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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Cancer
Published by National Cancer Center-Dharmais Cancer Hospital
ISSN : 19783744     EISSN : 23556811     DOI : https://www.doi.org/ 10.33371
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Indonesian Journal of Cancer is a peer-reviewed and open-access journal. This journal is published quarterly (in March, June, September, and December) by Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center. Submissions are reviewed under a broad scope of topics relevant to experimental and clinical cancer research. Articles are original research that needs to be disseminated and written in English. All submitted manuscripts will go through the double-blind peer review and editorial review before being granted acceptance for publication. The journal publishes original research articles, case reports, and review articles under the following categories: cancer management, cancer prevention, cancer etiology, epidemiology, molecular oncology, cancer diagnosis and therapy, tumor pathology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, interventional radiology, as well as early detection.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Onkologi
Articles 562 Documents
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Extragastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (EGIST) in 59 Years Old Male: A Rare Case Report Mahendra Dewi, I Gusti Ayu Sri; Ekawati, Ni Putu; Gotra, I Made; Krisnuhoni, Ening; Paskarani, Putu Erika; Hutapea, Yuliance Nurhawati
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1237

Abstract

Introduction: GISTs usually occur in older adults with a median age of about 60–65 years. The incidence rate between men and women is equal (1:1). The most common location of GISTs is the stomach which accounts for 60%, followed by the jejunum and ileum around 30%, duodenum 5%, and colorectal 5% and a small percentage of cases occur in the esophagus, appendix, gallbladder, and extraintestinal areas such as the mesentery, omentum, and retroperitoneum. Case Presentation: A 59-year-old male, suffered from a lump under the umbilicus 3 months before admission to the hospital. The results of the ultrasound examination showed a mass in the superior area of the bladder, and the mass did not appear to infiltrate the intestines, bladder, umbilicus, and surrounding organs. The biopsy tissues showed spindles and round-to-oval morphology with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitoses 65/50 High Power Field In addition, immunohistochemistry examination showed positive stains in DOG 1, CD117, SMA, CD 34, and negative for S100.Conclusion: Extragastrointestinal stromal tumor is a rare tumor. Based on, clinical, imaging, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination, this case was diagnosed as an extragastrointestinal stromal tumor, spindle cell type.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors: A Case-Control Study from Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital of Bandung, Indonesia Rulandani, Redi; Azhar, Raden Yohana; Putri, Almahitta Cintami
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1250

Abstract

Background: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer in humans (75%). BCC is a slow-growing, malignant tumor with a destructive nature, yet it rarely metastasizes. Prevention is better than curative medicine. The risk factors of BCC in Bandung area are still not known. Hence, a study regarding BCC risk factors in Bandung is needed. The objective in this paper is to determine basal cell carcinoma risk factors in Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.Method: Analytical research with a case-control approach was carried out on patients with a diagnosis of BCC who came to Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital outpatient clinic in Bandung between July and December 2023. Data was collected and analyzed with SPSS version 29.0 using the chi-square method to determine the association between risk factors and BCC occurrence. Risk factors studied in this research were age, gender, occupation, family history, Fitzpatrick skin phototype, duration of sun exposure, time of sun exposure, smoking, alcohol, and chemical exposure.Results: There were 41 subjects in the case group and 82 subjects in the control group. The results of bivariate analysis using chi-square showed that old age (p 0.001; OR (95% CI = 6.35 (2.51–16.04)), duration of sun exposure 8–40 hours within a week (p = 0.049; OR (95% CI) = 2.09 (0.98–4.49)), and sun exposure time from 06.00 to 18.00 (morning to evening) (p = 0.026; OR (95% CI) = 7.25 (2.07–25.41) had significant association with the occurrence of breast cancer. Conclusion: The study conducted at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, found that significant risk factors associated with Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) are advanced age, sun exposure duration of 8 to 40 hours per week, and sun exposure during the hours of 06:00 to 18:00 (morning to evening). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive measures by limiting sun exposure, especially among the older population, to reduce the risk of BCC in the Bandung area.
The Correlation of Inflammatory Markers with Clinical Manifestation, Peritumoral Edema, and Recurrence in Meningioma Patients Aninditha, Tiara; Auliya, Putri; Mulyadi, Rahmad; Aman, Renindra Ananda; Andriani, Rini; Sofyan, Henry Riyanto
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1287

