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All Journal IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Jurnal Teknik Mesin Rotasi AUSTENIT SINTEK JURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Sinergi Jurnal Teknologi Elektro VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education Jurnal Teknik Mesin JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Science and Physics Education Journal (SPEJ) Jurnal AME (Aplikasi Mekanika dan Energi): Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Material (IJATEC) JTTM: Jurnal Terapan Teknik Mesin Jurnal UNITEK Journal of Scientech Research and Development Journal of the Community Development in Asia International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Almikanika
Muhamad Fitri
Program Studi Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta
Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Influence of inorganic content on hydrochar quality from high-ash agar extraction waste via hydrothermal carbonization Andi Firdaus Sudarma; Edy Hartulistiyoso; Yohanes Aris Purwanto; Leopold Oscar Nelwan; Obie Farobie; Nono Darsono; Khuzaimah Arifin; Maharani Dewi Solikhah; Tri Yulni; Imam Hidayat; Muhamad Fitri; Edy Herianto Majlan
SINERGI Vol. 30 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.3.005

Abstract

Agar solid waste (ASW) has potential as a feedstock for hydrochar production because of its organic content; however, its high inorganic fraction, predominantly silica, limits its application. Furthermore, studies specifically investigating the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of ASW remain limited, given its high ash content and low energy value. This study investigated the HTC of ASW at varying temperatures (180–220 °C) and reaction times (30–90 minutes), with particular emphasis on how two inorganic components (celite versus perlite) affect hydrochar yield, composition, and energy properties. The resulting hydrochars were characterized using CHNSO, proximate, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The results revealed high ash contents reaching 77.7–92.08%, corresponding to HHV of 2.3–3.4 MJ kg⁻¹, while FTIR spectra confirmed strong silica presence through prominent Si–O–Si absorption bands. Therefore, the study provides valuable insights into silica-rich biomass behavior during HTC. The study also evaluated the relationship between HHV and ash content and analyzed the kinetic model. The results demonstrate the significant influence of inorganic components on carbonization pathways, highlighting opportunities to enhance hydrochar quality through pretreatment strategies such as acid/alkaline leaching or mineral separation.
Co-Authors Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid Afrian, Roni Agus Hermawan Agus Noviana Agus Wibowo Ahmad Supendi AlSanousi, Dalal Alvian, Lutfi Aman Kelpia Andi Firdaus Sudarma Andi Firdaus Sudarma Anton Heriawan Anugrah, Hasan Ardian, Rifky Dwi Ariansyah, Nando Arief, Sulaiman Azharuddin Azharuddin, Azharuddin Azizi, M Azizi, Muhammad Azriuddin, Muhammad Bambang Sukiyono Bustomi, Muhammad Ardi Dafit Feriyanto Daisy Mui Hung Kee Dalal AlSanousi Damanik, Fadth Rizky Darwin Sebayang Darwin Sebayang Dedik Romahadi Dedik Romahadi Deni Shidqi Khaerudini Dimas Dwi Saputra Edy Hartulistiyoso Edy Herianto Majlan Fadila, Muhammad Afif Fajar Anggara Frelly Rizqiansyah Glennart Sahat Rubian Hadi Pranoto Hafidz Salafuddin Hafizzudin, Muhammad Hanifi, Rizal Hendrikus Wermasaubun I Gusti Ayu Arwati Imam Hidayat Imam Hidayat Iqbal Risyuma Irawan Malik kara, Reksi Bagas Kee, Daisy Mui Hung Kelpia, Aman Khariri, Muhamad Ervin Khuzaimah Arifin Kurniawan, Olivia Kurniawan, Rizki Nur Afami Leopold Oscar Nelwan M. Azizi Maharani Dewi Solikhah Mahendra, Tito Syahril Sobarudin Izha Martua Limido Simanjuntak Maulana Yusuf Md Radwanul Karim Mizan, Adlan Mohamad Abror Muhammad Afiq Zakwan Muhammad Azriuddin Muhammad Edi Laksono Muhammad Hafizzudin Muhammad Imran Muhammad Rizky Imaduddin Muhammad Sulthan Yafiq Nono Darsono Noviana, Agus Nurato Nurgiansyah, Rama Obie Farobie Okki Khusnul Mahmudin Oktaviani, Ana Nur Olivia Kurniawan Pradipta, Nanang K. Pramana, Putratama Aziz Pratama, Andrie Putra Ramadhan, Fajar Gilang Putratama Aziz Pramana R Dwi Pudji Susilo R. Dwi Pudji Susilo Rafi, Muhammad Miftah Rizki Nur Afami Kurniawan Rizky Fajar Sutrimo Rofiqie, Ahmad Rohmatulloh, Izzi S. Mahzan Santoso, Dwi Adi Shahruddin Mahzan Shahruddin Mahzan Shahruddin Mahzan Silvia, Vika Sitanggang, Maria Nelly Aprilianti Sri Bintang Faisal Susilo, R Dwi Pudji Susilo, R. Dwi Pudji Tarigan, Kontan Tito Syahril Sobarudin Izha Mahendra Tri Yulni Wermasaubun, Hendrikus Wibowo, Agus Setiawan Wirawanto, Teguh Yafiq, Muhammad Sulthan Yohanes Aris Purwanto Yudhistira, Gilang Awan Zakaria Zakaria Zakwan, Muhammad Afiq