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Kandungan flavanoid total dan aktivitas antimikroba serbuk biji kakao (Theobroma cacao) asal kabupaten enrekang Sulawesi Selatan Emelda, Andi; Rusli, Rusli; Nurlina, Nurlina; Santi, Irma
Pharmaciana Vol 6, No 2 (2016): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Cocoa and its derivatives are rich in flavonoids. Flavonoid content of cocoa beans is affected by the treatment process. The aim of this study are to determine total flavonoids and antimicrobial activity of cocoa powder. This study used unfermented cocoa beans in the form of powder. Testing of the total flavonoids was conducted using an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and antimicrobial activity of cocoa bean powder were tested by using ten bacteria: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi, Shigella dysentriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Vibrio cholerae, and Propioni bacterium agne. The result of measurement of the total flavonoid of unfermented cocoa powder is 22.62 mg EC/g. The screening of antimicrobial with concentration of 0.1% of cocoa powder gives inhibition in Streptococcus mutans, dysentriae Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae bacterium and Propioni bacterium agne, while at a concentration of 0.5% gives inhibition at all test bacteria. In the antimicrobial activity test using a concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%, the highest resistance zone is shown at a concentration of 4 %. The results show that the diameter zone of inhibition for the bacteria Shigella dysentriae is 11.33 mm. The 10 mm of diameter zone of inhibition are indicated by streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Propioni bacterium agne, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis while 11 mm zone of inhibition demonstrated by Salmonella thypi and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The number of the diameter zone of inhibition, 12 mm, was shown in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, the powder of unfermented cocoa beans provides flavonoids 22,62 mg EK/g and have the antimicrobial activity.

Analisis Mikroorganisme Udara Terhadap Gangguan Kesehatan Dalam Ruangan Administrasi Gedung Menara Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar Putra, Isharyadi; Ikhtiar, Muhammad; Emelda, Andi
Window of Health : Jurnal Kesehatan Vol. 1 No. 2 (April, 2018)
Publisher : Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Muslim Indonesia

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Ruang Administrasi Gedung Menara Universitas Muslim Indonesia merupakan ruangan tertutup dan menggunakan sistem pengaturan udara dengan Air Conditioner (AC) untuk mengurangi panas udara di dalam ruang kerja, Kondisi gedung dan ruang kerja dengan ventilasi tertutup, furniture dan bahan bangunan yang bervariasi serta aktifitas perkantoran di ruangan tersebut yang cukup padat serta keberadaan alat-alat perkantoran dalam ruangan dapat memicu timbulnya kontaminan mikrobiologis pada udara dalam ruang. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kualitas mikroorganisme udara  dalam ruang adsministrasi  gedung menara Universitas Muslim Indonesia. dalam hal ini jumlah angka kuman berupa bakteri dan jamur di udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan dalam ruang adsministrasi gedung menara  Universitas Muslim Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah Cross Sectional. Penentuan sampel menggunakan tekhnik total sampling. Sampel objek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 6 ruangan sedangkan sampel subjek dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 37 responden. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji statistik Chi square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan  jenis mikroorganisme yang teridentifikasi yaitu ; bakteri acinotobacter calcoaceticus dan jamur Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus flavus, dan Penicilium,terdapat hubungan antara suhu ruang dengan angka total mikroorganisme udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan  dengan nilai p-value 0,001(0,001<0,05), terdapat hubungan antara kelembaban ruang dengan angka total mikroorganisme udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan dengan nilai p-value 0,001(0,001<0,05), tidak ada  hubungan antara pencahayaan  ruang dengan angka total mikroorganisme udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan dengan nilai p-value 0,156(0,156>0,05), ada hubungan antara angka total mikroorganisme udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan dengan nilai p-value 0,001(0,001<0,05). Penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya peningkatan pemahaman akan gangguan kesehatan yang diakibatkan mikroorganisme di udara pada pihak manajemen dan pegawai.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIKA TERHADAP PASIEN PNEUMONIA KOMUNITI DI RUMAH SAKIT IBNU SINA MAKASSAR Usman, Dwi Anggara Putri; Herman, Hendra; Emelda, Andi
Jurnal Ilmiah As-Syifaa Vol 6, No 1 (2014): AS-SYIFAA Jurnal Farmasi
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi UMI