Abstract

Background: Meningiomas can induce inflammation in their tumorigenesis process, thereby linking inflammation with clinical symptoms, peritumoral edema, and recurrence of meningiomas. Easily accessible and cost-effective inflammatory markers include the neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR). This study aims to investigate the relationship between peripheral inflammation markers, specifically the NLR and MLR, and their association with clinical symptoms, peritumoral edema, and meningioma recurrence.Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019, utilizing a consecutive non-probability sampling method. Inclusion criteria were patients aged 18 years or older with meningiomas(gradesI-III), first surgery. Peripheral inflammatory markers were derived from differential blood counts, peritumoral edema data from radiological reports, and other data from medical records. The cut-off valuesfor NLR and MLR were determined to be 2.415 and 0.295, respectively. Bivariate analyses using ChiSquare and Mann-Whitney tests were followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: 173 patients were eligible for analysis. Of these, 27 had preoperative CT scans, 126 had MRIs, and 20 had no preoperative radiology data. Clinical and recurrence analyses were performed on all 173 patients, with radiology and tumor size analyses conducted on subsets of 153 and 126 patients, respectively. The majority of meningiomasin thisstudy were grade I, found in 94.2% of subjects, with the remainder being grade II and III. Higher NLR and MLR values were significantly associated with headaches (p 0.001). Elevated NLR and MLR were also correlated with peritumoral edema (p 0.001). MLR was independently associated with recurrence, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 12.647 (95% CI 2.355–67.919); p = 0.003.Conclusion: NLR and MLR as peripheral inflammatory markers demonstrated higher median values in meningioma patients with headaches and peritumoral edema. Additionally, inflammation in meningiomas was associated with the occurrence of recurrence.
Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients at Soedarso Hospital Pontianak Aisha, Ayunda; Pratiwi, Sari Eka; Trianto, Heru Fajar; Suhardiman, Eko Rustianto; Fitrianingrum, Iit
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1163

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer has been identified as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Indonesia, contributing to the highest incidence rate in 2020. The clinical characteristics of cancer patients in Indonesia may vary depending on the region, and social and cultural factors can also play a role in these differences. West Kalimantan, a province in Indonesia, is known for its diverse population comprising three significant ethnic groups: Malay, Dayak, and Chinese. This study aims to describe the characteristics of breast cancer patients in West Kalimantan.Method: This study is a descriptive study conducted on patients from 2019 to 2022. The study included 143 breast cancer patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All medical records were reviewed and analyzed to obtain the variable data; they were age, gender, origin, ethnicity, education, clinical manifestation, stage of breast cancer, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, lymphangioinvasion, histopathology type, and grading.Results: Breast cancer patients for the 2019 to 2022 period totaled 341 patients. Breast cancer has the highest number of cases in 2022, 148 patients. In this study, 143 patients from 2019 to 2022 met the inclusion criteria. Breast cancer was found from age 30 with a peak at the age of 44-50 years, and all patients were women. The highest percentage of patients had completed primary education (28%). Most patients came from Pontianak city (37.1%), with the most ethnic groups being Malays (73.5%). The most common clinical symptom was a painless lump (97.9). Most patients came at stage IIIb (29.4%). Pathological characteristics are tumor size T4 (42%), N1 lymph node metastasis (30.1%), 86.4% of patients had no distant metastasis. A total of 77.6% of patients had negative lymphangioinvasion. Based on histopathology, the type of invasive ductal carcinoma ranks the highest (79%) and had grade 3 breast cancer (47.6%).Conclusion: Breast cancer cases in Soedarso Hospital have increased every year. The majority of breast cancer patients at Soedarso Hospital from 2019 to 2022 were in advanced stages and the type of invasive ductal carcinoma with grade 3.
Virtual Screening and Comparison of the Binding Effectiveness of Doxorubicin, Paclitaxel, and Ergoloid to ERβ-MDM2 Complex Protein as New Breast Cancer Drug Candidates Salmasfattah, Novyananda; Dhiani, Binar Asrining; Muslikh, Faisal Akhmal; Putra, Galih Satrio
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1325

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of breast cancer continues to increase, it is the second leading cause of death after lung cancer. Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has an important role in breast cancer pathology, activation of Akt pathway will trigger E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (MDM2) to ERβ, which will increase the risk of breast cancer. Thus, both proteins have potential as therapeutic agents in breast cancer drug development. This study aims to find breast cancer drug candidates from natural products and compare the effectiveness of these compounds with Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel.Method: ERβ (PDB ID: 3OLS) and MDM2 (PDB ID: 1T4E) proteins were combined using ClusPro 2.0. Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel ligands were obtained from PubChem, there are 842 natural products obtained from the ZINC database, when the energy minimization is reduced to 839 natural products. Virtual screening between proteins and ligands was performed using PyRx 8.0, followed by analysis of amino acid residues resulting from interactions between proteins and ligands using protein interaction calculator (PIC) and protein ligand interaction profiler (PLIP). Results: Ergoloid compounds have the lowest binding affinity compared to doxorubicin and paclitaxel compounds, and are able to interact strongly with the ERβ-MDM2 Protein as determined from the results of interactions between proteins and ligands using PIC and PLIP.Conclusion: Ergoloid compounds can interact well with ERβ-MDM2 Protein. Thus, it can be used as a breast cancer drug candidate in the future. In vitro, in vivo, and biochemical testing needs to be done to confirm this discovery
From Diagnosis to Survivorship: An Ethnographic Insight into the Lives of Young Adult Cancer Survivors in Indonesia Nusantara, Prabu
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1292

