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International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP)
Published by CV. Inara
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2808845X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp
Core Subject : Health,
Nursing Public Health
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) e- ISSN : 2808-845X is a communication media and scientific publication in the health and pharmaceutical fields published by Inara Publisher. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) contains articles from research focusing on basic medicine, clinical medicine, epidemiology, preventive medicine (social medicine), pharmacy, and other medical fields. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) is published periodically four times a year (February, May, August and November).
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 426 Documents
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Literature Review: Factors Affecting Tuberculosis Recurrence in Indonesia Ainun Nafi’ah, Salma
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.422

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in Indonesia, with relapse contributing substantially to the ongoing disease burden. This systematic literature review aims to identify and synthesize factors affecting TB recurrence in Indonesia, providing insights for targeted interventions. The study employed a comprehensive search across Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using keywords in both English and Bahasa Indonesia, focusing on articles published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 10 primary research articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed, encompassing retrospective, cohort, and cross-sectional designs. Data were extracted on variables such as behavioral, socioeconomic, healthcare, biological, and environmental factors, then synthesized to determine their association with TB relapse. Findings consistently highlight smoking habits, medication non-adherence, low education, inadequate housing ventilation, comorbidities like diabetes, and household contact with TB patients as significant risk factors. Despite heterogeneity in study methodologies, these results underscore the multifaceted nature of TB relapse determinants. The review concludes that integrated strategies addressing behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors are crucial for TB control efforts in Indonesia. Future research should focus on longitudinal and multicenter studies to establish causality and evaluate intervention efficacy. These insights are vital to inform policies aimed at reducing TB recurrence and achieving Indonesia’s goal of TB elimination by 2030.
Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment of COVID-19 Patients: A Hospital-Based Study Rajagukguk, Marlina
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.426

Abstract

Background: Covid-19 causes various symptoms in patients, ranging from manifestationsdiseasemild to severe illness andevendeath. This study assessed quality of life (the health-related quality of life/HRQOL)relatedhealthCovid-19 patientswithusing primary data from confirmed cases inCentral HospitalEthiopia  South. Method : This study used a facility-based cross-sectional study design and conducted the study at the Covid-19 treatment center of Bokoji Hospital. A structured questionnaire and the EQ-5D-3L scale were used to collect data for analysis. HRQOL results measured by the EQ-5D-3L tool were converted into health status utilities. (HSU) usestariff serviceZimbabwe. The mean health utility index and HSU visual analogue scale across various sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test or the Kruskal–Wallis test. Done Multiple linear regression was used to examine factors associated with HSU scores simultaneously. Data were analyzed using STATA version 15. Results:The overall mean HSU score of the EQ-5D was 0.688 (SD: 0.285), and the median was 0.787 (IQR 0.596, 0.833). The mean HSU score of the visual analog scale was 0.69 (SD: 0.129), with a median of 0.70 (IQR 0.60, 0.80).Patientthose receiving dexamethasone and intranasal oxygen supplements, those with comorbidities, those aged over 55 years and those hospitalized for more than 15 days had significantly lower HSU scores thanother patients(p<.001). Conclusion:COVID-19 has substantially impaired the HRQOL of patients in Ethiopia, particularly among the elderly and those with comorbidities. Therefore, clinical follow-up and psychological care should be encouraged for these groups.  
Analysis of Factors Related To Waiting Time For Services In The Outpatient Department of Manado Regional Hospital Angelina Lontaan, Praiselia; G.Langi, Fredrik; S. Kekenusa, John
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.428

Abstract

Waiting time is a key indicator of healthcare service quality, particularly in outpatient care. Excessive waiting periods often lead to dissatisfaction, decreased trust in health systems, and can compromise care outcomes. In Indonesia, limited research has examined outpatient waiting times using multidimensional approaches that include both patient characteristics and perceptions.  This study aimed to identify the factors associated with outpatient waiting times at Manado Regional General Hospital, with specific focus on demographic variables, timing of visits, and patient perceptions of service quality. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 154 outpatient respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires measuring demographics, visit timing, and 18 perception items which were reduced to latent constructs using exploratory factor analysis. Waiting time was categorized into <60 minutes and ≥60 minutes, in accordance with the Ministry of Health's Minimum Service Standards. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine significant predictors of longer waiting times. More than half of the respondents (55%) reported waiting ≥60 minutes for outpatient services. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender (aOR = 0.34; p = 0.015), having more than five previous visits (aOR = 0.06; p < 0.001), and higher perception scores regarding facilities and physician punctuality (aOR = 0.70; p = 0.004) were significantly associated with lower likelihood of long waiting times. Outpatient waiting times at Manado Regional Hospital are influenced by both patient-related and perceptual factors. Regular visitors and patients with more positive perceptions of service environment and physician punctuality experienced significantly shorter waiting times. Improving the physical environment of outpatient areas, ensuring physician punctuality, and supporting first-time patients may help reduce delays and improve service satisfaction.
Waste In The Patient Discharge Process Flow Using Lean Thinking Method At Wihdatul Ummah Medical Center In 2025 Rizky D, Fathannia; Multazam, AM; Ulmy M, Nur; Batara, AS; Sumiaty, Sumiaty; Samsualam, Samsualam
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.344

