cover
Contact Name
Alfan Putra
Contact Email
alfanputra@iainpalopo.ac.id
Phone
+6281342697280
Journal Mail Official
alibrah@iainpalopo.ac.id
Editorial Address
Jalan Agatis Balandai Kota Palopo, Indonesia, Postal Code 91914
Location
Kota palopo,
Sulawesi selatan
INDONESIA
Al Ibrah Journal of Arabic Language Education
ISSN : 26224380     EISSN : 26226006     DOI : https://doi.org/10.24256/jale.v1i1.361
AL IBRAH is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge and innovation in Arabic language education. The journal welcomes submissions on Arabic language teaching, classroom innovations, and various applied linguistics subfields. Typically, submissions should range between 4,000 to 6,000 words, though submissions up to 7,000 words may be considered in exceptional cases. Research conducted at religious educational institutions is particularly valued, as it has greatly contributed to the understanding and enhancement of Arabic Language Education practices. The AL IBRAH Journal focuses on the following topics 1. Arabic Education 2. Arabic Language Skills (al Istima, al Kalam, al Qiraah, al Kitabah) 3. Arabic Literature 4. Arabic Teaching Metode 5. Arabic Grammar Syntax (Nahwu), Morphology (Sarf) 6. Classical Arabic (fusha) 7. Lexicography (Maajim) 8. Prosody (Arudh) 9. Arabic for Young Learners 10. Arabic Language Instruction (Methods, Approaches, and Techniques) 11. Curriculum Design for Arabic Language Teaching 12. Technology and ICT Integration in Arabic Language Teaching
Articles 84 Documents
اللهجات العربية غير لهجة قريش في سورة البقرة (دراسة تحليلية لغوية) Abunawas, Kamaluddin
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Languange Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v5i1.2915

Abstract

هذا البحث يتناول اللهجات العربية غير لهجة قريش في سورة البقرة (دراسة تحليلية لغوية). والمشكلة الرئيسية في هذا البحث هي ما اللهجات العربية غير لهجة قريش في سورة البقرة. ومناهج البحث المستعملة فيها هي المناهج العلمية بدراسة المكتبية باستخدام المدخل العلمي. والبيانات في هذا البحث هي البيانات الأساسية والبيانات الثانوية. ويستخدم الباحث في جمع البيانات بالملاحظة والمقابلة والوثائق. وأسلوب تحليل البيانات يحتوي على ثلاثة أجزاء وهي تحفيظ البيانات وعرضها واستنتاجها. أما نتائج هذا البحث فقد دلت على أن الآيات القرآنية في سورة البقرة غير لهجات قريش تتكون من ثلاثة وعشرين لفظا من إحدى عشرة قبيلة يعني قبيلة هذيل، تميم، ثم كنانة، ثم جرهم، طىء، عمان، أزدشنوءة، ومذحج، والسريانيين، وخزاعة، والنبطية. أما معنى من الألفاظ تختلف باختلاف القبيلة التي استعملت هذه الألفاظ.
Problematika Penerjemahan Arab-Indonesia Maulana, Muhamad Aqil
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v5i2.3417

Abstract

The background of this research is the quality of the Arabic-Indonesian translation which has experienced various problems, such as unacceptable, unreadable, and inaccurate. This study aims to find the problems of Arabic-Indonesian translation that often occur and provide solutions. The research method uses a qualitative-descriptive method. From this research, there are six problems that often occur in the translation process, namely: 1) Interference problems in translation; 2) cultural vocabulary and metaphors; 3) transliteration problems; 4) morphological problems; 5) syntax problems; and 6) idiomatic problems. The conclusions from this study are: 1) Problems are translation problems, namely mistakes that are often experienced by translators in the translation process; and 2) The discovery of the six problems in Arabic-Indonesian translation as previously mentioned.
Jumu Al-Takstir Baina Al-Qillah Wa Al-Katsrah Fi Al-Haql Al-Ijtimaiyah Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim:Dirahsah Fi Al-Binyah Wa Al-Dilalah Putra, Alfan; Mustafa, Mustafa
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v5i1.3794

