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INDONESIA
JOURNAL SPORT AREA
Published by Universitas Islam Riau
ISSN : 2527760X     EISSN : 2528584X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
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Sport Area publishes research journals and critical analysis studies in the areas of Sport Education, Sports Coaching and Sports Science. The theme of the paper covers: Learning Physical Education and Sport, Sport Pedagogy, Sports Sociology, Sport Psychology, Sports Coaching, Sports Science, Sports Management, Sports Biomechanics, Health Sports, Sports Philosophy, Sports Industry, and Sports Physiology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 392 Documents
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Anxiety perception in BMX cross athletes based on gender and competition levels: A descriptive analysis using SAS-2 Anne, Rere; Komarudin; Saputra, Mochamad Yamin; Novian, Geraldi
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).21632

Abstract

Background: Many BMX cross athletes experience high levels of anxiety before competing. While there is a wealth of research on anxiety in other sports, research specifically examining anxiety perceptions in BMX cross-athletes, taking gender and competition level into account, is limited. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the perception of anxiety of BMX cross-athletes in competition, viewed from gender and competition class. Methods: The method used is quantitative descriptive using the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), which consists of 15 items and is divided into three main subscales, namely somatic, worry, and concentration disorders. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 29 to determine the percentage of anxiety perception and differences in each gender and competition level. Subjects involving 18 BMX cross athletes in Bandung City aged 16.94 ± 3.404 years. Data analysis was carried out by presenting the percentage of results. Results: The results showed that BMX Cross athletes had a moderate level of anxiety, with a mean score of 2.43 ± 0.58 based on the SAS-2 scale (1–4). Descriptively, female athletes showed slightly higher mean anxiety scores than male athletes. Based on competition class, athletes in higher categories (U-23 and elite) tended to have higher mean anxiety scores compared to junior and challenge levels. However, these findings are descriptive only and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: This study concluded that BMX cross athletes have moderate levels of anxiety. Coaches and sports psychologists are encouraged to implement mental management training to further support athletes in stressful situations. Future studies should include larger, more diverse samples and examine additional factors to deepen our understanding of anxiety in BMX cross athletes.
Attentional characteristics of junior taekwondo athletes during the training phase Makhroja, Ersa; Komarudin; Saputra, Mochamad Yamin; Novian, Geraldi
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).21814

Abstract

Background: Attentional control is a critical psychological factor influencing performance in combat sports such as taekwondo. However, limited research has examined attentional characteristics of junior athletes during the training phase, particularly within the Indonesian context. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the attentional characteristics of junior taekwondo athletes during training. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed involving 30 athletes aged 14–16 years. Attentional characteristics were assessed using the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), and gender differences were explored descriptively. Results: Male athletes demonstrated slightly higher scores in the information processing dimension (M = 56.29, SD = 11.66) compared to female athletes (M = 52.20, SD = 11.05). However, overall differences between groups were small, indicating relatively comparable attentional profiles. Across dimensions, most athletes demonstrated moderate levels of attentional control. Conclusion: Junior taekwondo athletes exhibited generally moderate attentional characteristics during the training phase. Although minor differences were observed between genders, these were not substantial. Future research should employ larger samples and inferential analysis to better understand factors influencing attentional development.
Effects of slalom and relay training on basketball dribbling performance in young athletes: A Pretest–posttest experimental study Priyanto; Marcella, Gracy; Huda, Nurul; Karjadi, Moch Senoadji; Yudhistira, Dewangga
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).21979

Abstract

Background: Dribbling is a fundamental basketball skill essential for maintaining ball control and adapting to dynamic game situations. However, young athletes often demonstrate suboptimal dribbling performance, highlighting the need for effective training interventions. Although slalom and relay drills are widely used, direct experimental comparisons remain limited. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of slalom and relay training methods on basketball dribbling performance in young athletes. Methods: A randomized two-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving 14 male basketball players aged 11–12 years. Participants were assigned to either a slalom training group (n = 7) or a relay training group (n = 7). Both groups completed 16 training sessions over six weeks under controlled conditions. Dribbling performance was assessed using the AAHPERD test. Data were analysed using paired- and independent-samples t-tests following verification of normality and homogeneity assumptions (p > 0.05). Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in dribbling performance (slalom: p = 0.001; relay: p = 0.011). However, the slalom group demonstrated significantly greater improvement (Δ = 1.80 s) compared to the relay group (Δ = 0.87 s; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Slalom training is more effective than relay training for improving dribbling performance in pre-adolescent basketball players. These findings support motor learning theory, suggesting that training involving greater movement variability and coordinative demands enhances skill acquisition.
Integrating circuit training into physical education: effects on javelin throwing performance in junior high school students Mappanyukki, Andi Atssam; Anwar, Nur Indah Atifah; Sarifin; Aksir, Muh Ilham; Hamzah, Alimin
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).23797

