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Amerta Nutrition
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 25801163     EISSN : 25809776     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Education,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Other
Amerta Nutrition (p-ISSN:2580-1163; e-ISSN: 2580-9776) is a peer reviewed open access scientific journal published by Universitas Airlangga. The scope for Amerta Nutrition include: public health nutrition, community nutrition, clinical nutrition, dietetics, food science and food service management. Each volume of Amerta Nutrition is counted in each calendar year that consist of 4 issues. Amerta Nutrition is published four times per year every March, June, September, and December.
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Determinan Balita Stunting di Jawa Timur: Analisis Data Pemantauan Status Gizi 2017 Agung Dwi Laksono; Hario Megatsari
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (573.858 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i2.2020.109-115

Abstract

Background: Stunting in early life will have adverse functional consequences, including poor cognition and low levels of education. The study aimed to determine the determinants of stunting toddlers in East Java.Methods: The study uses secondary data from the 2017 PSG. Using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method, a sample of 10,814 toddlers aged 0-59 months was taken. The analyzed variables consisted of the dependent variable nutritional status of toddlers, 7 independent variables: residence, toddler age, mother's age, marital status of mothers, mother's education level, and working status of mothers. Determination of determinants using the Binary Logistic Regression test.Results: Toddlers living in urban areas were 0.855 times more at risk of stunting compared to toddlers living in rural areas (OR 0.885; 95% CI 0.798-0.980). Toddlers who have mothers with elementary education and below 2.206 times have more risk of stunting compared to toddlers who have mothers with college education (OR 2.206; 95% CI 1,835-12,651). Toddlers who have mothers with junior high school education were 1,676 times more likely to have stunting risk compared to toddlers who have mothers with tertiary education (OR 1.676; 95% CI 1.395-2.015). toddlers who have mothers with high school education are 1,266 times more likely to have stunting risk compared to toddlers who have mothers with tertiary education (OR 1,266; 95% CI 1,058-1,514).Conclusion: There were 4 variables that have proven to be significant as determinants of stunting in East Java Province, namely residence, age of toddler, age of toddler mother, and mother's level of educationABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Stunting dalam kehidupan awal akan mempunyai konsekuensi fungsional yang merugikan, termasuk kognisi yang buruk dan tingkat pendidikan yang rendah. Variabel ini perlu diperhatikan karena menurut Unicef, ada faktor sosial budaya yang berperan dalam terjadinya permasalahan stunting. Penelitian ditujukan untuk menentukan determinan balita stunting di Jawa Timur.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder survei Pemantauan Status Gizi tahun 2017 (PSG 2017). Dengan metode multi-stage cluster random sampling, diambil sampel 10.814 balita berusia 0-59 bulan. Varibel yang dianalisis terdiri dari variabel dependen status gizi balita, 7 variabel independen: tempat tinggal, umur balita, umur ibu balita, status perkawinan ibu balita, tingkat pendidikan ibu balita, dan status bekerja ibu balita. Penentuan determinan dengan menggunakan uji Regresi Logistik Biner.Hasil: Balita yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan 0,855 kali lebih memiliki risiko stunting dibandingkan dengan balita yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan (OR 0,885; 95% CI 0,798-0,980). Balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan SD ke bawah 2,206 kali lebih memiliki risiko stunting dibandingkan dengan balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan perguruan tinggi (OR 2,206; 95% CI 1,835-12,651). Balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan SLTP 1,676 kali lebih memiliki risiko stunting dibandingkan dengan balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan perguruan tinggi (OR 1,676; 95% CI 1,395-2,015). balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan SLTA 1,266 kali lebih memiliki risiko stunting dibandingkan dengan balita yang memiliki ibu dengan pendidikan perguruan tinggi (OR 1,266; 95% CI 1,058-1,514).Kesimpulan: Ada 4 variabel yang terbukti signifikan sebagai determinan kejadian stunting di Provinsi Jawa Timur, yaitu tempat tinggal, umur balita, umur ibu balita, dan tingkat pendidikan ibu balita. 
Aspek Individu Balita Dengan Kejadian ISPA Di Kelurahan Cibabat Cimahi Ade Saputra Nasution
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 2 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (467.177 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i2.2020.103-108

Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the contributors to the high morbidity and mortality in infants, which is suffered by toddlers in many developing countries such as Indonesia, where every year, the incidence is always high. ARI in toddlers is still a health problem that receives special attention because of the high incidence of ARI in Indonesia, which causes mortality. As for the causes of ARI incidence in toddlers there are three factors namely individual factors (age, immunization status, sex, birth weight, exclusive breast milk and nutritional status), physical environmental factors (wall type, temperature, humidity, and occupancy density, cooking fuel ) and smoking behavior factors of family members in the house. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between individual aspects with the risk of ARI in toddlers.Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional approach with analysis using Chi-Square. The results of this study are there to look at the factors causing ARI in the individual aspects (sex, exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight immunization status, nutritional status)Results: aspects of toddlers on age, sex, immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, and nutritional status have a relationship with the incidence of ARI, whereas low birth weight has no relationship with the incidence of ARIConclusion : it’s suggested to pay attention to individual factors such as completeness of immunization status must be fulfilled, exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months because it is one of the most natural preventions of ARI done by parents, even prevention of ARI in toddlers can be done still at in the womb for the fulfillment of maternal nutrition in order to avoid LBW in children who will be born.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Penyumbang angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi pada balita salah satunya adalah Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA), Penyakit ISPA yang diderita oleh balita banyak terjadi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, dimana setiap tahun angka kejadiannya selalu tinggi. Penyakit ISPA pada balita sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang mendapatkan perhatian khusus karena tingginya angka kejadian ISPA di Indonesia yang menyebabkan mortalitas. Adapun penyabab kejadian ISPA pada balita ada tiga faktor yaitu faktor individu (umur, status imunisasi, jenis kelamin, berat badan lahir, asi eksklusif dan status gizi), faktor lingkungan fisik (jenis dinding, suhu, kelembapan dan kepadatan hunian, bahan bakar untuk memasak) dan faktor perilaku merokok anggota keluarga di dalam rumah.Tujuan: Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan aspek individu dengan risiko kejadian ISPA pada balita.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Cross Sectional dengan analisis menggunakan Chi Square Hasil penelitian ini adalah ada untuk melihat faktor penyebab ISPA pada aspek individu (jenis kelamin, asi eksklusif, status imunisasi berat badan lahir, status gizi)Hasil: analisis risiko aspek balita pada faktor umur, jenis kelamin, imunisasi, asi eksklusif dan status gizi ada hubungan dengan kejadian ISPA, sedangkan berat badan lahir rendah tidak ada hubungan dengan kejadian ISPAKesimpulan : Dari hasil penelitian ini bisa direkomendasikan kepada orang tua yang mempunyai balita untuk memperhatikan faktor individu seperti kelengkapan status imunisasi harus dipenuhi, asi eksklusif sampai 6 bulan karena merupakan salah satu pencegah ispa paling mudah dilakukan oleh orang tua, bahkan pencegahan ispa pada balita bisa dilakukan masih di dalam kandungan untuk pemenuhan gizi ibu supaya menghindari BBLR pada anak yang akan dilahirkan.
Hubungan Paparan Sinar Matahari, Status Gizi, dan Asupan Makan terhadap Kadar Vitamin D Anak dan Remaja Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 1 Inggita Kusumastuty; Dian Handayani; Harjoedi Adji Tjahjono; Elsa Permata Sari; Silvy Kartika Rahayuningtyas; Andanu Bima Saputra
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i1.2021.41-51