Pneumonia is an infectious disease that causes acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of antibiotics and the appropriateness of antibiotics use in between Community acquired pneumonia patients include accuracy, appropriateness and administration duration of antibiotics compared with governance of community aquired pneumoniaÂ treatment Infectious Diseases Society Of America (IDSA) and World Health Organization (WHO). This study was retrospective descriptive survey with sampling technique that was purposive sampling. The results showed that the type of antibiotic used was ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, Cefepime, pentohydrate ceftazidime, cefotaxime, Cefadroxil, cefditoren pivoxil, azitromicin, meropenem, gentamicin and levofloxacin. The accuracy of antibiotics to community Ibnu Sina hospital based management of IDSA and the WHO as many as 31(62.0%) patients who appropriate and 18(36.0%) patients inappropriately. The accuracy of dose antibiotics in community acquired pneumonia patients Ibnu Sina hospital based management of IDSA and the WHO as many as 31 (62.0%) patients who appropriate and 18(36.0%) patients inappropriately. The duration of antibiotics in community acquired pneumonia patients Ibnu Sina hospital based management of IDSA and the WHO as many as 29 (58.0%) patients who appropriate and 20 (40.0%) patients inappropriately.

Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) dan Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) Sebagai Antidiabetes Oral pada Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) sukmawati, sukmawati; Emelda, Andi; Astriani, Yesi Rika
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol 4, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

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Diabetes mellitus is a collectionÂ metabolic disorders which is characterized y a state of hyperglycaemia. Flavanoids in bay leaves and tannins in guava leaves have potential as an antidiabetic. This research aimed to determine the combination effects of ethanol extract of bay leaves and guava leaves as an oral antidiabetic. This research method used pre-post control group design. A total of 15 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group I (negative control) was given Na CMC 1%, group II (positive control) was given acarbose 1,02 mg/kgBW, group III was given EEDS 31,25 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 50 mg/kgBW, group Â IV was given EEDS 31,25 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 100 mg/kgBW, and group V was given EEDS 62,5 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 50 mg/kgBW. The rats previously induced by alloxan 135 mg/kgBW intraperitoneally. Data analysis used one way Anova and followed by bonferroni test to find out the significant difference between the treatments. The results of study showed that the combination EDS 31,25 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 100 mg/kgBW, EEDS 62,5 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 50 mg/kgBW, and EEDS 31,25 mg/kgBW: EEDJB 50 mg/kgBW can lower the blood glucose content of the rats which were induced by alloxan.

Kandungan flavanoid total dan aktivitas antimikroba serbuk biji kakao (Theobroma cacao) asal kabupaten enrekang Sulawesi Selatan Andi Emelda; Rusli Rusli; Nurlina Nurlina; Irma Santi
Pharmaciana Vol 6, No 2 (2016): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Cocoa and its derivatives are rich in flavonoids. Flavonoid content of cocoa beans is affected by the treatment process. The aim of this study are to determine total flavonoids and antimicrobial activity of cocoa powder. This study used unfermented cocoa beans in the form of powder. Testing of the total flavonoids was conducted using an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and antimicrobial activity of cocoa bean powder were tested by using ten bacteria: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi, Shigella dysentriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Vibrio cholerae, and Propioni bacterium agne. The result of measurement of the total flavonoid of unfermented cocoa powder is 22.62 mg EC/g. The screening of antimicrobial with concentration of 0.1% of cocoa powder gives inhibition in Streptococcus mutans, dysentriae Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae bacterium and Propioni bacterium agne, while at a concentration of 0.5% gives inhibition at all test bacteria. In the antimicrobial activity test using a concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%, the highest resistance zone is shown at a concentration of 4 %. The results show that the diameter zone of inhibition for the bacteria Shigella dysentriae is 11.33 mm. The 10 mm of diameter zone of inhibition are indicated by streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Propioni bacterium agne, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis while 11 mm zone of inhibition demonstrated by Salmonella thypi and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The number of the diameter zone of inhibition, 12 mm, was shown in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, the powder of unfermented cocoa beans provides flavonoids 22,62 mg EK/g and have the antimicrobial activity.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN LAMUN (Cymodocea rotundata) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH TIKUS DIABETES MELITUS Andi Emelda; Aulia Wati; Besse Yulismayanti; Dewi Yuliana
As-Syifaa Jurnal Farmasi Vol 14, No 2 (2022): AS-SYIFAA JURNAL FARMASI
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi UMI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56711/jifa.v14i2.908

