perburuhan dan lain-lain). Meskipun demikian pelanggaran hak bidang ekosob masih sering terjadi baik secara sengaja maupun lalai, antara lain kasus lumpur Lapindo dan kasus Mesuji. Pemerintah harus mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bersifat komprehensif untuk penegakan hukum dalam hal terjadi pelanggaran hak ekosob, karena hak-hak ini tidak dapat diadili dalam hukum nasional. Jika hukum nasional memiliki unsur penegak hukum tersebut, maka warga negara tidak dapat mengajukan komplain atas pelanggaran. Protokol Tambahan atas Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (OP) menyediakan komunikasi individual kepada Komite Ekosob (CESCR). Berkaca dari kasus lumpur Lapindo dan Mesuji, maka artikel ini akan memperinci bagaimana Protokol Tambahan akan menjamin justisiabilitas hak ekosob warga negara.Kata Kunci: komunikasi individual, justisiabilitas, hak-hak ekonomi dan sosial, kewajiban negara, komite CESCR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v1n2.a8
MESUJI CASE: IS THERE A VIOLATION OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS? THE AVAILABILITY OF JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT MECHANISM ON THE VIOLATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS IN INDONESIA Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Kusumo, Ayub Torry Satriyo; Sasmini, Sasmini
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article focuses on the factors triggering the Mesuji conflict and the similar cases happening in Indonesia. In addition, this paper seeks to find the available settlement alternatives which can be used to solve the conflict. The study will take a long, hard look on state practices (South Africa and India) concerning on the settlement of the economic and social (socio-economic) rights. The conclusion drawn is that a conflict involving society’s rights and interests should be solved in a comprehensive way. It cannot be solved only by litigation or non-litigation procedures. The Government should establish a policy concerning the regulation on the land expropriation. Also the government should monitor the implementation of the regulation in order to prevent from the abuses carried out by third parties (companies). Thus, the government will protect the socio-economic rights of the society
THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING PROHIBITION OF TORTURE IN TWO LEVELS: ASEAN AND INDONESIA Erna Dyah Kusumawati
Yustisia Jurnal Hukum Vol 1, No 2 (2012): MEI-AGUSTUS
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v1i2.10634

Abstract

ABSTRAKArtikel ini menganalisis implementasi larangan penyiksaan level ASEAN dan Indonesia. Pembahasan diawali perkembangan pengaturan dan ratifikasi Konvensi PBB di tingkat ASEAN. Kemudian perkembangan dalam hukum nasional Indonesia. Selanjutnya analisis ditujukan kepada tantangan dan hambatan yang mungkin dihadapi dalam mengimplementasikan larangan penyiksaan di kedua level, regional dan nasional. Hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa larangan penyiksaan termasuk sebagai hak asasi yang bersifat fundamental dan tidak dapat dicabut (non-derogable). Norma larangan penyiksaan juga termasuk sebagai ius cogen atau peremptory norm atau norma yang memaksa dan sudah dianggap sebagai hukum kebiasaan internasional. Dengan demikian, meratifikasi atau tidak negara-negara anggota ASEAN dianggap terikat dan harus memenuhi kewajiban diatur dalam Konvensi Anti Penyiksaan. Terdapat kelemahan dalam tingkat ASEAN, yaitu dalam hal monitoring pemenuhan kewajiban-kewajiban Negara anggota. Badan HAM ASEAN tidak didesain sebagai pengawas yang independen, karena berada di bawah organisasi ASEAN. Pada level Indonesia, penyiksaan masih banyak ditemukan terutama untuk mendapatkan pengakuan tersangka dalam proses penyidikan dan penyiksaan dalam tahanan. Hukum di Indonesia belum berlaku maksimal. Konstitusi dan Hukum Hak Asasi Nasional sudah mengatur bahwa hak terbebas penyiksaan merupakan hak yang tidak dapat dicabut, namun demikian perlindungannya belum maksimal, mengingat KUHP tidak menjamin keseragaman pelaksanaan hukuman bagi pelaku penyiksaan. Demikian juga Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia tidak mempunyai kewenangan memeriksa perkara penyiksaan. Sehingga masih banyak diperlukan koreksi dalam hukum nasional, termasuk wewenang investigasi KOMNAS HAM dalam hal terjadi penyiksaan.Kata Kunci : Implementasi, Anti Penyiksaan, Hak Asasi ManusiaABSTRACTThis article will address the issue regarding prohibition of torture and its challenges at two levels: ASEAN and Indonesia. The prohibition of torture is considered to be a rule of “jus cogens” or peremptory norm as well as customary law. In addition the prohibition of torture is absolute and non-derogable. Therefore, it entails some obligations for states whether or not they ratify the CAT. States have the universal obligations to prevent torture and inhuman degrading treatment in their jurisdiction under international customary law. Since many of ASEAN countries do not ratified ICCPR, the AICHR have to implement the prohibition of torture based on the customary international law. In addition, AICHR needs to monitor the national law regarding the prohibition of torture. However, the AICHR lacks of protection mandate and might not functioning well especially when dealing with the allegation of the prohibition of torture or other human rights’ allegations within ASEAN jurisdiction. In Indonesia, the use of torture to get the confession is widely used by the police. Not all the perpetrators are brought to the Court of Law and are given an equitable sentences; although, Indonesia does have a regulation on prohibition of torture; the Criminal Code, the Law No 39/1999 concerning Human Rights, and the Law No. 26/2000 concerning Human Rights Courts. There is lack of competence of the Indonesian Human Rights Court to hear the violation cases. Also, there is lack of competence of the Indonesian Commission on Human Rights to investigate cases concerning torture.Keywords: Implementation, Prohibition of Torture, Human Rights
The Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Indonesia: The Importance of Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR Erna Dyah Kusumawati
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 1, No 2 (2014): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (617.3 KB)