Abstract

Linguists say that there are special weights for the plural, some of which indicate the scarcity, and the other part is specific to the indication of abundance. Some of them believe that the sign of numerical paucity is limited to three to ten, and that the sign of numerical abundance is confined to three to infinity. Some of them believe that the meaning of the few is limited to between three to ten, while the abundance is limited to its numerical significance between what is above ten indefinitely. Accordingly, the study aims to know the number of plurals of few versus many in the field of social relations in the Holy Qur’an, showing their linguistic significance, as well as knowing the divisions of these plurals according to their grammatical structure. Depending on the descriptive analytical approach, the results show that the multiplicity, the few, and the many in the field of social relations in the Holy Qur’an were divided into four weights. And that the plural has changed its wording or appraisal, and among its forms is what has been done with an increase, and some of it has been changed with a decrease, and some of it has been changed its form, and some of it has been done with a decrease and a change of form, and some of it has been done with an increase, a decrease and a change combined, and that this change some of them indicates the lack and the other section is concerned with the significance over abundance. Keywords: plural multiplicity, plural of few, plural of many, social relations in the Qur'an.
Efektifitas Penggunaan Media Flash Card Terhadap Peningkatan Mufradat Siswa Kelas VII Mts Al- Intishor, Mataram Asirri, Shelina; Suparmanto, Suparmanto; Handayani, Yusi
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v6i1.3923

Abstract

This research utilized a qualitative research method to evaluate the effectiveness of using flashcards in enhancing Arabic vocabulary among seventh-grade students at Mts Al Intishor Mataram. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation. The observations revealed that flashcards can generate enjoyment and interest among students in vocabulary learning. However, the test results indicated variations in students' abilities to answer vocabulary-related questions after using flashcards. The research findings demonstrated that the use of flashcards can enhance students' ability to memorize vocabulary, although some students encountered difficulties in recalling and comprehending vocabulary developed into questions. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the utilization of flashcards in Arabic vocabulary learning is effective in improving students' proficiency. However, it is recommended to use this media approach in 3 to 4 sessions for more effective outcomes.Top of FormBottom of Form
Tathwir wasilat al-kura al-mutaharika 'ala madaah al-adawat al-madrasiyah litalabat al-saff al-sabi' bil-madrasah al-thanawiyah Buwa Luwu Mustafa, Mustafa; Nur Amalia Ilyas
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v7i1.4211

Abstract

Based on the observations made by the researcher, there are some obstacles that were found, including the lack of student interest and enthusiasm for learning the Arabic language, and some of them are still unable to read the alphabet. Therefore, the researcher took the title: Developing the Rolling Ball Tool for School Materials for Seventh Grade Students at Buwa Luwu High School. This research aims to develop the rolling ball tool for school materials for seventh grade students at Buwa Luwu High School. The researcher hopes that this research will be a solution that can be taken into consideration in the world of education, especially to increase students' understanding and enthusiasm for learning the Arabic language. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) methodology using the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: (1) Analysis phase, (2) Design phase, (3) Development phase, (4) Implementation phase, (5) Evaluation phase. The results of this development are: developing the rolling ball tool for school materials for seventh grade students at Buwa Luwu High School in learning the Arabic language and the level of validity of this research. The suitability of the tool conducted by the media expert is 84%, the suitability of the tool conducted by the subject expert is 92%, and the suitability of the tool conducted by the subject teacher is 95%. Considering the results of the auditor and the number of questionnaires conducted by the researcher, it can be concluded that the presentation of the results of this research is accurate by 19%. ملخص البحث بناءً على الملاحظات التي قامت بها الباحثة، هناك بعض العوائق التي تم العثور عليها، منها قلة الاهتمام الطلبة حماسهم لتعليم اللغة العربية، وبعضهم لا يزالون غير قادرين على قراءة الحروف الهجائية. ولذلك أخذت الباحثة عنوان: تطوير وسيلة الكرة المتحركة على مادة الأدوات المدرسية لطلبة الصف السابع بالمدرسة الثانوية بووا لووو. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تطوير وسيلة الكرة المتحركة على مادة الأدوات المدرسية لطلبة الصف السابع بالمدرسة الثانوية بووا لووو. تأمل الباحثة أن يكون هذا البحث حلاً يمكن أخذه بعين الاعتبار في عالم التعليم، خاصة من أجل زيادة الفهم الطلبة والحماسة في تعليم اللغة العربية. يستخدم هذا البحث منهج البحث والتطوير (R&D) باستخدام نموذج ADDIE الذي يتكون من خمس مراحل: (1) مرحلة التحليل، (2) مرحلة التصميم، (3) مرحلة التطوير، (4) مرحلة التنفيذ، (5) مرحلة التقييم. نتائج هذا التطوير هي: تطوير وسيلة الكرة المتحركة على مادة الأدوات المدرسية لطلبة الصف السابع بالمدرسة الثانوية بووا في تعلم اللغة العربية وما هو مستوى التحقق من صحة هذا البحث. ملاءمة الوسيلة التي أجراها خبير الوسيلة 84%، ملاءمة الوسيلة التي أجراها خبير المادة 92%، ملاءمة الوسيلة التي أجراها مدرسة المادة 95%. وبالنظر إلى نتائج المدقق وعدد الاستبيانات التي اجرائها الباحثة، يمكن استنتاج أن عرض نتائج هذا البحث صحيح بنسبة 19%. كلمات أساسية: التطوير، وسيلة الكرة المتحركة، المادة
Binyah Al Khabar Wa Al Insya Fi Majal Al-Alaqat Al-Ijtimaiyah Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim Putra, Alfan
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v6i1.4823

