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Contact Name
Ichsan Setiawan
Contact Email
ichsansetiawan@usk.ac.id
Phone
+6285220189228
Journal Mail Official
depik@usk.ac.id
Editorial Address
Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Universitas Syiah Kuala Jalan Meureubo No. 1, Kopelma Darussalam Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
Location
Kab. aceh besar,
Aceh
INDONESIA
Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan
ISSN : 20897790     EISSN : 25026194     DOI : 10.13170/depik
Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan is a peer review international journal, this journal is publishing high-quality articles in aquatic sciences and fisheries in general. The aim of the journal is to publish and disseminate the current or new findings of the research, and give a significant contribution to the development of fisheries and aquatic sciences in several topics, but not limited to: Fisheries (Aquaculture, Capture Fisheries, Fish Processing) Aquatic Ecology (Freshwater, Marine, and Brackishwater) Aquatic Biology (Fish, Mollusk, Crustacean, Plankton, Coral reefs) Oceanography
Articles 944 Documents
Performance analysis of catch fisheries in Sabang Waters Salmarika Salmarika; Imam Shadiqin; Muhammad Irham; Imelda Agustina; Rosi Rahayu; Ratna Mutia Aprilla; Alvi Rahmah
Depik Vol 11, No 3 (2022): DECEMBER 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.11.3.22182

Abstract

Sabang waters is one of the centers of capture fisheries production at the tip of the Sumatera Island which has a large potential of fish resources. However, information related to the performance of capture fisheries including fish production, fishing gear, fishing fleet, number of fishermen and fishing areas is still limited. This study aims to analyse and describe information related to capture fisheries performances in the waters of Sabang. Performance data were analysed descriptive quantitatively and obtained by survey method. The results showed that the trend of capture fisheries production tends to increase by 15% annually and catches are dominated by large pelagic fish, namely tuna (Thunnus sp). The type of fishery business is dominated by fishermen who operate vessels measuring 0 - 5 GT (57.9%) with fishing areas between the coast to 2 nautical miles. Fishermen in Sabang Waters are categorized as small businesses. because use small boats and using handlines as fishing gear that aim to meet daily needs, not for business scale.Keywords:Fish productionFishing gearFishing fleetFishing groundCapture fisheries
Particle tracking simulation of marine debris using Lagrangian discrete and mesh spatial discretization in Banda Aceh waters Koko Ondara; Guntur Adhi Rahmawan; Syahrul Purnawan
Depik Vol 10, No 1 (2021): April 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.10.1.18722

Abstract

Ocean dynamics has a direct impact on the distribution of objects or dissolved particles such as marine debris. Hydrodynamic studies are currently an important tool to identify the potential pollution in the region. Data were collected from March to September 2019 in the northern waters of Banda Aceh. Wind data were obtained using AWS and bathymetry data were collected using the single beam echosounder. The results showed that the wind direction on the coast of Banda Aceh City was dominant towards the Northwest and Northeast with a maximum speed of 9 m/s. Wind direction will highly influence the sea surface currents dynamics that lead to longshore currents and radiation currents occur in coastal areas.Keywords:Marine debrisWasteFishery
Efektivitas alat tangkap ikan lemuru di Kabupaten Kotabaru, Kalimantan Selatan Dulmi’ad Iriana; Alexander M. A. Khan; Rita Rostika; Sriati Simpati; Sunarto S
Depik Vol 1, No 3 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.1.3.282

Abstract

Abstract. This research was conducted on the east coast of Kotabaru District, South Kalimantan on October  to November 2011 using survey methods and literatures review. Primary data obtained by direct observation at research location and performing direct interview with various parties; like fishermen, ship owner, TPI officials and other stakeholders in Kotabaru. The result of direct interview obtained that fishing gear to Tembang Fish (including Lemuru) are lift net and mini purse seine. Based on Standardization Efforts formula the most effective fishing gear for catching Lemuru in Kotabaru District is Purse Seine. Socialization needed to fishers that the recommended tool for catching lemuru in Kotabaru District is the purse seine with fishing fleet size 3 GT – 10 GT.Keywords: fishing gear, lemuru fish, Kotabaru, purse seine
Sintasan dan pertumbuhan cacing Polychaeta Nereis sp. dari kawasan pertambakan Desa Jeruklegi Cilacap dengan salinitas media pemeliharaan dan jenis pakan berbeda Eko Setio Wibowo; Endah Sri Palupi; I G A Ayu Ratna Puspitasari; Atang Atang
Depik Vol 8, No 2 (2019): August 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.8.2.12155

