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JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW
Published by Universitas Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214105     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v2i2.2266
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Journal USM LAW REVIEW (JULR) is an academic journal for Legal Studies published by Master of Law, Semarang University. It aims primarily to facilitate scholarly and professional discussions over current developments on legal issues in Indonesia as well as to publish innovative legal researches concerning Indonesian laws and legal system. The focus and scope of this journal are legal problems in the fields of Criminal Law; Civil Law; Constitutional Law; International Law; Administrative Law; Islamic Law; Business Law; Medical Law; Environmental Law; Adat Law; Agrarian Law; Legal Philosophy.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 62 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER" : 62 Documents clear
Implikasi Hukum Akta Jual Beli Yang Tidak Ditandatangani di Hadapan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Sementara Shofianingrum, Rilda; Sudirman, Maman
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10975

Abstract

This research aims to examine the legal implications of the absence of the Temporary Land Deed Official (PPATS) in the process of signing land sale and purchase deeds and its impact on the validity of transactions. The background of this research is based on the importance of land sale and purchase deeds as authentic evidence that holds legal power within the agrarian system in Indonesia, which must meet the formal requirements according to Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration and its implementing regulations. The urgency of this research arises from the numerous cases of PPATS absenteeism, which result in legal defects in the deeds and have the potential to cause disputes and legal uncertainty for the parties involved. This type of research is normative juridical and uses secondary data. The research results indicate that the absence of PPATS causes the deed to lose its legal validity and cannot be used as the basis for land rights registration at the Jepara District Land Office. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of the mechanisms for the annulment and correction of legally defective deeds through administrative and judicial channels as a step towards restoring legal certainty. The conclusion of this research emphasizes that the presence of PPATS is an absolute requirement in the creation of authentic deeds to ensure legal protection, prevent disputes, and strengthen legal certainty in Indonesia's agrarian sector. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji implikasi hukum akibat ketidakhadiran Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Sementara (PPATS) dalam proses penandatanganan akta jual beli tanah dan dampaknya terhadap keabsahan transaksi. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada pentingnya akta jual beli tanah sebagai bukti autentik yang memiliki kekuatan hukum dalam sistem agraria di Indonesia, yang harus memenuhi ketentuan formal sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah No 24 Tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah beserta aturan pelaksanaannya. Urgensi penelitian ini muncul dari banyaknya kasus ketidakhadiran PPATS yang menyebabkan cacat hukum pada akta dan berpotensi menimbulkan sengketa serta ketidakpastian hukum bagi para pihak. Jenis penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketidakhadiran PPATS menyebabkan akta kehilangan keabsahan hukum dan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pendaftaran hak atas tanah di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Jepara. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis mekanisme pembatalan dan pembetulan akta yang cacat hukum melalui jalur administratif dan peradilan sebagai langkah pemulihan kepastian hukum. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kehadiran PPATS merupakan syarat mutlak dalam pembuatan akta autentik untuk memastikan perlindungan hukum, mencegah sengketa, dan memperkuat kepastian hukum di sektor agraria Indonesia.
The Effectiveness of Restitution Fulfillment for Children as Sexual Crime Victims: A Study in the North Maluku High Prosecutor’s Office Malik, Faissal; Hanafi, Muhammad Amin; Papuluwa, Nurlaila Kadarwati; Budiono, Arief
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10325

Abstract

 This paper aims to analyze the implementation of restitution right fulfillment for children as sexual crime victims in the legal area of the North Maluku High Prosecutor’s Office, Indonesia and the challenges in fulfilling these rights. Restitution is compensation given to the victim by the perpetrator of the crime or a third party and is an effort to guarantee the rights of victims. There was an issue where restitution rights were seldom strived for by law enforcers. Another problem is that society lacks knowledge of the existence of restitution rights. This paper is urgent because it may provide information on why these issues exist and how to resolve them in order to give victims their rights. This was empirical research which employed the statute approach and the case approach. In this paper, the live case study was applied. Results showed that the restitution fulfillment of children as sexual crime victims in the North Maluku High Prosecutor’s Office was still suboptimum as there was only one case in 2022 where the general prosecutor strived to demand restitution. The restitution is regulated in Governmental Regulation No. 43 of 2017 and Guidelines Supreme Court No. 1 of 2021. Law enforcing apparatuses and social institutions need to organize an education program for society on restitution rights for children as sexual crime victims in the North Maluku Province to increase their awareness. The application for restitution should be strived for by law enforcers starting from the investigation stage as more time is available.
Pelindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Yang Menjadi Korban Perusahaan Investasi Ilegal Berbasis Multi Level Marketing Clarence, Jennifer; Sugiyono, Heru
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10860