Abstract

يكشف هذا البحث عن بنية الخبر والإنشاء في القرآن الكريم في حقل العلاقات الاجتماعية باستخدام المنهج التحليلي الوصفي. يتجلى هذا الأسلوب في عدة آيات قرآنية في حقل العلاقات الاجتماعية، حيث يتم إطلاق المعلومات بطريقة تخترق العقل وتترك انطباعًا قويًا لدى القارئ، مما يعزز فهمه ويعمل على تأثيره الروحي. ويكون هذا الأسلوب ذا أهمية بالغة، حيث يحث القرآن على بناء علاقات تقوم على العدل والإحسان، ويشجع على التفاعل الإيجابي مع أفراد المجتمع، مع التركيز على قيم التعاون والرحمة والتسامح. وبعد دراسة هذا البحث توصلت هذه الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج مهمة. أولاً، تبين أن للخبر في اللغة ثلاثة جوانب رئيسية تتمثل في دخول الصدق أو الكذب، التصديق والتكذيب، وأهميته ككلام مفيد يضيف إلى الإيجاب أو النفي. وقد قام النظام بتصنيف الخبر إلى أنواع مختلفة، مثل الابتدائي، الطلبي، والإنكاري. ثانيًا، أظهرت الدراسة أهمية استخدام التوكيد وكلمة "إن" في الخبر في القرآن الكريم، مما يعزز الاهتمام ويظهر الضعف أو العجز في السياق. ثالثًا، تم استعراض كيف يتم استخدام العلاقات الاجتماعية القرآنية لتوضيح وتفسير الخبر، حيث تعكس التحديات البشرية وتقدم دروسًا قيمة. رابعًا، تم التركيز على الإنشاء في اللغة والاصطلاح، حيث يُعبّر عن الإيجاد ويُركب بطرق مختلفة، مع تصنيفه إلى إنشاء طلبي وإنشاء غير طلبي. وأخيرًا، تحدث الباحث عن الاستفهام كأسلوب لغوي يُستخدم للطلب من الآخرين، مع أمثلة من القرآن الكريم، بينما شدد على أهمية الأمر والنهي في اللغة والاصطلاح، مع التركيز على الترجي كمفهوم يعبر عن الأمل ويقاوم اليأس. تلك النتائج تسلط الضوء على التنوع والعمق الذي يتضمنه الاستخدام اللغوي والشكلّي للخبر والإنشاء في القرآن الكريم خصوصًا في حقل العلاقات الاجتماعية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الخبر والإنشاء، العلاقات الاجتماعية، القرآن الكريم
Tathwir Wasilah Ta'lim al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah al-Tafa'uliyyah 'ala Asas al-Lu'bah al-Ta'limiyyah Quizizz fi Madah al-Mubtada' wa al-Khabar li Tullab al-Saff al-'Ashir bi al-Madrasah al-'Aliyah al-Hukumiyyah Palopo Syamsuddin, Naidin; Kamal, Helmi
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v7i1.5099

Abstract

AbstractThis research aims to determine the development process and validity level of the developed product. The type of research is research and development (R&D) using the D4 development model which consists of four stages, namely the identification, design, development, and dissemination stages. The research subjects are tenth graders at Walewang State High School. The data collection methods used are observation, interviews, validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and documents. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The result of this research and development is an interactive Arabic language learning medium based on the Quizizz educational game for the subject-predicate material for tenth graders at Walewang State High School. Product validation results: 1) Subject matter expert validation obtained a score of 90.91%; 2) and media experts got 96.92%; 3) and language experts got 82.86%; 4) and education experts got 97.65%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the developed learning media is very valid for application in Arabic language learning. Keywords: Interactive learning media, Quizizz educational game, subject-predicate???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (R&D) ???????? ????? ????? D4 ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????:1) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 90.91%? 2) ????? ??????? ??? ??? 96.92%? 3) ????? ????? ??? ??? 82.86%? 4) ????? ??????? ??? ??? 97.65%. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????????: ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
Tatwir Wasiilat at-Ta'lim 'ala Asas Smart Apps Creator biraasm Spline 'ala Mada as-Saa'a fi at-Ta'lim al-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah li-Talabat as-Saf ath-Thaamin fi al-Madrasah ath-Thaaniyyah Buwa, Luwu Tosimpak, Hasanuddin; Pamessangi, Andi Arif; Chaeril, Chaeril
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v7i1.5101