Abstract

Background: Previous research state the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and Type 1 diabetes. The deficiency of Vitamin D is caused by vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, or nutritional status. Indonesia, as a tropical country, is close to the equator and receives sunlight all year long. Little research has been done on vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Indonesia.Objective: The study aims to determine the relationship among sunlight exposure, nutritional status, food intake, and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.Methods: The study design was cross-sectional with a sample size of 31 children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. Sunlight exposure data were collected using the Sun Exposure Questionnaire form, nutritional status o BMI/age data were using the WHO Anthro, food intake data were using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questioner, and vitamin D level data were using the ELISA method. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS Version 21 with Pearson and Spearman correlation test.Results: All respondents showed vitamin D deficiency. Most respondents had low sunlight exposure and nutritional status in the normoweight category. The majority of respondents had good energy and protein intake, excess fat, low carbohydrates, and low vitamin D and calcium.Conclusion:There is a positive relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D level (p = 0.001, r = 0.627). However, there is no relationship among nutritional status, protein intake, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin D and calcium on the level of vitamin D (p = 0.409; p = 0.240; p = 0.311; p = 0.822; p = 0.231; 0.382).
Analysis of Exclusive Breastfeeding Program in Nusa Indah Public Health Center and Lingkar Barat Public Health Center Bengkulu Year 2019 Bintang Pratiwi Pratiwi; Riska Yanuarti; Henni Febriawati; Wulan Angraini; Muhammad Arif Tobing
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 4 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i4.2020.280-289

Abstract

Background: The highest coverage of exclusive breastfeeding data from Bengkulu City Health Office was Nusa Indah Public Health Center (86.9%) and the lowest was Lingkar Barat Public Health Center (63.8%).Objective: The research objective is to determine the implementation of exclusive breastfeeding programs seen from the input, process, output in the city of Bengkulu in 2018.Methods: This was an observational analytic study with a qualitative approach. The informants consisted of nutrition workers, midwives, health promotor, heads of Public helath center and mothers who participated in the exclusive breastfeeding program at the puskesmas. This research was carried out in both Bengkulu City Health Center, starting from July to August 2019. Data analysis was done by data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing and verification.Results: The study showed that the executors of the exclusive ASI program consisted of nutrition workers, midwives and promkes, using BOK funds, material on exclusive breastfeeding, tools in the form of infant pantom, breast pantom, breast milk, with counseling, counseling and IMD methods. The implementation process is Exclusive ASI socialization, formation and guidance of ASI Suport group. Implementation with counseling, and counseling. Control by looking at data obtained from posyandu.Conclusion: The Nusa Indah Puskesmas has been successful because the ASI support group has played an active role in assisting the implementation of the Exclusive ASI program, while the West Lingkar Puskesmas was not successful because the officers did indeed obtain real data in the field.
Gambaran Sisa Makanan Pasien Rawat Inap RSUD Kabupaten Sidoarjo Chusnul Fadilla; Qonita Rachmah; Juwariyah Juwariyah
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 3 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i3.2020.198-204

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackground: The quality of nutrition services can be seen through the patient's leftovers as the result of hospital food system management. High food waste could impact on increasing the risk of malnutrition in hospitalized patients.Objective: This study aimed to determine the food waste description among patients in Sidoarjo General Hospital. Method: This was a descriptive study used a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 150 patients selected by proportional sampling in each in patient room during September 2019. Data was taken using the comstock form and then translated into percent of food waste and lost of food costs.Results: The highest percentage of leftovers from hospitalized patients was found in vegetable side dishes (30.72%) and the lowest was in animal side dishes (21.81%). The higher class of inpatient room, the lower the percentage of food waste. Foods that were intact by patients were highest during dinner (38.0%). The highest loss due to costs lost from whole food came from inpatient class I which amounted to IDR 1,680,000.Conclusion: The food waste of inpatients at Sidoarjo General Hospital was still quite high. Evaluation of factors causing high food waste in inpatients can be done to reduce percent of food waste and food cost efficiency.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kualitas mutu pelayanan gizi dapat dilihat melalui sisa makanan pasien hasil manajemen penyelenggaraan makanan rumah sakit. Tingginya sisa makanan dapat berdampak pada peningkatan risiko malnutrisi pada pasien rawat inap.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran sisa makanan pasien rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Sidoarjo.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 150 pasien dipilih secara proportional sampling di masing-masing ruangan rawat inap pada bulan September 2019. Data diambil menggunakan formulir comstock lalu diterjemahkan dalam bentuk persen sisa makanan dan foodcost yang hilang. Tingginya persentase makanan ditentukan dengan standar Depkes 2013 yaitu apabila melebihi 20%.Hasil: Persentase sisa makanan pasien rawat inap tertinggi ditemukan pada lauk nabati (30,72%) dan terendah pada lauk hewani (21,81%). Semakin tinggi kelas rawat inap, maka semakin rendah persentase sisa makanan. Makanan yang utuh atau tidak tersentuh oleh pasien paling tinggi terjadi saat makan sore (38,0%). Kerugian tertinggi akibat biaya yang hilang dari makanan utuh berasal dari rawat inap kelas I yaitu sebesar Rp. 1.680.000,00.Kesimpulan: Sisa makanan pasien rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Sidoarjo masih tergolong cukup tinggi. Evaluasi faktor penyebab tingginya sisa makanan pada pasien rawat inap dapat dilakukan untuk menurunkan persen sisa makanan dan efisiensi foodcost.
Front Matter Vol 4, No.4 2020 Front Matter
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 4 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i4.2020.%p