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by a glucose metabolism disorder due to lack of insulin indicated by high levels of glucose in the blood due damage in pancreatic 3 cells or insulin resistance. The research aimed to determine the effect and effective dosage of ethanol extract of seagrass to decrease glucose levels of diabetic mellitus in rats. It used 15 rats divided into 5 treatment groups, namely negative groups (NaCMC), positive group (Glibenclamide), tested extract group with the doses of 0,25 g/kgBW, 0,5 g/kgBW and 0,75 g/kgBW respectively. Alloxan induction at a dose of 0,13 g/kgBW was given intraperitoneally once a day orally for 14 days. Blood glucose level measurement was carried out before induction, after induction and after glucometer therapy. The result was statistically analyzed using the One Way Anova followed by the Bonferoni Post Hoc test and showed that the ethanol extract of seagrass leaves had a deep effect in reducing the blood glucose level of rats induced by alloxan at 750 mg/kgBW as the effective dose.

Gambaran Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Masyarakat Di Pasar Niaga Daya Makassar Andi Emelda; Dewi Yuliana; Andi Maulana; Tri Kurniawati; Waode Yumnal Utamil; Marwah Marwah; Idawati Idawati,; Lestari Novianti
Indonesian Journal of Community Dedication Vol. 5 No. 1 (2023): Indonesian journal of Community Dedication
Publisher : STIKES Nani Hasanuddin Makassar

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Antibiotik merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan infeksi. Infeksi yang timbul akibat dari adanya bakteri. Penggunan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan terjadinya resistensi terhadap kuman yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Resisten adalah kemampuan suatu bakteri untuk melemahkan potensi dari antibiotik. Bakteri yang berubah menjadi kebal terhadap antibiotik sehingga antibiotik tidak mampu lagi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri ataupun mematikannya maka kondisi ini bakteri telah resisten terhadap antibiotik tersebut. Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri resisten yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya infeksi akan lebih sulit penyembuhannya, hal ini disebabkan bakteri tersebut menghasilkan suatu enzim yang dapat melemahkan bahkan menghancurkan antibotik. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan mengetahui pemahaman dan memberikan edukasi penggunaan antiniotik pada masyarakat di Pasar Niaga Daya Makassar. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan ini adalah metode wawancara dan pengisian quisioner. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan yang diperoleh penggunaan antibiotik paling tinggi di tujukan untuk demam dan infeksi luka sebesar 25,97%. Masih ditemukan penggunaan antibiotik tidak sesuai indikasi. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh maka disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat yang menjadi responden pada kegiatan ini tingkat pengetahuan penggunaan obat antibiotik masih kurang dan pemberian edukasi diperlukan untuk peningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat

Immunomodulatory Effect of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Permot (Passiflora Foetida L.) Leaf against the Secretion of Antibody and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity in Vivo Andi Emelda
Journal of Global Pharma Technology Volume 10 Issue 08: (2018) August 2018
Publisher : Journal of Global Pharma Technology

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The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of ethyl acetate of extract of Passiflora foetida L leaves (EAEPL) on hypersensitivity response and antibody titer of immune cells. Hypersensitivity response test evaluated the swelling of the feet of mice, while antibody titer test evaluated the hemagglutination. Examination of antibody titer was performed in 5 groups of 25 wistar rats. All the test animals, except control group, induced by SRBC on the 3rd day intraperitoneally. The extract was given for 7 days. The hypersensitivity response test was performed in 5 groups of 25 mice (Balb/c). The groups, except control group, were given antigen (SRBC) on the 3rd day intraperitoneally and on the 7th day were administered intraplantarly. The thickness of the soles of the feet was measured using a plethysmometer before and after injecting the antigen at T4, T24 and T48. The data were processed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis then advanced test by Mann-Whitney. The group of negative control against the groups of EAEPL was significantly different (p<0.05). The antibody titer of the groups given the extract were higher than the antigen-induced group without the administration of the extract. The results show that the groups of EAEPL can increase antibody secretion. The test of hypersensitivity response showed that the group of negative control to EAEPL groups showed significantly different (p<0.05). The results showed that the swelling of the feet of mice decrease at T48. This research concludes that ethyl acetate extract of EAEPL has the immunostimulatory effect.

