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Regina Veronica Edijono
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Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 14112272     EISSN : 24076899     DOI : https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana
Core Subject : Humanities, Science, Education, Art, Social,
Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Social Sciences
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia. It invites original articles on various issues within humanities, which include but are not limited to philosophy, literature, archaeology, anthropology, linguistics, history, cultural studies, philology, arts, library and information science focusing on Indonesian studies and research. Wacana seeks to publish a balanced mix of high-quality theoretical or empirical research articles, case studies, review papers, comparative studies, exploratory papers, and book reviews. All accepted manuscripts will be published both online and in printed forms. The journal publishes two thematic issues per year, in April and October. The first thematic issue consists of two numbers.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Seni dan Humaniora (Lain-Lain)
Articles 647 Documents
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"Talaqqi" in the age of bureaucracy; Symbiosis of pedagogical cultures in West Javanese "pesantren" Millie, Julian
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 2
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Abstract

Since Indonesian independence, the Republic’s Ministry of Religion has steadily become more deeply involved in the overseeing and monitoring of the country’s internally diverse system of Islamic education. This involvement has changed the pedagogical texture of Islamic education. The bureaucratized education system of the modern nation state aims to achieve policy goals such as quality at scale, equality of access, and standardization of curricula and teacher qualifications. In contrast, many Islamic institutions, and especially the pesantren (Islamic boarding school), structure their pedagogy around spiritual and genealogical hierarchies, and maintain teaching methods that affirm those hierarchies. This research asks about the effects upon Islamic education of the standardization brought by the national education policy. Analysis focusses upon a fundamental aspect of pesantren education: the face-to-face conveyance of knowledge (Arabic: talaqqi). This pedagogy is inimical to the standardized norms applied in the bureaucratized education system. In his research in West Java (with Dede Syarif and Moch Fakhruroji) Millie discovered how talaqqi is regarded as an asset by pesantren. As the pesantren sector becomes more deeply dependent on the resources and protocols of the national education system, greater care is taken to structure institutional activities around talaqqi, ensuring the distinctiveness of Islamic education, and maintaining the specific institution’s authentic connection to the past through genealogy and remembrance.
Children of Patanjala; Revisiting the problem of Baduy origins using Old Sundanese and Old Javanese sources Gunawan, Aditia
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 2
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Abstract

Various theories regarding the origins of the Baduy people have been discussed by scholars. A recent contribution by Robert Wessing and Bart Barendregt (2005) approaches the problem from the broader context of the structure of kingdoms in Java and Pajajaran. The present paper assesses their theory in the light of documentary sources from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, not only in the Sundanese language but also in Old Javanese. These sources indicate that the religious aspects of Baduy society reflect practices and ideas that seem to have been widespread in early Java and Bali. My approach is to investigate ethnographic and anthropological reports about the Baduy, especially those produced by Europeans at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and to compare them with Old Sundanese and Old Javanese texts from the pre-Islamic period. This study posits that the Baduy, during that specified period, were likely less isolated than they appear in contemporary contexts. Instead, they were integrated into expansive religious networks and state structures. Furthermore, it is argued that the Baduy exhibited a closer affiliation with karəsian beliefs rather than with the hulun hyang community. This alignment underscores a commitment to preserving the primordial fixed conditions and states of existence referred to in pre-Islamic sources as purbatisti and purbajati.
Ajip Rosidi’s "kegelisahan" (restlessness) in between Sundanese and Indonesian literature Muhtadin, Teddi; Moriyama, Mikihiro
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 2
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Abstract

This article explores the literary journey of Ajip Rosidi, one of Indonesia’s most prolific writers, highlighting his unique position between Sundanese and Indonesian literature. Ajip authored over 300 works spanning diverse genres, making significant contributions to literature and the preservation of cultural heritage. The article examines his ambivalence or restlessness (kegelisahan) regarding the tension between regional and national identities in literature, as exemplified in his reflections and creative output. Ajip’s early life in a linguistically mixed region of West Java laid the foundation for his literary pursuits in both Sundanese and Indonesian. His works often oscillated between traditional Sundanese forms, such as guguritan, and modern Indonesian realism, reflecting his struggle to reconcile these two literary worlds. While he initially adhered to the dominant realist framework, his engagement with Sundanese folklore and poetry emphasized the richness of non-realistic and traditional narratives. Ajip’s restlessness drove his literary creativity, leading to masterpieces like the poems “Tanah Sunda” and “Lagu Jakarta”, which depict contrasting landscapes of rural and urban life, and “Janté Arkidam”, an epic narrative symbolizing resilience. His unwavering belief in regional culture motivated him to establish the Rancagé Literary Award, promoting regional languages and literatures across Indonesia. The article concludes that Ajip’s dual identity and constant negotiation between Sundanese and Indonesian literature were not limitations but sources of profound inspiration, resulting in a legacy that continues to enrich both regional and national cultural landscapes. Ajip's early life in a linguistically mixed region of West Java laid the foundation for his literary pursuits in both Sundanese and Indonesian languages. His works often oscillated between traditional Sundanese forms, such as guguritan, and modern Indonesian realism, reflecting his struggle to reconcile these two literary worlds. While he initially adhered to the dominant realist framework, his engagement with Sundanese folklore and poetry emphasized the richness of non-realistic and traditional narratives. Ajip's restlessness drove his literary creativity, leading to masterpieces like the poems Tanah Sunda and Lagu Jakarta, which depict contrasting landscapes of rural and urban life, and Jante Arkidam, an epic narrative symbolizing resilience. His unwavering belief in regional culture motivated him to establish the Rancagé Literary Award, promoting regional languages and literatures across Indonesia. The article concludes that Ajip's dual identity and constant negotiation between Sundanese and Indonesian literature were not limitations but sources of profound inspiration, resulting in a legacy that continues to enrich both regional and national cultural landscapes.
A translation of and commentary on Yus R. Ismail’s short story “Assalamualaikum…” Watson, C.W.
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 2
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Abstract