Abstract

Back Matter Vol 4 No 4, 2020 Back Matter
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 4 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i4.2020.%p

Abstract

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Konsumsi Energi Ibu Menyusui di Kecamatan Cipayung, Kota Depok, Indonesia Netti Yaneli; Sandra Fikawati; Ahmad Syafiq; Syilga Cahya Gemily
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i1.2021.84-90

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Untuk mendukung kebutuhan gizi yang tinggi saat menyusui, ibu menyusui membutuhkan lebih banyak energi dibandingkan ibu hamil. Namun, berbagai studi melaporkan bahwa konsumsi energi ibu menyusui justru lebih rendah dibandingkan ibu hamil.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu menyusui yang rendah di Kecamatan Cipayung Kota Depok Tahun 2016.Metode: Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder dari penelitian eksperimental semu dengan pendekatan kohort prospektif di Kota Depok. Total sampel berjumlah 169 responden. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji chi-square dan uji regresi logistik ganda.Hasil:  Konsumsi energi ibu saat hamil merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu saat menyusui setelah dikontrol dengan paritas dan usia ibu. Ibu yang mengonsumsi energi dalam jumlah kurang saat hamil berisiko 3,5 kali lebih besar untuk mengonsumsi energi dalam jumlah kurang saat menyusui.Kesimpulan: Konsumsi energi ibu hamil sangat penting diperhatikan karena selain diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin, sebagai cadangan lemak yang akan digunakan saat menyusui, juga untuk menjamin agar ibu mengonsumsi energi dalam jumlah cukup saat menyusui. 
Improving Nutrition Services to Reduce Plate Waste in Patients Hospitalized Based on Theory of Constraint Thinni Nurul Rochmah
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 4 No. 4 (2020): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v4i4.2020.335-341

Abstract

Background: Highly plate waste in hospitalized patients has become a problem in Hospitals’ nutrition service department, this causes adding treatment time for patient’s recovery and making the hospital service inefficient.Objectives: This research strives to develop a set of recommendations to improve the nutrition department service quality by reducing plate wastes in hospitals. Methods: This research uses a cross-sectional approach. The constraint causing analysis is done by observing dominant waste in each menu’s component and conducting FGD with the management team, nutrition department, and other related departments. The research population is 3000 plates.Results: One of the success indicators in the hospital’s nutrition services is less than 20% of plate waste. It was found that 26,65% or 327 of 1230 observed plates have more than 20% plate waste. The constraint was set with low scale value, food’s aroma, with 2,7 which make food’s aroma as a first priority problem to solve.Conclusions: The solution recommendation about constraint causes was sent to the nutrition department and hospital directors to review the hospital’s policies and SOP. The improvement can be focused on the hospital’s internal policies, Standard Operating procedures, employee competencies, obedience to set procedures, and also chefs and cooks skill
Perbedaan Hemoglobin Terglikosilasi (Hba1c) terhadap Profil Lipid Pasien Rumah Sakit Islam Surabaya Dwi - Kuswanto; Hari Basuki Notobroto; Rachmah Indawati
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): AMERTA NUTRITION
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya-60115, East Java, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i1.2021.8-14