Abstract

Background: The discharge process for inpatients is a critical component of hospital service systems, impacting operational efficiency and service quality. Inefficiencies in this phase can lead to wasted time, reduced patient satisfaction, and workflow disruptions between service units. Objective: This study aims to identify and analyze forms of waste in the discharge process of inpatients at Wihdatul Ummah Medical Center using the Lean Thinking approach. Method: This study used a qualitative descriptive design with data collection techniques through observation, document study, and in-depth interviews with 11 informants, consisting of clinic directors, doctors in charge of patients (DPJP), ward heads, nurses, administrative staff, pharmacy staff, and patients' families. Results: It was found that the discharge process did not have a well-documented and socialized written SOP. This resulted in wasted time in the form of motion waste for BPJS patients (due to physical transfers between service units) and waiting waste for non-BPJS patients (due to delays in administrative processing and medication reconciliation). The root causes include weak inter-unit coordination, manual work processes, lack of integrated information systems, and insufficient education for patients and their families. Conclusion: The study recommends the appointment of Point of Service (POS) officers, the use of discharge preparation lists, strengthening patient education, implementing visual management, and developing and implementing discharge SOPs. These efforts are expected to reduce time wastage, speed up the discharge process, and improve service quality and patient satisfaction.
The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Batak Onion (Allium Chinense G. Don.) on the Kidney Histopathology of White Rats Induced by Ethylene Glycol Gafra Shafa Harahap, Muhammad; Bayu Azhari, Mhd
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.423

Abstract

Ethylene glycol is a chemical compound that when entered into the body can cause damage to kidney cells/tissue. Batak onion is an ethnomedical plant that acts as a natural antioxidant that is very necessary for the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Batak onion ethanol extract on the score of kidney histopathology damage and glomerular diameter of white rats induced by ethylene glycol. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 25 white rats consisting of 5 treatment groups, namely the negative control group given food and water, the positive control group 0.75% ethylene glycol, treatment group 1 0.75% ethylene glycol and ethanol extract of Batak onion 250 mg/kg BW, treatment group 2 0.75% ethylene glycol and ethanol extract of Batak onion 500 mg/kg BW, treatment group 3 0.75% ethylene glycol and ethanol extract of Batak onion 750 mg/kg BW. The research data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's further test. The results of the study showed that the administration of Batak onion ethanol extract had an effect on the histopathological damage score of the kidneys of white rats (p<0.05) with the most optimal extract dose of 500 mg/kg BW and 750 mg/kg BW and had an effect on the glomerular diameter of the kidneys of white rats (p<0.05) with the most optimal extract dose of 500 mg/kg BW and 750 mg/kg BW. These results indicate that the administration of Batak onion ethanol extract had an effect on the histopathological damage score of the kidneys and the glomerular diameter of white rats induced by ethylene glycol.
Adverse Event Of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Treatment In Medan Among Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: Focus On Non-Hematologic Toxicity Wulandari Harahap, Putri; Putra Tarigan, Setia; Novisari Soeroso, Noni
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.429

Abstract

This study aims to compare the non-hematological toxicities of first and second-generation Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) in pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients with positive EGFR mutations in Medan. Utilizing a retrospective cross-sectional design, data were collected from medical records of 66 patients at three hospitals between January 2017 and December 2022. The study population included all patients meeting the specific criteria, and a total sampling technique was used. The collected data on demographics and non-hematological side effects were analyzed using the SPSS program, with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-square tests. The results indicate that second-generation TKIs exhibit lower non-hematological toxicities, specifically for skin rash, stomatitis, and diarrhea, compared to first-generation TKIs. However, a significant association was found between second-generation TKIs and a higher incidence of paronychia. All observed side effects were low-grade. The study's limitations include its retrospective nature and focus on non-hematological toxicities. Future research should investigate the toxicity profiles of second-generation TKIs further, including hematological side effects.
Explanation of Production Room Workers' Complaints Regarding Noise Exposure Below the NAB in Furniture Production Rooms Helmy, Helina; Dwi Sanrani, Lutfiah
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.430