Abstract

Background: Cancer remains a significant non-communicable disease in Indonesia, with young adults facing unique challenges due to their developmental stage. Previous research has primarily focused on clinical aspects, neglecting the psychosocial dimensions of cancer survivorship in young adults (aged 20–40 years). Meanwhile, in young adulthood, a person will experience many progressive and integrative changes physically, cognitively and psychologically-emotionally to move towards an increasingly mature and wise personality. The aim of this study is to explore the demographic, sociocultural, and environmental factors influencing the quality of life of young adult cancer survivors in Indonesia, with the objective of identifying their unique challenges and proposing tailored interventions to improve their QoL.Method: This study employs a qualitative ethnographic approach, conducting in-depth interviews and participant observations with 18 young adult cancer survivors aged 20–39 in two cancer shelters in Jakarta. The participants were selected to provide a diverse range of experiences based on gender, marital status, educational background, and length of survivorship. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2024, following an inductive approach to identify key themes and insights.Results: The quality of life (QoL) for young adult cancer survivors in Indonesia is shaped by demographic, sociocultural, and environmental factors. Survivors in their twenties faced career disruptions, while those in their thirties struggled with family responsibilities and unmet goals. Gender roles influenced coping, with women often transitioning to homemakers, facing professional limitations, while men dealt with financial stress as providers. Married survivors benefited from spousal support, while single survivors faced challenges in forming new relationships. Higher education levels improved cancer management and health outcomes. Additionally, urban survivors had better access to healthcare and support networks, while rural survivors struggled with misinformation and limited healthcare access, impacting their QoL.Conclusion: The study underscores the necessity for age-specific, gender-sensitive, and culturally tailored interventions to address the unique needs of young adult cancer survivors. Enhanced support systems, education and awareness campaigns, equitable healthcare access, and continuous monitoring and support are recommended to improve their quality of life. Addressing these recommendations can significantly enhance the well-being and recovery of young adult cancer survivors in Indonesia
Comparison of c-MYC Expression between Patients with Germinal Center and Non-Germinal Center B-cell-like Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Hanum, Sitti Fatimah; Hardjolukito, Endang Sri Roostini; Kusmardi, Kusmardi; Murtiani, Farida; Widiantari, Aninda Dinar; Setiawaty, Vivi
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1277

Abstract

Background: c-MYC expression has been used as a prognostic marker to predict prognosis and determine therapeutic strategies in both Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) subtypes. No study on c-MYC expression associated with DLBCL has ever been conducted in Indonesia. Our study aimed to evaluate differences in c-MYC expression in both DLBCL subtypes and assess the immunophenotype profile.Method: We selected 40 DLBCL cases and divided them into Germinal Center B-cell (GCB) and non-GCB subtypes using Hans Criteria. We evaluated c-MYC expression, and a cut-off value of 60.4% was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.Results: We found that c-MYC expression was significantly higher in GCB subtypes compared to non-GCB subtypes (n = 17 (42.5%) vs n = 20 (7.5%), p 0.000 and mostly had an immunophenotype of CD10+/BCL6+/MUM1+.Conclusion: Higher c-MYC expression is found more frequently in GCB subtypes. These findings suggest that c-MYC may play a subtype-specific role in DLBCL pathogenesis, potentially influencing therapeutic decisions for Indonesian patients. Future studies should validate these results in larger, multi-center cohorts and explore the mechanistic link between c-MYC and the GCB subtype and its clinical implications for targeted therapies.
High Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Expression and Positive Limphovascular Invasion as Risk Factors for Axillary Lymph Nodes Metastasis in Breast Cancer Setiawan, I Gede Budhi; Suanjaya, Made Agus; Suryawisesa, IB Made
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1302