Abstract

AbstractThis article aims to analyse how the Indonesian government complies with obligations enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Furthermore, this study will assess how the national law provides justiciability as well as redress if the violations of socio-economic rights occur. The protection of socio-economic rights in Indonesia is enshrined in the Constitution, the Human Rights Law Act, and other thematic acts; such as the Children Protection Act, Labour Act, etc. However, some violations have occurred these days both by commission and omission of the government, such as in the Lapindo and Mesuji case. These two cases show that the rights to adequate housing, work, health, healthy environment, and rights to land have been severely violated. In the case of Lapindo, the decision of the court regarding the violations of socio-economic rights was unreasonable; they did not even put the element of tort into consideration for their decision concerning the human rights norm. For the second case, the process of legal settlement is still ongoing. Thus, the government has to establish a comprehensive policy to redress the violation of the socio-economic rights as these rights are not justiciable before the national law. If national law does not provide enforcing element, citizens will have no place to file a complaint for the violation of socio-economic rights. The Optional Protocol to the (OP to the ICESCR) provides individual communication to the Committee (CESCR). Reflecting from the cases of Lapindo and Mesuji, this paper will elaborate how the OP to the ICESCR guarantees the justiciability of socio-economic rights.Keywords: individual communication, justiciability, economic and social rights, state obligation, Committee CESCR. Justisiabilitas Hak-hak Ekonomi dan Sosial di Indonesia: Pentingnya Meratifikasi Protokol Tambahan Kovenan Internasional Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (KIHESB)AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepatuhan pemerintah Indonesia terhadap kewajiban memenuhi hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya (ekosob). Selain itu artikel ini akan menguji bagaimana hukum nasional menyediakan justisiabilitas termasuk ganti rugi jika pelanggaran terjadi. Perlindungan hak ekosob di Indonesia terdapat dalam berbagai hukum nasional, seperti Undang-undang Dasar Tahun 1945, Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia, serta undang-undang tematik lainnya (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak, Perburuhan dan lain-lain). Meskipun demikian pelanggaran hak bidang ekosob masih sering terjadi baik secara sengaja maupun lalai, antara lain kasus lumpur Lapindo dan kasus Mesuji. Pemerintah harus mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bersifat komprehensif untuk penegakan hukum dalam hal terjadi pelanggaran hak ekosob, karena hak-hak ini tidak dapat diadili dalam hukum nasional. Jika hukum nasional memiliki unsur penegak hukum tersebut, maka warga negara tidak dapat mengajukan komplain atas pelanggaran. Protokol Tambahan atas Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (OP) menyediakan komunikasi individual kepada Komite Ekosob (CESCR). Berkaca dari kasus lumpur Lapindo dan Mesuji, maka artikel ini akan memperinci bagaimana Protokol Tambahan akan menjamin justisiabilitas hak ekosob warga negara.Kata Kunci: komunikasi individual, justisiabilitas, hak-hak ekonomi dan sosial, kewajiban negara, komite CESCR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v1n2.a8
Unsafe River Bank Houses? A Legal Reflection on Issues of Freedom from Poverty, Development Programmes and Accountability Mechanisms in Indonesia Erna Dyah Kusumawati
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights Vol 2 No 2 (2018): December 2018
Publisher : Jember University Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jseahr.v2i2.8407