Abstract

The wooden furniture industry is a growing informal sector in Sukarame District, Bandar Lampung City, characterized by a work environment filled with exposure to physical factors such as noise. Although noise levels in some production areas are still below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 85 dBA, workers continue to report health complaints related to this exposure. This study aims to explain complaints of production area workers regarding noise exposure that is still below the TLV. The method used is a qualitative descriptive study of 15 workers from three wooden furniture industries and direct observation of the work environment. The results showed that most workers experienced complaints such as headaches, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, and sleep disorders. These complaints were associated with long working hours, the type of machinery used, and the failure to use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as earplugs. Although noise levels have not exceeded the TLV, continuous exposure for 8 hours or more per day still has a psychophysiological impact on workers. Interventions such as work time management, education on the use of PPE, and machine maintenance are needed to reduce noise intensity. These findings emphasize the importance of evaluating noise risks not only based on threshold values, but also taking into account workers' perceptions and subjective health conditions.
Antimicrobial Resistance As A Global Health Threat: A Review Of Antibiotic Use Patterns, Policies, And Cross-Country Impacts Agustina, Ariska; Paramita Putri, Prima; Destya Arini, Kartika; Nurhasanah, Imas; Kusumastuti Setianingrum, Evi; Sunardi, Didin; Amnurokhim Malahade, M.
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.431

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that threatens the effectiveness of infection treatment and the success of modern medical procedures. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, both in healthcare facilities and in the community, has accelerated the emergence of resistance. Irregular distribution, access without prescription, and the use of antibiotics for non-medical purposes such as agriculture have exacerbated the situation. Global policies, such as the Global Action Plan on AMR initiated by the WHO in 2015, aim to harmonize cross-border efforts to control AMR through a multisectoral One Health approach. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to resource constraints, weak surveillance systems, and inadequate regulations. The cross-border impact of AMR is very real, including increased global health costs, the spread of resistant strains through human mobility, and inequalities in access to the latest generation of antibiotics. Therefore, global synergy is needed to improve antibiotic governance, strengthen surveillance systems, and educate the public and health workers. This article reviews the latest literature and policies on AMR to understand the dynamics of antibiotic use, global policy challenges, and the direction of cross-border solutions.
Testing The Effectiveness Of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmannii Blume) Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis Bacteria Lewinssky, Thania; Aprilyani, Anggi
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.432

Abstract

Skin infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis are a growing global health concern, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii Blume) ethanol extract as a natural alternative. A true experimental design with a post-test only control group was used. The population consisted of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, and a total of 25 samples were assigned to five groups, including three extract concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%), a clindamycin positive control, and a DMSO negative control. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method, and data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that cinnamon extract effectively inhibited bacterial growth, with the 75% concentration producing the largest average inhibition zone (13.76 mm). While the extract's efficacy was lower than that of clindamycin (16.66 mm), its potential as a natural antibacterial agent is significant. The findings suggest that cinnamon extract can be developed into a topical treatment for skin infections.
Antibacterial Effectiveness Test Of Kersen Leaf Extract Lotion (Muntingia Calabura L.) Against Staphylococcus Aureus Using Disc Diffusion Method Nisa, Sofiyatun; Putri Rahmawati, Riana; Tri Sukoharjanti, Bintari
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): August 2025 (Indonesia - Malaysia)
Publisher : CV. Inara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijhp.v5i3.434

Abstract

Increasing antibiotic resistance, especially in Staphylococcus aureus, has prompted the search for safer and more effective antibacterial alternatives. Cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) can be used as an antibacterial and contain secondary metabolites flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This study aims to formulate an ethanol extract of cherry leaves in the form of an antibacterial lotion and evaluate its effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion method. This study used a laboratory experimental design with concentrations of ethanol extract of cherry leaves of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The antibacterial effectiveness test was carried out by measuring the growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus. Evaluation of the physical quality of the lotion included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity to ensure the stability of the formulation. The irritation test was carried out using the patch test method for 24 hours to assess the safety of using the lotion on the skin. The results of the study on F1 showed an inhibition zone of 10.67 mm, an inhibition zone on F2 of 11 mm, an inhibition zone on F3 of 11.33 mm and in the positive control had an inhibition zone of 12.67 mm. The most optimal concentration in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was at concentration F3 (15%).

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