Abstract

AbstractThis research discusses the development of a teaching method based on Smart Apps Creator using Spline drawing for the Arabic language subject for eighth-grade students in Buwa, Luwu High School. The aim of this research is describing the procedures for developing the teaching method using Smart Apps Creator with Spline drawing for the Arabic language subject for eighth-grade students in Buwa Luwu High School, and determine the validity of the teaching method with the application of Smart Apps Creator. The research design employed in this study is the research and development model proposed by ADDIE, which includes Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The research was conducted at Buway Lawoo High School, focusing on eighth-grade students and the Arabic language subject. To assess the validity of the developed product, a validity test was conducted by the subject matter expert and the instructional media expert. To determine the practical application of the product, practical application questionnaires were distributed to the students. The results of this research indicate that the teaching method using Smart Apps Creator with Spline drawing is highly valid and effective for teaching the subject material, as evaluated by the subject matter expert (92% very valid), the instructional media expert (76% very valid), the subject school expert (89% very valid), and the students (91% very valid).Key words: Development, method, Smart Apps Creator, Spline drawing????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? Smart Apps Creator ???? Spline ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??? 1) ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? Smart apps creator ???? Spline ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????. 2) ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? Smart apps creator. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ADDIE. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ADDIE (??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????). ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? Smart apps creator ???? Spline ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (92%) ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? (76%) ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (89%) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? (91%) ?????? ???? ????.????? ??????: ?????? ?????? Smart apps creator ???? Spline
Tathbiq Was?lah Bi??q?t Mu?awwarah Li-Ta?s?n Itq?n al-Mufrad?t al-?Arabiyyah li-?alabat a?-?aff as-S?bi? bi al-Madrasah ath-Th?nawiyyah N?r al-?ikmah T?l?da M?l?ngki L?w? ash-Sham?liyah Syamsuddin, Naidin; Nurmiati, Nurmiati; Rosdeviana, Rosdeviana
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v6i2.5104

Abstract

AbstractThis study examines the application of picture cards to improve the Arabic vocabulary proficiency of seventh grade students at Noor El Hikma Preparatory School, Tolada, North Malangki. Kimis and McTaggart's working research approach was used to monitor the effectiveness of this method in two educational sessions. The results of the study showed that the application of photo cards was effective in improving students' mastery of Arabic vocabulary. This is proven by significantly increasing the average score and level of completion of vocabulary exercises in each course. In the second cycle, 100% of students achieved a minimum completion score of 70%, demonstrating excellent vocabulary proficiency. These results show that picture cards can be a useful educational tool to improve Arabic vocabulary learning, especially for students who have difficulty with traditional educational methods.. Keywords: Teaching aid, Ficture Cards, Arabic Vocabulary.???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 100% ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? 70%? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? .  ??????? ?????????: ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
Ta?w?r was?lah ta‘l?m al-lughah al-‘Arabiyyah al-taf?‘uliyyah ‘al? as?s al-lu‘bah al-ta‘l?miyyah Quizizz f? m?ddat al-mubtada’ wa-al-khabar li-?ull?b al-?aff al-‘?shir bi-al-madrasah al-‘?liyyah al-?uk?miyyah F?l?f? Tosimpak, Hasanuddin; Takwim, Mardi; Hayah, Izza Vithry
Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023): Al Ibrah: Journal of Arabic Language Education
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Palopo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24256/jale.v6i2.5112

Abstract

AbstractThis research aims to identify the development process and the level of validity of the developed product. The type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using the D4 development model, which consists of four stages: definition, design, development, and dissemination. The research subjects are tenth-grade students at Valuvu State Senior High School. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and documents. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The result of this research and development is interactive Arabic language teaching media based on the Quizizz educational game in the subject of Mubtada and Khabar for tenth-grade students at Valuvu State Senior High School. Product validation results are as follows: 1) validation by subject matter experts scored 90.91%; 2) media experts scored 96.92%; 3) language experts scored 82.86%; 4) educational experts scored 97.65%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the developed teaching media is highly valid for application in Arabic language teaching.Keywords: interactive teaching media, Quizizz educational game, Mubtada and Khabar.???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (R&D) ???????? ????? ????? D4 ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????:1) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 90.91%? 2) ????? ??????? ??? ??? 96.92%? 3) ????? ????? ??? ??? 82.86%? 4) ????? ??????? ??? ??? 97.65%. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.??????? ????????: ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????