Yus R. Ismail is a prolific Sundanese short story writer whose stories regularly appear in Sundanese journals and newspapers. This story “Assalamualaikum…“ appeared in Pikiran Rakyat in August 2023. It is a characteristic story of his in that it takes as its starting point the everyday lives of Sundanese villagers, and yet at the same time creates an aura of mystery around their activities. Some brief introductory information is given on the origins of the Sundanese short story in the early twentieth century and its subsequent development up to the present. A translation of the story given parallel to the original Sundanese text follows. To conclude, I offer a critique of the story that deals first with its structure, and then with what I regard as stylistic literary elements that are closely related to features of the structure and grammar of Sundanese – shared to some extent with Indonesian – and to Sundanese socio-linguistic conventions. I make the point that a translation into English cannot do justice to the ambiguity of voice of the narrator in the story.
Sanskrit educational texts in Kawi culture; The case of the "Kārakasaṁgraha" Aminullah, Zakariya Pamuji; Rahayu, Yosephin Apriastuti
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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This article provides a revised critical edition and annotated translation of the Kārakasaṁgraha, a Sanskrit grammatical treatise as it has been preserved in Balinese manuscripts. The work is a synthesis of Indian grammatical traditions, notably including aspects of both Pāṇinian and Kātantra systems, which was probably recomposed in the premodern Indonesian archipelago. While its Sanskrit matrix is witness to local adaptation, the interspersed Old Javanese commentaries also show a striking reframing of grammatical discourse in ritual and cosmological idioms. Rather than merely clarifying rules of language, the glosses link grammatical analysis to devotional practice and calendrical systems, presaging a broader epistemological transformation. The study argues that the Kārakasaṁgraha was not just a pedagogical text but also a ritual-linguistic manual, blurring the lines between grammar, spirituality, and cosmology. This dual concern offers new insights into the vernacularization of Sanskrit in Southeast Asia and demonstrates the creative intellectual gestures of Old Javanese intellectuals in sacralizing linguistic knowledge.
Vernacularization and bilingualism among the Sundanese; A case study of Kawi culture Gunawan, Aditia
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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This article examines the linguistic landscape of pre-modern Sunda, drawing on documents from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. The study highlights the significant role of Old Javanese as a cosmopolitan-vernacular language among Sundanese intellectuals, shaping bilingual practices in the region. Employing the framework of language order, which posits that languages are hierarchically structured within a culture, this research seeks to address the question: what roles did Old Sundanese and Old Javanese play within the language order of Sundanese society? To answer this, the study first traces the circulation of Old Javanese texts in the Sundanese region, analysing their impact on local literary and religious traditions. It then explores explicit and implicit references to the Old Javanese language in Old Sundanese sources to assess its perceived status. Finally, the article investigates sociolinguistic interactions in fifteenth-century Sunda by analysing code-switching and translation strategies, revealing the depth of linguistic interaction between Old Sundanese and Old Javanese. The findings indicate that Old Javanese functioned as a key medium for intellectual and religious discourse in West Java from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. The vernacularization of Old Javanese texts into Old Sundanese works, such as Sasana Mahaguru, demonstrates conscious linguistic adaptation to local audiences. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, Sundanese bilingualism was not merely a consequence of Mataram’s political dominance but was deeply rooted in premodern linguistic and intellectual exchanges, where Kawi culture played a central role in transmitting supralocal knowledge to Sundanese scholars.
The Middle Javanese passive prefix "ing-" Kriswanto, Agung; Puspitorini, Dwi; Pudjiastuti, Titik
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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Evidence from literary texts originating from the Mount Merapi-Merbabu milieu in Central Java demonstrates the existence of a variant of the passive marker -in- affix, which has been in use since the early period of Old Javanese: the passive prefix ing-. The six literary texts that serve as the sources for this study indicate that the ing- prefix began to emerge during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, coinciding with the development of Middle Javanese. Previous researchers have not paid much attention to the ing- prefix, as it was considered merely incidental, especially since ing- was also found in texts from periods before the fifteenth century. Alongside the emergence of ing-, another form ring- appears, which serves the same grammatical function. This article focuses on two key issues: (i) ing- as a passive marker and (ii) passive construction patterns. The findings of this study reveal both similarities and differences in the grammatical characteristics of Javanese as used in texts from Merapi-Merbabu, compared to Old Javanese and Modern Javanese. The similarity between Middle Javanese and Old Javanese lies in passive constructions where the agent is expressed through suffixes for second- and third-person pronouns. Meanwhile, Middle Javanese and Modern Javanese share a similarity in passive constructions where the agent appears as a prefix for first- and second-person pronouns. The resemblance of Middle Javanese’s passive constructions to both Old Javanese and Modern Javanese within literary texts from the Merapi-Merbabu milieu suggests that this region preserves a transitional form of the language between Old Javanese and Modern Javanese.