Effects of Pamelo Orange Peel (Citrus maxima) Ethanol Extract on Macroscopic Kidney and Heart of Hypertensive Rats: Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Pamelo (Citrus maxima) pada Makroskopik Ginjal dan Jantung Tikus Hipertensi Arifin, Sukmawati; Emelda, Andi; Santi, Irma; Putrisari, Nur Awaliah; Intan, Tri Rahmaputri Nur; Husain, Nurul Fadillah; Adawiyah, Rabiyah Al
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 10 No. 1 (2024): (March 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2024.v10.i1.16946

Background: Hypertension, characterized by elevated blood pressure (â‰¥140/90 mmHg), leads to kidney and heart damage. Hypertension causes increased heart rate, heart enlargement, risk of heart failure, and damage to kidney blood vessels. One way to treat hypertension is by administering drugs such as herbal medicines. Pamelo oranges (Citrus maxima) are starting to be developed in the treatment of diseases. The ethanol extract of pomelo orange peel (EEKJP) contains flavonoid compounds which have antihypertensive activity as a natural Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, diuretic, increases Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) activity and activates Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF). Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of ethanol extract of pomelo orange peel on the macroscopic features of the heart and kidneys of hypertensive rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This research uses The Posttest-Only Control Group Design. Thirty rats were divided into six groups, namely naive control, negative control (NaCMC 1%), positive control (Captopril 0,45 mg/200 gramBB), EEKJP 100 mg/KgBW group, EEKJP 150 mg/KgBW group, and EEKJP 200 mg/KgBW group. Hypertension condition through induction with prednisone 1.5 mg/KgBW and NaCl 2% for 21th days. The test preparation was administered orally for 14th days. Next, all rats were dissected to remove the heart and kidney organs for macroscopic observations. Results: The results of the study showed that ethanol extract of pomelo (Citrus maxima) orange peel had a varied effect on the macroscopic appearance of the heart and kidneys of rats with hypertension. The heart organ shows structural improvements, while the kidneys have not shown any improvement. Conclusions: Extract with a dose of 100 mg/KgBW has no changes in the macroscopic appearance of the heart so it is thought to be able to repair damage to the heart organ.

Cytotoxic Activity of Gude Leaves (Cajanus cajan) using The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method Emelda, Andi; Hasnaeni, Hasnaeni; Ulfa, Amanda
Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia Vol 12, No 2 (2024): April-May 2024
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33394/hjkk.v12i2.11077

Gude Leaves (Cajanus cajan) are a traditional medicinal plant for treating diarrhea. The ingredients contained in Gude leaves are flavonoids, such as kajanol, quarcetin and luteolin and also contain other secondary metabolites, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenols. Scientifically, Gude leaves have antimalarial, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity. This research aims to determine the toxicity of gude leaves (C. cajan) using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This research began by carrying out two extraction methods, namely maceration and UAE (Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) on samples of gude leaves using 70% ethanol solvent. Then a phytochemical screening was carried out which showed that samples of gude leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and tannins. Experimentation the toxicity of gude leaf extract using maceration and UAE methods on Artemia Salina Leach larvae, each divided into 5 test groups, namely 4 treatment groups (concentrations of (250 ppm, LC=23,33% & 33,33%) ; (500 ppm, LC= 56,67% & 60%); (750 ppm, LC= 70% & 73%); and (1000 ppm, LC= 80%) and 1 positive control group (sea water ). The research results can be seen through probit analysis by calculating the LC50 value. The LC50 value of gude leaf extract using the maceration method was 242.52 and the result of gude leaf extract using the UAE method was 394.16 (Toxic). This research provides information regarding the toxic effects of gude leaf extract.

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