Abstract

Millions of the most deprived people worldwide live in slums with a lack of access to adequate water, hygiene and sanitation. Inadequate housing and living conditions increase vulnerability to other problems. For example, people living on the river banks in Jakarta regularly experience flooding due to adverse environmental conditions. Not only do the river bank settlements suffer from floods, but also other settlements as well as offices in Jakarta encounter similar effects. These regular floods cause billions of Indonesian Rupiah’s (IDR) in damages annually. As part of flood prevention programmes, the Jakarta government has evacuated and emptied the river bank settlements and has relocated the residents to rented, public high-rise housing provided by the municipality. This article will not address the legal issues of the relocation. Rather, it will examine whether relocation and resettlement due to development programmes can be addressed from a different perspective focusing on human rights as a means to eliminate poverty. It will also investigate the available accountability mechanisms at both the international and national level. Furthermore, it will assess whether these mechanisms can be employed to address the effect of development programmes which disproportionally affect people living on river banks. This study will use the classic legal research method, i.e. the normative legal method, to answer the research questions. In addition, it will also employ the human rights-based approach in assessing the regulation and policies adopted by the Indonesian authorities. The final part of this article will provide conclusions and recommendations for policymakers to address the societal problems by employing the human rights approach in tackling poverty and reducing the negative impacts of developments.
BENTUK KEWAJIBAN NEGARA DALAM MELINDUNGI HAK ANAK BAGI ANAK YANG TERLIBAT DALAM KONFLIK BERSENJATA BERDASARKAN KONVENSI JENEWA 1949 DAN KONVENSI HAK ANAK 1989 (STUDI KASUS TENTARA ANAK DI MYANMAR) Ginanjar Ismu Solikhin; Erna Dyah Kusumawati
BELLI AC PACIS Vol 1, No 2 (2015): December, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (592.404 KB) | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v1i2.27400

Abstract

This research aims to determine and to explain Myanmar’s obligations under the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 to protect the rights of children. This research is a prescriptive normative legal research. This study uses the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. In addition this study uses Additional Protocol I and II 1977 and Optional Protocol 2000 as its primary legal sources.  While literatures, experts oppinions, as well as law journals and study report are used as secondary law sources. The Sources were collected through literature study. The results show that Myanmar’s obligations to protect the rights of children in armed conflict has been regulated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. Some of these obligations have been implemented by Myanmar as a State Regulation, among others, the establishment of national law: Section 374 of the Myanmar Penal Code concerning forced labour. In the military provisions, Myanmar has a regulation namely Directive No. 13/73 (1974) Myanmar Defence Services and War Office Council that sets the prohibition of military recruitment of Underage children. In terms of judicial assistance, Myanmar has formed the National Committee on Children's Rights in order to prevent the recruitment of children. But there are major obligations listed in the action plan which have not been fulfilled by Myanmar, Such as criminal prosecution for the recruiters of children to non-government armed groups, facilitate the UN for an access to all non-governmental armed groups registered for humanitarian purposes dialogue and also ensuring the implementation of the action plan.
Pendidikan mengenai kesetaraan gender dan anti kekerasan dalam rumah tangga Erna Dyah Kusumawati; Sasmini Sasmini; Adriana Grahani Firdausy
Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat (JIPEMAS) Vol 4, No 1 (2021): Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat (JIPEMAS)
Publisher : University of Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/jipemas.v4i1.9048