Abstract

This study aims to analyze legal protection and compensation mechanisms for consumers who are victims of illegal MLM-based investments, referring to Law Number 8 of 1999, and to assess the role and effectiveness of the OJK in supervision and enforcement. This illegal investment phenomenon is relevant to study because it often utilizes manipulative tactics, including the use of misleading information to encourage potential consumers to allocate their funds. Although legal regulations related to consumer protection are available, effective implementation and supervision are often challenges in ensuring that victims receive fair compensation. The study uses a normative legal method by reviewing theories, concepts, legal principles, and related laws and regulations. The research findings show that victims of illegal MLM-based investments in Indonesia have legal protection under the Consumer Protection Law, with supervision carried out by the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Victims have the right to file for a refund or compensation through a class action lawsuit mechanism. However, the limited assets of the perpetrator company are a major obstacle in implementing compensation. Therefore, a new, more effective approach is needed in supervision and law enforcement, including improving regulations to mitigate similar risks in the future. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum dan mekanisme ganti rugi bagi konsumen korban investasi ilegal berbasis MLM, mengacu pada Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999, serta menilai peran dan efektivitas OJK dalam pengawasan dan penindakan. Fenomena investasi ilegal ini relevan untuk dikaji karena kerap memanfaatkan taktik manipulatif, termasuk penggunaan informasi yang menyesatkan untuk mendorong calon konsumen mengalokasikan dana mereka. Meskipun aturan hukum terkait perlindungan konsumen telah tersedia, implementasi dan pengawasan yang efektif sering kali menjadi tantangan dalam memastikan korban memperoleh ganti rugi yang adil. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan meninjau teori, konsep, asas hukum, dan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa korban investasi ilegal berbasis MLM di Indonesia memiliki perlindungan hukum di bawah Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, dengan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Korban berhak mengajukan pengembalian dana atau kompensasi melalui mekanisme gugatan class action. Namun, keterbatasan aset perusahaan pelaku menjadi hambatan utama dalam pelaksanaan ganti rugi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pendekatan baru yang lebih efektif dalam pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, termasuk perbaikan regulasi untuk memitigasi risiko serupa di masa mendatang.
Legal Politics Electronic Land Certificate in Indonesia Sukadi, Imam; Harry, Musleh; Setyobudi, Teguh; Sinal, Mohamad; As-Suvi, Ahmad Qiram
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.9625

Abstract

In accordance with National Land Agency Regulation No. 1 of 2021, this study investigates the adoption of electronic land certificates. The need to enhance land services in Indonesia, especially in the fight against the land mafia and the settlement of intricate agrarian disputes, is what makes this research so urgent. Creating an electronic certificate system is essential to updating public services in light of the rise in fraud and land ownership disputes. Significant obstacles stand in the way of digital transformation in land management, nevertheless, such as the requirement for a strong legal framework and prepared infrastructure. The novel aspect of the study is its evaluation of infrastructure preparedness for electronic certificates, a topic that has received little attention in earlier studies. The responsive law theory of Philippe Nonet and Philip Selznick is used in this analysis to emphasize how crucial adaptable legal frameworks are for addressing societal shifts. The results indicate that increasing digital infrastructure and raising public understanding of land technology are essential to the success of electronic land certificates. This invention has the potential to improve confidence in the National Land Agency and expedite the settlement of land disputes. According to Indonesian law, both paper and electronic documents are legitimate; nevertheless, for long-term use, rules pertaining to data security, technology, and public education need to be strengthened. The digital revolution of land administration requires cross-sector cooperation.
Konsekuensi Hukum terhadap Perusahaan dan Tenaga Kerja Akibat Ketidakpatuhan dalam Pembayaran Iuran BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Yusuf, Farizh Maulana; Thohari, Ahmad Ahsin
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10653