Abstract

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia sebagai akibat kelainan sekresi insulin maupun kerja insulin. Diabetes sebagai salah satu penyebab dislipidemia sekunder, sehingga pengelolaan glukosa darah merupakan pencegahan primer timbulnya komplikasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Hasil Riskesdas tahun 2018, prevalensi diabetes melitus yang didiagnosis dokter pada penduduk di semua umur sebesar 3,4% di Kota Surabaya.Tujuan : Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan profil lipid pada level HbA1C normal, prediabetes dan diabetes melitus.Metode : Penelitian cross sectional, teknik pengambilan sampel dengan simple random sampling dari data rekam medis pasien rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit Islam Surabaya  dari 1 Januari tahun 2018 sampai dengan 31 Desember 2019 berusia 35-80 tahun dan mendapat pemeriksaan HbA1c, kolesterol, trigliserida dan LDL-kolesterol pada waktu yang sama dan terdokumentasi lengkap pertama sekali sehingga diperoleh besar sampel 73 data pasien. Uji Anova one way digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan rata-rata kolesterol, trigliserida dan LDL-kolesterol berdasarkan HbA1C.Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukkantidakada perbedaan yang signifikan rata-rata kolesterol, dan LDL-kolesterol dengan tingkatan HbA1C (p>0,05), ada perbedaan yang signifikan rata-rata trigliserid dengan HbA1C normal, prediabetes, dan diabetes (p=0,01). Hasil multiple comparison dengan metode Tukey HSD menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan rata-rata trigliserid  pada HbA1C normal dengan diabetes (p=0,039) dan prediabetes dengan diabetes (p=0,044).Kesimpulan :Perbedaan rata-rata trigliserida signifikanpada HbA1Ckategorinormal dan prediabetes dengan diabetes, pentingnya mengendalikanglukosa darah untuk mencegahkomplikasi kardiovaskuler pada penderita diabetes melitus yang dapat dilakukan melalui pemantauan mandiri glukosa darah, pola hidup sehat, aktivitas fisik secara teratur, terapi nutrisi medis sesuai kebutuhan, menurunkan berat badan bagi yang mengalami obesitas, tidak merokokdan intervensi obat anti hiperglikemia jika dibutuhkan.Kata Kunci : diabetes, HbA1C, kolesterol, trigliserid, LDL-kolesterol. ABSTRACT  Background :Diabetes melitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglicemia as a result of abnormal insulin secretion and insulin action. Diabetes is a cause of secondary dislipidemia, so that diabetes melitus monitoring is a primary deterrent to cardiovascular complication. Riskesdas 2018 said that the prevalence of doctors' diagnosed diabetes in the population at all age 3.4% in Surabaya.Objective : This study is to find out the difference in lipid profiles on normal HbA1Clevels, pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitusMethod: Cross-sectional study, the sampling technique used was simple random sampling fromoutpatient medical recordsthe Surabaya Islamic hospital's from 1st of January 2018 to 31st December 2019 aged 35-80 years and checked for HbA1C, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol at the same and firsttime documented. Sample sizes of 73 data analized with One Way Anova test was used to identify differences in mean cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol based Hba1C.Results :The results showed that there was no significant difference mean cholesterol and mean LDL-cholesterol with HbA1C levels (p> 0.05), there were significant differences mean the triglyceride with normal HbA1C levels, pre-diabetes, and diabetes (p= 0.01). Multiple comparason results using Tukey HSD methods showed that there was significant differences mean the triglycerid on normal HbA1C levels with diabetes (p= 0.039) and the mean triglyceride ebetween hba1c prediabetesand diabetes (p= 0.044).Conclusions: The mean difference trigliseride signifnificant in normal HbA1C levels and pre-diabetes with diabetes.The importantce of controlling blood glucose to prevent cardiovasculer complication in people with diebetes mellitus can be done through education on independent monitoring of blood glucose, healthy lifestyle, reguler physical activity, medical nutrition therapy according to the needs, lost weight for those who are obese, do not smoke and  anti-hyperglicemia drug intervention if needed.

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