Abstract

Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression enables tumor cell proliferation and has a role in the processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, extravasation, and metastasis. Lymphovascular Invasion (LVI) causes a significant increase in the occurrence of axilla lymph node metastasis. This study aims to prove that high HIF-1α expression and LVI (+) as risk factors for axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Method: The study conducted was a case-control study involving all histopathologically confirmed breast cancer patients at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Hospital during the period from January 2019 to December 2022. In this study, the case group consisted of patients with breast cancer and axilla lymph node (+), while the control group included breast cancer patients without these characteristics. Data analysis was processed using SPSS version 26, which included descriptive statistical analysis, proportion comparison tests, and multiple logistic regression tests, with significance set at p 0.05.Results: LVI (+) has a risk of metastasis to lymph nodes (+) of 6 times (95% CI 1.53–23.44, P = 0.007) and adjusted OR 4.33 (95% CI 2.369–6.053; P = 0.025). The results of the HIF1-α ROC curve obtained a sensitivity value of 86.4% and specificity of 79.2% with a cut-off value of 5.4. A score ≥ 5.4 has a risk of metastasis to lymph nodes (+) of 24.01 times (95% CI 5.03–115.25; P 0.001) and adjusted OR 24.06 (95% CI 5.026–115.247; p 0.001). Conclusion: High HIF-1α expression and positive lymphovascular invasion as risk factors for axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, with HIF-1α showing a particularly strong association. These findings suggest their potential as predictive biomarkers for metastasis. However, the study’s retrospective, single-center design limits generalizability. Future research should validate these results in larger, multicenter cohorts and explore the underlying mechanism to enhance clinical application.
The Efficacy and Safety of Ixazomib for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM) and Refractory or Relapsed Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): An Updated Systematic Review Lubis, Ainun Basyiroh; Santosa, Damai; Rizky, Daniel; Tandarto, Kevin; Kartiyani, Ika; Yunarvika, Vina; Ardini, Desta Nur Ewika; Setiawan, Budi; Pangarsa, Eko Adhi; Suharti, Catharina
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1241

Abstract

Background: Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) is a significant healthcare concern, comprising 1.8% of newly diagnosed cancers in the United States. Recent advancements in NDMM and refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM) treatment, including novel agents like ixazomib, have improved patient outcomes. Ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, has shown promise in clinical trials, particularly in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (IRd). This study aims to find the efficacy and safety profiles of ixazomib for NRMM and RRMM.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review using Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases, focusing on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating ixazomib’s efficacy and safety in NDMM and RRMM treatment. Eligibility criteria included studies published within the last 3 years reporting data on ixazomib in NDMM and RRMM patients. Quality assessment utilized the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCTs.Results: The review identified three studies from 2021–2023 demonstrating ixazomib’s efficacy and safety in MM treatment across various patient groups. Benefits included improved progression-free survival (PFS) in non-transplant NDMM, significant PFS advantage in relapsed/ refractory MM, and efficacy in transplant-ineligible NDMM induction regimens.Conclusion: Ixazomib emerges as a well-tolerated maintenance therapy offering significant PFS advantages in NDMM and RRMM, irrespective of age or frailty status. Future research, including multicenter studies, is warranted to further elucidate ixazomib’s role in MM management.
Profile of Underdiagnosis Lung Cancer with Pulmonary Tuberculosis at Arifin Achmad General Hospital, Pekanbaru Munir, Sri Melati; Aulia, Ananda Febriani; Simatupang, Elvando Tunggul Mauliate; Tanlie, Veghasanah
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 19, No 2 (2025): June
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v19i2.1293

Abstract

Background: Lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis are respiratory issues that collectively account for the world’s leading cause of mortality. Indonesia, being a nation endemic for Pulmonary Tuberculosis, frequently encounters instances of diagnosis overlap with lung cancer. Delays in the diagnosis of both pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer have a global impact on morbidity and mortality. Based on this, this study aims to determine the profile of Lung Cancer patients who were previously diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis as an initial diagnosis that can provide new criteria in establishing a diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer.Method: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study using total sampling collected over 1 year. The inclusion criteria were lung cancer patients previously diagnosed with clinical pulmonary tuberculosis, with or without anti-tuberculosis drugs obtained from medical record data. All results are presented in the form of a distribution table. Results: Twenty seven patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, with the highest prevalence among males (77.78%). The duration of delay was less than 6 months (62.96%), being the highest rate in this study. Due to the delay in diagnosis, all patients diagnosed with lung cancer were at stage IV. Discussion: Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in men and individuals over 40 years old. Lung cancer with a latency duration of 6 months is typically diagnosed at stage IV. Clinical pulmonary tuberculosis must be investigated further if no clinical improvement is observed after one month of anti-tuberculosis drug treatment.Conclusion: Diagnostic delays of lung cancer significantly impact patient survival. Screening for suspected lung cancer in clinical pulmonary tuberculosis is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Sputum cytology and low-dose CT scan may be utilized as screening modalities.

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