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to find out the legal consequences for companies that do not fulfill the obligation of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan contributions, as well as the legal consequences caused to workers. The background of this research is that although there is a legal regulation that requires it, many companies still have not paid BPJS Ketenagakerjaan contributions, causing losses to workers. This problem is urgent to study because compliance with the payment of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan contributions is a form of social protection and rights that must be fulfilled by the company according to the employment agreement. The statutory approach and conceptual approach are the 2 (two) methodological approaches used in this normative juridical research. This research uses library research as the method of data acquisition. This research presents facts and information using descriptive data analysis methodology, and then draws many conclusions as research findings. The novelty of this research lies in its in-depth focus on the legal consequences from a civil law perspective, including aspects of default and tort by companies that fail to pay contributions. The results show that company non-compliance in the payment of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan contributions can be subject to administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions, and civil lawsuits, as well as causing significant losses to the workforce, such as losing the right to social security. This research was conducted in order to provide a more comprehensive insight into the legal implications and steps that can be taken by workers to obtain their rights. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsekuensi hukum bagi perusahaan yang tidak memenuhi kewajiban iuran BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, serta akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan terhadap pekerja. Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa meskipun telah ada peraturan hukum yang mewajibkannya, banyak perusahaan yang masih belum membayar iuran BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, sehingga menimbulkan kerugian bagi para pekerja. Masalah ini mendesak untuk dikaji karena kepatuhan terhadap pembayaran iuran BPJS Ketenagakerjaan adalah bentuk perlindungan sosial dan hak yang harus dipenuhi oleh perusahaan sesuai perjanjian kerja. Pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) merupakan 2 (dua) metodologi pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian yuridis normatif ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan (library research) sebagai metode perolehan data. Penelitian ini menyajikan fakta dan informasi dengan menggunakan metodologi analisis data secara deskriptif, dan kemudian menarik banyak kesimpulan sebagai temuan penelitian. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini terletak pada fokusnya yang mendalam pada konsekuensi hukum dari perspektif hukum perdata, termasuk aspek wanprestasi dan perbuatan melawan hukum oleh perusahaan yang lalai membayar iuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketidakpatuhan perusahaan dalam pembayaran iuran BPJS Ketenagakerjaan dapat dikenai sanksi administratif, pidana, dan gugatan perdata, serta menyebabkan kerugian signifikan bagi tenaga kerja, seperti kehilangan hak atas jaminan sosial. Penelitian ini dilakukan agar dapat memberikan wawasan yang lebih menyeluruh mengenai implikasi hukum serta langkah-langkah yang dapat ditempuh oleh pekerja untuk memperoleh hak-haknya.
Peran Bantuan Hukum Terhadap Tersangka Dalam Proses Penyidikan Gunawan, Febrianto; Sudarmanto, Kukuh; Sukarna, Kadi; Soegianto, Soegianto
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.11056