Abstract

The number of victims of domestic violence in Indonesia is still considerably high. The aims of this community service are threefold. The first aim is to share knowledge with the community. Second is to increase the community’s legal awareness of the issue, and the third aim is to perform one task of the Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi. Such sharing knowledge is deemed to be beneficial both for the community and the university. This community service employed both lecturing and interactive discussion methods. Lecturing was used to deliver the materials, and discussion was used to further explore topics relating to the issues. These methods enable society’s acceptance and understanding. Prior to this activity, most participants did not comprehend the meaning of gender equality and its significant influence on family life. The participants informed that some forms of domestic violence occur in the neighbourhood. Previously, they were of the opinion that such incidents were families’ private matters. They neither have rights nor obligations to interfere. As community members, they have an obligation to prevent such incidents from happening and could also assist in protecting the victims by informing the police or local institutions established for prevention and handling domestic violence
Between Public and Communal Interests: A Legality Issue Forced Evictions Occuring in Jakarta Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
Indonesia Law Review Vol. 8, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Forced evictions are considered as a “global epidemic” since they occur in several countries regardless of the states’ development level. The private ownership issues and the development issues are examples of rationales behind forced evictions. Under the human rights regime, states are obliged to refrain from any eviction, moreover, the states are required to adopt measures preventing forced evictions from happening or provide the victims with legal mechanisms to challenge the policies if evictions occur. International law prohibits forced evictions and offers a guideline for forced eviction triggered by development. This paper will investigate the legality of forced evictions happening in Jakarta, Indonesia and critically examine the reason of “public interest” proffered by the authorities as to whether the forced evictions are in contrary to the international obligations to which Indonesia has subscribed or whether it can be justified by the wider public interests reasoning. The author argues that in the name of development, a conflict of interests between a larger public interest and the interest of the evicted community may occur. Since forced evictions are associated with violations of human rights, especially the right to adequate housing, therefore the interests of both public and community should be given more attention particularly if forced evictions cannot be avoided.
THE PRACTICE OF SENIOR STATE OFFICER'S DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY AGAINST SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY INTERNATIONAL COURT JURISPRUDENCE Nadia Salsabila; Erna Dyah Kusumawati
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 7, No 1 (2021): June 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v7i1.68774

Abstract

This study examines the extend to the applicability of diplomatic immunity rights for senior officials against gross human rights violations they have committed. Toa achieve such aim, the author analysed the different types of immunity granted by international law to state officials, the reasons for the conferment of this immunity, and whether they apply in cases in which it is alleged that an official has committed an international crime. By using a statutory and case approach, the author examines several cases heard before international courts to compare the implementation of immunity rights. The author argues that both immunity ratione materiae and immunity ratione personae cannot be applied to cases that constitute gross violations of human rights. Moreover, instead did not agree with the argument which have been put forward by scholars and ICJ in support of the contrary. 
HAK AKSES ATAS ENERGI BERSIH DAN TERJANGKAU SEBAGAI BENTUK PEMENUHAN HAK ATAS TEMPAT TINGGAL YANG LAYAK Erna Dyah Kusumawati; Sasmini Sasmini
Veritas et Justitia Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): Veritas et Justitia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25123/vej.v9i1.6111

Abstract

Access to clean and affordable energy has become a persistent problem faced by countries worldwide. The peak increase in oil prices experienced in a few decades has made it difficult for the low incomes to access clean energy. At present, many people in rural areas still use wood as fuel for cooking. Indoor wood-burning activities might cause air pollution and triggers respiratory problems. Employing a conceptual approach, this article examines the debate on the concept of moral and legal right of the right to clean and affordable energy under international law. Moreover, it analyses the correlation and the importance of such right for the fulfilment of the right to adequate housing and how states adhere to it. The research finds that there is yet any legal instruments directly recognising the right to clean and affordable energy. Nevertheless, there is plenty recognition of the importance of energy as vital element for fulfilling other human rights, such as the right to adequate housing. It is found that states have recognised the utmost influence of energy on achieving economic and social goals. However, current state practices heavily depend on soft law and show their commitment to facilitate and fulfil the moral right to clean and affordable energy. Integrating human rights principles, norms, and standards into legal rights and policies on energy development plan are indeed crucial. Such integration will enable the recognition of energy as an entitlement, which will place energy as a precondition that must be provided as essential services to enable adequate life of inhabitants.
Co-Authors -, Sasmini - Adriana Grahani Firdausy Adriana Grahani Firdausy Agung Nugroho Albertus Sentot Sudharwanto Aminuddin, Nur Afifah Anang Setiyawan Anugrah Adiastuti Anugrah Adiastuti Ayub Torry Satriyo Kusumo Diah Apriani Atika Sari Emmy Latifah Ginanjar Ismu Solikhin Hari Purwadi Lalu Guna Nugraha Latifah, Emmy - Nadia Salsabila Naila, Anindita Radya Ningrum Sekartanjung Pratiwi Pangastuti, Dimas Putri, Dian Kencana Rachma Indriyani Sasmini Sasmini Sasmini Sasmini Shamsa Malika Siti Muslimah sri lestari rahayu Sri Lestari Rahayu Supanto Supanto