Abstract

Background: Javelin throwing is a complex athletic skill that requires strength, speed, balance, and proper release mechanics. In school settings, many students struggle to master these fundamentals due to limited practice time, lack of effective learning media, and insufficient development of the physical abilities needed to support throwing performance. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between circuit training and improvements in javelin throwing performance among junior high school students. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving 60 junior high school students in Makassar. Javelin throwing performance was assessed using a validated rubric covering technique, power, distance, and rule compliance. An eight-week circuit training programme was implemented, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests. Results: The findings showed that the mean javelin throwing score increased from 73.00 ± 13.72 (pretest) to 82.10 ± 13.28 (posttest). Paired-samples t-test results indicated a statistically significant difference (t(59) = -20.83, p < 0.001), with a mean improvement of 9.10 points and a moderate-to-large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.68). This magnitude suggests a practically meaningful improvement in students’ throwing performance within a school-based context. Conclusion: Circuit training was associated with improvements in javelin throwing performance and shows potential as an instructional strategy in physical education. However, the absence of a control group limits causal inference, and future research should employ controlled designs to confirm these findings and examine long-term skill retention. Practically, the results support the use of structured circuit-based activities to optimise limited instructional time in school physical education settings.
Effect of high-impact aerobics gymnastics on physical fitness and body mass index: A quasi-experimental study Budiyono, Kodrad; Yulianto, Pipit Fitria; Wibowo, Risa Agus Teguh; Haprabu, Eriek Satya; Hakim, Arif Rohman
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).24074

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity among adolescents contributes to declining fitness and rising obesity rates. Although aerobic exercise has proven benefits, evidence on structured high-impact gymnastics for school-aged populations remains limited. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of high impact gymnastics exercises on physical fitness and body mass index in high school students. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design involving 40 purposively selected students assigned to a high-impact gymnastics group and a control group. Physical fitness was measured using the Tes Kebugaran Jasmani Indonesia (TKJI), and BMI was calculated from height and weight. Normality (Shapiro–Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene’s test) assumptions were met (p > 0.05), allowing parametric analysis. Paired-samples t-tests were used to examine within-group changes, while independent-samples t-tests tested between-group differences (α = 0.05). Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated to determine the magnitude of the intervention effects. Results: The high-impact gymnastics group showed significant improvements in TKJI scores (t = 7.892, p < 0.001, d = 1.52) and reductions in BMI (t = 3.210, p = 0.004, d = 0.72), whereas the control group showed no meaningful changes. Posttest comparisons confirmed that the intervention group outperformed the control group in physical fitness (t = 5.432, p < 0.001, d = 1.70) and had significantly lower BMI (t = 2.845, p = 0.007, d = 0.90). These findings indicate that high-impact gymnastics effectively improves physical fitness and reduces BMI among high school students. Conclusion: High-impact gymnastics was found to significantly improve students’ physical fitness (TKJI scores) and reduce BMI, demonstrating strong effectiveness as a school-based physical education strategy. This programme can support the development of an active lifestyle and contribute to early prevention of overweight and obesity among adolescents. However, the generalisability of the findings is limited by the sample size and quasi-experimental design. Future studies should involve larger and more diverse populations, longer intervention periods, and comparisons with alternative training models to strengthen evidence for broader implementation.
Development and psychometric validation of a volleyball skill assessment instrument for children aged 10-13 years Sumantri, Ajis; Ertanto, Dody; Apriansyah, Dolly
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 2 (2026): August
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(2).24837

Abstract

Background: Existing volleyball skill assessment tools are commonly adapted from adolescent or adult performance standards and may not accurately represent the motor development characteristics of children aged 10-13 years. Moreover, psychometrically validated instruments specifically designed for elementary school students remain limited. Objectives: The objective of this research is to create and test a volleyball skill assessment tool tailored for elementary school pupils aged 10 to 13 years. Methods: The study employed a research and development (R&D) design adapted from the Borg and Gall model. Test building concepts served as the basis for a research and development strategy. Five fundamental volleyball abilities were evaluated by the test: smash, underhand passing, overhand passing, underhand serving, and overhand service. Purposive sampling was used to pick 50 Bengkulu City primary school pupils as participants. Aiken’s V and CVR were used to assess content validity with six experts. Data processing utilised G*Power (v3. 1.9.7) and Jamovi (v2.3.2). Results: Strong content validity was shown by every skill component (CVR > 0.83; Aiken's V ≥ 0.87). EFA identified a two-factor structure that explained 71.84% of the overall variance: offensive technical ability and basic ball control. There were moderate to high relationships between criterion validity and game performance (r = 0.63-0.71). All subtests had strong reliability indices (ICC = 0.87-0.94; test–retest r = 0.79-0.86). Conclusion: The developed instrument demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability and shows potential for assessing basic volleyball skills among elementary school students. The constraints include a limited sample size and a restricted geographical scope. Future studies should encompass larger, more diverse groups and investigate technology-based evaluation formats to improve applicability.
Examining the association between self-confidence and coping strategies during menstruation in female soccer players: A cross-sectional study Rosita, Nancy Diana; Muhammad, Heryanto Nur; Hidayat, Taufiq
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).25012