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of legal assistance in the investigation process for economically disadvantaged suspects at the Semarang Police Department, with a focus on the challenges and solutions encountered. The criminal justice system in Indonesia regulates the rights of suspects, including the right to legal assistance. Although this right is governed by various laws and regulations, practices in the field reveal a gap between the expected norms and the reality. This research uses an empirical legal method with an empirical juridical approach, integrating the analysis of legal norms with their implementation in practice. The findings show that although the regulations related to legal assistance are generally applied, there are still significant obstacles related to public legal awareness and the lack of effective socialization. While law enforcement officers and legal aid institutions play an active role, there is still a need for improvements in facilities and legal education for the public to ensure that legal assistance is accessible to all levels of society. This study recommends improvements in the legal assistance system and an increase in public understanding of the importance of legal aid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas bantuan hukum dalam proses penyidikan terhadap tersangka yang tidak mampu secara ekonomi di Polres Semarang, dengan fokus pada kendala dan solusi yang dihadapi. Sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia mengatur hak-hak tersangka, salah satunya hak untuk mendapatkan bantuan hukum. Meskipun diatur dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan, praktik di lapangan menunjukkan adanya ketimpangan antara norma yang diharapkan dan kenyataan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris, yang mengintegrasikan analisis terhadap norma hukum dengan penerapannya di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun secara umum peraturan terkait bantuan hukum sudah diterapkan, masih terdapat kendala utama terkait kesadaran hukum masyarakat dan kurangnya sosialisasi yang efektif. Meskipun aparat penegak hukum dan lembaga bantuan hukum berperan aktif, peningkatan sarana dan pendidikan hukum bagi masyarakat masih diperlukan untuk memastikan bantuan hukum dapat diakses dengan optimal oleh semua lapisan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya perbaikan dalam sistem pendampingan hukum serta peningkatan pemahaman masyarakat mengenai pentingnya bantuan hukum.
The Impact of Over-Tourism on the Sustainability of Indigenous Peoples in Bali Maya Poetra, Rizal Akbar; Nurjaya, I Nyoman
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10457

Abstract

This research examines the impact of the over-tourism phenomenon on the sustainability of customary law communities in Bali Province, Indonesia. Bali, as one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, has experienced a significant surge in the number of tourists in the last few decades. This phenomenon triggers various problems, including pressure on the environment, socio-cultural changes, and threats to the sustainability of traditional communities that have long maintained local traditions and values. This research finds that increased tourism has a negative impact on the sustainability of local ecosystems, reduces the traditional practices of indigenous communities, and threatens the local wisdom that is the basis of their cultural identity. This research highlights the need for tourism management strategies that are more sustainable and sensitive to local culture to protect the sustainability of traditional communities in Bali. Therefore, this research offers a new perspective on preserving traditional legal communities in Bali through a tourism management approach that is centered on local values, which has not been widely discussed in previous studies.
Implikasi Bentuk Perjanjian Kerja Terhadap Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pekerja Pada Usaha Mikro dan Kecil Sani Pratiwi, Alya; Pujiastuti, Endah; Arifin, Zaenal
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.11030

Abstract

This research aims to understand and analyze the forms of work agreements implemented by micro and small enterprises, as well as the implications of the forms of work agreements for legal protection for workers in micro and small enterprises. Every citizen has the right to have work and a decent life. To obtain work, workers need to have an employment relationship with the employer. This employment relationship occurs based on a work agreement made by the employer and the employee which can be made in writing or verbally. The work agreement contains the rights and obligations of both parties, therefore the work agreement is very important as a form of legal protection. It's just that in reality there are still many employment relationships that are not based on employment agreements, such as employment relationships in micro and small enterprises. The absence of a work agreement means that workers' rights and obligations are not fulfilled, and legal protection for them is not strong. The research method used is an empirical juridical method. The research results show that employers/employers make work agreements with their workers in verbal form for an indefinite period of time and do not make appointment letters for their workers. This has implications for legal protection for workers which becomes weak because there is no written proof of the agreement made. The use of verbal employment agreements in micro and small enterprises weakens legal protection for workers, thus policies are needed to encourage the implementation of written employment agreements to enhance legal certainty. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan menganalisis bentuk perjanjian kerja yang diterapkan oleh usaha mikro dan kecil, serta implikasi bentuk perjanjian kerja terhadap perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja pada usaha mikro dan kecil. Setiap warga negara berhak untuk memiliki pekerja dan kehidupan yang layak. Untuk memperoleh pekerjaan, pekerja perlu menjalani hubungan kerja dengan pemberi kerja. Hubungan kerja tersebut terjadi atas perjanjian kerja yang dilakukan oleh pemberi kerja dengan pekerja yang dapat dibuat secara tertulis atau lisan. Di dalam perjanjian kerja termuat hak dan kewajiban kedua belah pihak, oleh karena itu perjanjian kerja sangat penting sebagai suatu bentuk perlindungan hukum. Hanya saja pada kenyataannya masih banyak hubungan kerja yang tidak didasarkan pada perjanjian kerja, seperti pada hubungan kerja di usaha mikro dan kecil. Ketiadaan perjanjian kerja itu memungkinkan adanya hak dan kewajiban pekerja yang tidak terpenuhi, serta perlindungan hukum bagi mereka tidak kuat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengusaha/pemberi kerja membuat perjanjian kerja dengan pekerjanya dalam bentuk lisan untuk waktu tidak tertentu dan tidak membuat surat pengangkatan untuk pekerjanya. Hal ini berimplikasi terhadap perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja yang menjadi lemah karena tidak ada bukti tertulis dari kesepakatan yang dibuat. Penggunaan perjanjian kerja lisan pada UMK melemahkan perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan yang mendorong penerapan perjanjian kerja tertulis untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum.
Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Sebagai Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Penipuan Online Maaliki, Naavi’u Emal
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10023

