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All Journal Jurnal Biologi Tropis The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy
Larasati, Anak Agung Ayu Regina
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology

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Journal : Jurnal Biologi Tropis

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Clinical and Epidemiological Overview of Influenza: A Literature Review Rifki, Muhammad; Rachman, Amanda Azkiyah; Salsabila, Tsania Zulfa; Larasati, Anak Agung Ayu Regina; Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10278

Abstract

Influenza is an acute contagious respiratory infection that remains a major global health concern due to its high transmissibility and ability to undergo genetic variations through antigenic drift and shift. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, management, complications, and preventive strategies of influenza based on recent scientific evidence. A narrative review method was employed by analyzing publications from 2008 to 2025, sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “influenza,” “respiratory infection,” “antiviral therapy,” and “influenza vaccination.” The findings show that influenza affects approximately one billion people globally each year, with 3–5 million severe cases and 290,000–650,000 respiratory deaths, particularly among vulnerable groups including children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic diseases. The infection is caused by influenza viruses type A, B, C, and D, with type A being the most associated with epidemics and pandemics. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical assessment supported by RT-PCR as the gold standard, while neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir and zanamivir remain the mainstay of therapy when administered early. Annual vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure, complemented by non-pharmacological interventions such as hand hygiene, mask use, and respiratory etiquette. In conclusion, strengthening surveillance systems, improving vaccination coverage, and enhancing early diagnostic capacity are essential strategies to reduce the global burden of influenza and its complications.
Behavioral and Physiological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): A Literature Review Larasati, Anak Agung Ayu Regina; Nuriasti, Rovera; Febriana, Nanggi Qoriatul; Dwiandika, Rizki Ary; Mahardika, Agustine
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10291

Abstract

Dementia is a progressive syndrome characterized by cognitive decline, impacting daily functioning. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD), including sleep disturbances, hallucinations, delusions, apathy, depression, and agitation, are prevalent in over 90% of patients, further exacerbating their quality of life and increasing caregiver burden. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in managing BPSD, focusing on non-pharmacological methods such as cognitive therapy and social stimulation. Data was collected through a comprehensive review of recent studies, analyzing interventions and their outcomes in reducing BPSD symptoms. The findings reveal that non-pharmacological approaches are more effective in reducing agitation and depression, with cognitive therapy showing up to 75% effectiveness. In contrast, pharmacological treatments, though useful for acute symptoms, offer limited long-term benefits. The research underscores the need for integrated, evidence-based approaches, combining medical and psychosocial support to improve patient care and alleviate caregiver stress. These findings suggest the importance of adopting holistic management strategies, particularly those that reduce isolation and enhance social interaction, in the long-term care of dementia patients.
Co-Authors Catarina Budyono, Catarina Dwiandika, Rizki Ary Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy Febriana, Nanggi Qoriatul Mahardika, Agustine Maudina, Baiq Zaskia Muhammad Rifki Nuriasti, Rovera Pambudi, Balqis Prudena Kurnia Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah Prawira, Yoga Putri, Alifia Sabira Rachman, Amanda Azkiyah Salsabila, Tsania Zulfa