Abstract

Background: Menstrual-related symptoms may affect both physical performance and psychological readiness in female soccer players. However, limited research has examined the association between self-confidence and coping strategies during menstruation in competitive settings. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between self-confidence and coping strategies among female soccer players during menstruation. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was employed involving 24 female soccer players. Self-confidence was measured using the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI), while coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE Inventory. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Participants showed relatively high levels of self-confidence (M = 21.04, SD = 1.90) and coping strategies (M = 27.08, SD = 2.32). A very strong positive correlation was found between the two variables (r = 0.858, p < 0.01), indicating a large effect size. Conclusion:  Coping strategies were strongly associated with self-confidence among female soccer players during menstruation. These findings suggest the importance of psychological factors in supporting athletes’ adaptation to physiological challenges, although causal relationships cannot be inferred due to the cross-sectional design.
Coaching leadership and athlete outcomes in Wushu Taolu: Cross-sectional evidence from elite athletes Hongren, Zhuang; Hidayat, Taufiq; Prihanto, Junaidi Budi
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).25031

Abstract

Background: Although coaching leadership has been widely examined in team sports, empirical evidence in individual martial arts, particularly wushu taolu, remains limited. Moreover, previous studies have typically focused on single psychological outcomes, such as motivation or satisfaction, rather than simultaneously examining multiple dimensions. Therefore, it remains unclear whether coaching leadership styles influence intrinsic motivation, training discipline, and athlete satisfaction in individual sport contexts. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the influence of coaching leadership styles on intrinsic motivation, training discipline, and athlete satisfaction among wushu taolu athletes. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed involving 33 Wushu Taolu athletes from East Java selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardised Likert-scale instruments, including an adapted Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; 12 items), Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI; 22 items), training discipline indicators (10 items), and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ; 15 items). All instruments demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.70). Data were analysed using multiple linear regression at a 5% significance level. Results: The findings revealed that coaching leadership styles did not have a significant effect on intrinsic motivation, training discipline, or athlete satisfaction (p > 0.05). The regression models explained only a small proportion of variance across all dependent variables, indicating very weak predictive power. Conclusion: These results suggest that coaching leadership style alone may not be a strong predictor of psychological outcomes in wushu taolu athletes. Further research with larger samples and additional variables is needed to better understand the determinants of athlete motivation, training discipline, and satisfaction in individual sport contexts.
Effects of different squat angles and surface stability on lower limb muscle activation: A surface electromyography study Purnomo, Ardhi Mardiyanto Indra; Kiartivich, Suparata; Firdaus, Mokhammad
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).25271

Abstract

Background: The squat is a fundamental lower-body exercise that activates key muscles, including the rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. Variations in angle and stability may influence muscle activation, though evidence on their combined effects remains limited. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a reliable method for assessing these responses for training and injury prevention. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of squat angle and the use of a balance dome on lower limb muscle activation using sEMG. Methods: A within-subject experimental design with 10 participants examined lower limb muscle activation using surface electromyography (sEMG) during squats at 90° and 120° under stable and unstable conditions. Signals were processed via RMS and MVC normalisation. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA assessed main and interaction effects, reporting F-values, degrees of freedom (df), and effect sizes (η²p). Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc tests were applied, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: A repeated-measures design revealed muscle-specific differences in activation across conditions. Quadriceps activation was higher at 90°, while hamstrings were more responsive to instability. Significant effects were observed for VMO (F(1,9) = 41.201, p < 0.01, η²p = 0.370) and biceps femoris (F(1,9) = 36.720, p < 0.01, η²= 0.517). Overall, squat angle had a stronger influence than stability. Conclusion: Preliminary findings indicate squat muscle activation is muscle-specific and condition-dependent. Quadriceps respond to angle and stability, while hamstrings act as stabilisers. Instability alters neuromuscular strategy. Findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample size and limitations of the EMG.
“We do not have a budget”: Evaluating village-level sports programmes for older adults in Aceh Munzir; Is, Zulheri; Syahputra, Mulyadi
Journal Sport Area Vol 11 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/sportarea.2026.vol11(1).25280

Abstract

Background: Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining health and well-being among older adults. However, despite policy efforts, sport participation among older adults in Aceh remains low, particularly in rural areas. This condition reflects a lack of empirical evidence on how village-level sports programmes are planned, implemented, and evaluated. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the planning, implementation and evaluation of village-level sports programmes for older adults in Aceh. Methods: A qualitative multiple case study was conducted involving 12 village leaders selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis and analysed using thematic analysis procedures. Results: The findings revealed that the village-level sports programmes are not systematically planned, consistently implemented or critically evaluated. The village-level government dependency on previous programmes, socio-demographic and participant constraints, conceptual and cultural barriers, budget prioritisation bias and informal substitution to the formal planning are the reasons for the programme planning failure. It is implemented mostly event-based, and no evaluation is conducted systematically. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that village-level sports programmes for older adults in Aceh are largely unstructured and lack sustainability due to weak planning and evaluation systems. Strengthening governance and institutional support are essential to improve programme effectiveness.

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