Abstract

The aim of this research is to identify the rules regarding criminal acts of online fraud as seen in Article 28 of the ITE Law, Article 53 of the ITE Law, Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 372 of the Criminal Code, because the a quo articles require strong evidence and a deep understanding of information technology. and communication. The urgency of this research is that many law enforcers are unable to identify articles related to technology and communications. The research method uses the Normative legal method, because this research is only aimed at written regulations so this research is very close to the provisions in the library because it will require secondary data in the library. The results of this research are that law enforcement agencies need to have the ability to carry out digital investigations, forensic analysis, and cross-border cooperation to handle complex and cross-border online fraud cases. Reform of national law as part of a series of national development is carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner, including criminal law, civil law and administrative law, and also includes formal law and material law. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi aturan mengenai tindak pidana penipuan online yang dilihat dalam Pasal 28 UU ITE, Pasal 53 UU ITE, Pasal 378 KUHP, Pasal 372 KUHP, sebab pasal-pasal a quo memerlukan bukti yang kuat dan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah banyaknya penegak hukum tidak mampu mengindetifikasikan pasal-pasal yang berakitan dengan teknologi dan komunikasi. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif, karena penelitian ini hanya ditujukan pada peraturan-peraturan tertulis sehingga penelitian ini sangat erat hubungannya pada pada perpustakaan karena akan membutuhkan data-data yang bersifat sekunder pada perpustakaan. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah lembaga penegak hukum perlu memiliki kemampua untuk melakukan investigasi digital, analisis forensik, dan kerja sama lintas negara untuk menangani kasus-kasus penipuan online yang kompleks dan lintas batas. Pembaharuan hukum nasional sebagai bagian dari rangkaian pembangunan nasional ini dilakukan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu baik hukum pidana, hukum perdata maupun hukum administrasi, dan meliputi juga hukum formil maupun hukum materiilnya.
The Influence of Student's Understanding of Information and Technology Law on Shaping Character Syaifudin, Ahmad; Krestian Heriawanto, Benny; Al-Abrori, M. As'Ad; Humairoh, Anisatul
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i3.10677

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of information and communication technology and the impact of technology use in higher education institutions, with the Islamic University of Malang as the scope of respondents. Technology is a crucial issue to discuss today because all human activities require adequate technology, one of which is the field of education. The urgency of this research is that technology is one of the supports for the success of education at the Islamic University of Malang. However, on the other hand, technology can sometimes be detrimental to students who need to be aware of the law. These losses can potentially lead to criminal acts. The novelty of this research is that it specifically examines the effect of students' understanding of legal provisions related to information and technology in Indonesia and the importance of knowing the legal consequences if technology is not used appropriately by students so that this research becomes a new contribution. This writing uses empirical juridical research, primary and secondary data, and a questionnaire approach. The results showed that using technology and information provides a way to improve skills, economic welfare, economic science, and especially education. It is necessary to increase the legal understanding of information technology among students by providing training and education.

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