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All Journal International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development Narra X Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Leuser Journal of Environmental Studies Ekonomikalia Journal of Economics Journal of Educational Management and Learning Infolitika Journal of Data Science Indatu Journal of Management and Accounting The International Journal of Financial Systems Grimsa Journal of Business and Economics Studies Journal of Future Artificial Intelligence and Technologies
Irsan Hardi
Economic Modeling And Data Analytics Unit, Graha Primera Saintifika, Aceh Besar 23371, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Agrochemicals, GHG Emissions, and GDP in Southeast Asia: A Machine Learning Approach with Hierarchical Clustering Fazli, Qalbin Salim; Idroes, Ghalieb Mutig; Hilal, Iin Shabrina; Hafizah, Iffah; Hardi, Irsan; Noviandy, Teuku Rizky
Grimsa Journal of Business and Economics Studies Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Graha Primera Saintifika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61975/gjbes.v2i2.93

Abstract

Agrochemical use, GHG emissions, and gross domestic product (GDP) vary widely across Southeast Asia, making the region suitable for cluster-based sustainability analysis. This study applies hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) to classify nine Southeast Asian countries using four standardized indicators: pesticide use, nitrogen fertilizer use, GHG emissions, and GDP. Exploratory data analysis reveals significant disparities, with Brunei and Indonesia emerging as outliers due to exceptionally high input intensity and emissions, respectively. HCA identifies four distinct clusters: (1) low-input, low-emission economies (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar); (2) moderately intensive systems (Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam); (3) a high-pesticide profile (Brunei); and (4) a high-emission, high-output outlier (Indonesia). Principal Component Analysis confirms the cluster structure and highlights variation in emission efficiency. The findings show that similar agroecological contexts can yield divergent environmental outcomes, emphasizing the role of policy and technology. This study provides the first region-wide, data-driven typology of agricultural sustainability in Southeast Asia using HCA.
Freedom and Prosperity: The Impact of Political Rights and Civil Liberties on Economic Complexity Hardi, Irsan; Mose, Naftaly; Tanchev, Stoyan; Siregar, Muhammad Ilhamsyah; Bozkaya, Seyma
Ekonomikalia Journal of Economics Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/eje.v3i2.329

Abstract

As governance and economic sophistication become increasingly interconnected, understanding their relationship is crucial for shaping national growth strategies. This study investigates the impact of political rights and civil liberties on Indonesia’s economic complexity from 2006 to 2021 by disaggregating the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) into trade, technology, and research components. Indonesia serves as an ideal case study due to its dynamic political landscape, evolving civil liberties, and its strategic role as an emerging economy with untapped potential for economic diversification. While a growing body of literature explores the intersection of political and economic development in Indonesia, no prior study has specifically examined the relationship between the Freedom in the World ratings (as an indicator of political rights and civil liberties) and the distinct dimensions of ECI. The analysis employs Gaussian identity-link Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), with robustness checks using Robust Least Squares, and adopts a decomposition approach that includes a set of control variables such as GDP per capita and FDI inflow. The results across both the main and robustness check methods consistently show that political rights and civil liberties contribute positively to ECI-technology, but negatively affect ECI-trade and have no significant effect on ECI-research. These findings underscore the sector-specific nature of political and democratization influences on economic complexity in Indonesia and imply that they facilitate technological advancement but do not uniformly promote trade or research sophistication.
Exploring Indonesia's CO2 Emissions: The Impact of Agriculture, Economic Growth, Capital and Labor Maulidar, Putri; Fitriyani, Fitriyani; Sasmita, Novi Reandy; Hardi, Irsan; Idroes, Ghalieb Mutig
Grimsa Journal of Business and Economics Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): January 2024
Publisher : Graha Primera Saintifika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61975/gjbes.v1i1.22

Abstract

This study examines the dynamic impact of agriculture, economic growth, capital, and labor on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia from 1990-2022. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, the findings indicate that agriculture plays a substantial role in decreasing CO2 emissions in the short and long run. Additionally, a consistent positive correlation exists between economic growth and CO2 emissions, underscoring the difficulty in decoupling economic progress from its environmental repercussions. Capital formation, on the other hand, exerts a noteworthy negative influence on CO2 emissions, particularly in the long run, implying that increased investment in capital formation, potentially in environmentally friendly technologies, could contribute to a gradual reduction in emissions. However, the expanding labor is identified as a significant driver of CO2 emissions, particularly in the long run. Highlighting the challenges associated with mitigating the environmental impact of workforce growth. Furthermore, the Granger causality results indicate unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions and labor to agriculture, from agriculture to economic growth and capital formation, and from economic growth to capital formation. Therefore, promoting sustainable agriculture, aligning economic growth with green technologies, incentivizing eco-friendly investment, integrating comprehensive planning, and maintaining flexible policies are crucial for Indonesia's effective environmental and economic management.
Co-Authors Afjal, Mohd Al-Gunaid , Hala T. Ali, Najabat Amalina, Faizah Attari, Muhammad Umer Quddoos Bani, Nor Yasmin binti Mhd Bozkaya, Seyma Chairunnisa, Rizka Çoban, Mustafa Necati Dahlia, Putri Devi, N. Chitra Duta, Teuku F. Duwal, Niroj Eddy Gunawan, Eddy Emran, Talha Bin Fajri, Irfan Fazli, Qalbin Salim Fijay, Ade Habya Fitriyani Fitriyani Fredinan Yulianda Fumey, Michael Provide Furqan, Nurul Hadiyani, Rahmilia Hafizah, Iffah Hamoud, Lama MA. Hapzi Ali Hardia, Natasha Athira Keisha HUMAM, RAIS AULIA Idroes , Ghalieb M. Idroes, Ghalieb Mutig Idroes, Ghazi M. Idroes, Ghifari Maulana Idroes, Rinadi Iin Shabrina Hilal Kadri, Mirzatul Khairun Nisa Kusumo, Fitranto Lala, Andi Majid, M. Shabri Abd Majumder, Shapan Chandra Mardayanti, Ulfa Marsellindo, Rio Maulana, Aga Maulana, Ar Razy Ridha Maulidar, Putri Mirza, Muhammad Alfin Falha Mose, Naftaly Muhammad Adam, Muhammad Nghiem, Xuan-Hoa Noviandy, Teuku R. Ray, Samrat Rimal Mahdani Rinaldi Idroes Ringga, Edi Saputra Salimullah, Abul Hasnat Muhammed Saputra, Jumadil Sasmita, Novi Reandy Sikdar, Asaduzzaman Siregar, Muhammad Ilhamsyah Sofyan Syahnur Sofyan, Rahmi Souvia Rahimah Sugeng Santoso Suriani Suriani Suwal, Sunil T. Zulham Tanchev, Stoyan Taufiq Carnegie Dawood Teuku Rizky Noviandy Utami, Resty Tamara Zahriah, Zahriah