Upkeeping a religious foundation from time to time; A case study of "Dharma i Salingsingan" (ninth–tenth century CE) Dewanti, Tyassanti Kusumo; Bastiawan, Eko; Permata, Kezia; Prihatmoko, Hedwi
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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The toponym Salingsingan is observed in several inscriptions spanning the period 791-836 Śaka (869-914 CE), through the reigns of King Lokapāla until King Daksa. Its occurrences are attributed to an area where a religious foundation was established. From these occurrences, we see several interesting topics to explore regarding the sīma institution, religious foundations (dharma), and the toponymy of early Central Java. Our aim is to demonstrate the management of the dharma of Salingsingan and to determine its present-day location by combining epigraphical records and archaeological remains. The research will first try to lay a foundation of what is meant by the terms sīma and dharma in a general context. Second, it looks at the relevant inscriptions to understand the context of Salingsingan’s occurrences. Third, it will examine how a religious foundation was managed through different patrons. Fourth, it will explore the possible locations of the Salingsingan foundation from the archaeological remains and the provenance of inscriptions. The study reveals different actors and their actions in the foundation at Salingsingan during the ninth and tenth centuries. The study of inscriptions’ provenances and the architectural styles of temples sheds light to the possible location of this foundation: the complex of Candi Asu, Lumbung, and Pendem in kabupaten Magelang. This multidisciplinary methodology of epigraphical and archaeological analysis helps us to ultimately understand the history of the foundation.
Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known? Jákl, JiŘí
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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In Java today, archery survives as a traditional discipline called jemparingan. Javanese archery involves targeting a pendulum-like target from a shooting distance of 35 to 50 metres. The archers take aim from a cross-legged seated posture (bersila) and typically wear traditional Javanese attire during competitions. Though archery has been practiced in Java for long time, there has been surprisingly little effort to study its rich history. This study aims to historicize the jemparingan by looking at the Old Javanese archery terminology and the origin of competitive (“contest”) archery in Indonesia. The evidence from pre-Islamic Java, textual, visual, and archaeological, demonstrates that Javanese jemparingan is rooted in a much older tradition of precision shooting (target shooting), which can be traced to pre-Islamic times. I propose that shooting at targets in the form of a wooden or metal split-drum (kukulan) was known in Java as a form of military training by Majapahit times in the fourteenth century CE. The origin of this practice is probably rooted in the introduction of more powerful and hence more precise bows, via the Mongol and Chinese influences during the invasion of Java in 1292 CE or shortly after this historical event.
Discourses on pregnancy in Old Javanese Śaiva texts from the perspective of Kawi culture Eka Guna Yasa, Putu; Arya Lawa Manuaba, Ida Bagus; Cahyadi Surya Distira Putra, I Wayan
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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This article examines the discourse on pregnancy in the context of Kawi culture. The sources of data discussed here include texts of Śaiva persuasion across various genres and geographical areas, such as the Old Javanese Bhīṣmaprava from the Merapi-Merbabu region, the Old Javanese Bhīma Svarga from West Java, and a number of Old Javanese and Balinese texts from Bali, namely Tutur Aṅgastya Prāṇa, Śivāgama, Tutur Kanda Pat Bhūta, Dharma Kahuripan, and Uṣadha Mānak. According to their genres, these texts highlight either the theological, narrative, or practical (namely, from the perspective of healing) aspects of pregnancy. An intriguing feature is the presence of teachings other than Śaivism in the discourse on pregnancy. For instance, in the Śivāgama, which refers to Buddhist figures during the descent of gods in pregnancy, including their observances (brata), and hand gestures (mudrā). Meanwhile, the Tutur Aṅgastya Prāṇa explains that Bhagavān Aṅgastya had thoroughly studied Buddhism before explaining the origins of foetal development in the womb. Furthermore, the Uṣadha Mānak text repeatedly mentions Allah and Mohammad, who are crucial figures in Islamic theology, to treat people who often miscarry. This shows that the discourse of pregnancy eclectically adopts practices and idea stemming from different religious systems to ensure the safety and health of the foetus.

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