Abstract

Abstract. Polychaeta Nereis sp. is one of the natural foods that can trigger the maturation of shrimp gamete cells up to 70%, but the fulfillment of Nereis sp. still rely on the arrest from nature. This condition encourages the cultivation of Nereis sp., but knowledge of the biological aspects of Nereis sp. still very lacking, so it needs further research. This study aims to determine the survival and growth of Nereis sp. from Cilacap Jeruklegi area with different salinity and feed as basic information for the cultivation of Nereis sp. sustainable. The study was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design (RBD) method with six treatments including: S5PN (maintenance of Nereis sp. with 5 ppt salinity and feed with the main content of vegetable protein), S5PH (maintenance with salinity of 5 ppt and feed with the main content of animal protein), S15PN (maintenance of Nereis sp. With 15 ppt salinity and feed with the main content of vegetable protein), S15PH (maintenance with 15 ppt salinity and feed with the main content of animal protein), S25PN (maintenance of Nereis sp. With 25 ppt salinity and feed with main content of vegetable protein), S25PH (maintenance with 25 ppt salinity and feed with the main content of animal protein).  The results showed that optimum salinity to support the survival of Nereis sp. It ranges from 5-15 ppt with animal and vegetable protein feed types. Nereis sp. Optimum growth. in the maintenance of 15 ppt salinity with animal protein feed types.Keywords: Nereis sp., Body weight, number of segments, Salinity, Feed Abstrak. Polychaeta Nereis sp. merupakan salah satu pakan alami yang mampu memicu pematangan sel gamet udang sampai 70%, tetapi pemenuhan kebutuhan Nereis sp. masih mengandalkan penangkapan dari alam. Kondisi ini mendorong adanya usaha budidaya Nereis sp., namun pengetahuan tentang aspek biologi Nereis sp. masih sangat kurang sehingga perlu penelitian lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sintasan dan pertumbuhan Nereis sp. dari kawasan Jeruklegi Cilacap dengan salinitas pemeliharaan dan pakan yang berbeda sebagai informasi dasar untuk usaha pembudidayaan Nereis sp. yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan metode rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan enam perlakuan meliputi: S5PN (pemeliharaan Nereis sp. dengan salinitas 5 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein nabati), S5PH (pemeliharaan dengan salinitas 5 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein hewani), S15PN (pemeliharaan Nereis sp. dengan salinitas 15 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein nabati), S15PH (pemeliharaan dengan salinitas 15 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein hewani), S25PN (pemeliharaan Nereis sp. dengan salinitas 25 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein nabati), S25PH (pemeliharaan dengan dengan salinitas 25 ppt dan pakan dengan kandungan utama protein hewani). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salinitas optimum untuk mendukung sintasan Nereis sp. Berkisar 5-15 ppt dengan jenis pakan berprotein hewani dan nabati. Pertumbuhan optimum Nereis sp. pada pemeliharaan salinitas 15 ppt dengan jenis pakan berprotein hewani.Kata Kunci: Nereis sp., berat tubuh, jumlah segmen, salinitas, pakan
Kajian kesesuaian lingkungan untuk pengembangan wisata di Pantai Ganting, Pulau Simeulue, Provinsi Aceh Herdiana Mutmainah; Gunardi Kusumah; Try Altanto; Koko Ondara
Depik Vol 5, No 1 (2016): APRIL 2016.
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.5.1.3844

Abstract

Abstract. Simeulue Island is situated Indian Ocean in western part of Aceh Province, this is one of the outer island in Indonesia. Simeulue has big potency in marine resources such as  clean waters and beautiful beach, coral reefs and mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, Simeulue is very promising as an ecotourism destination. The objective of present study was to evaluate the condition of the water quality and the potency for a marine ecotourism development. The feasibility study was conducted on August in Ganting Beach, Village of Kuala Makmur, Simeulue Island. The purposive random sampling method was used to determine twelve sampling stations. The measured water quality parameters were pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, brightness, BOD5, odors, oil and debris. These parameters were analyized and mapped using software ODV, and then compared to the sea water quality standard for marine tourism as well as the characteristics of the coast to the suitability index of recreational area. The results showed that the water quality of Ganting Beach is very suitable for recreational activities (index 77, category S1)  andit is suitable for swimming and also for boating tourism activities, banana boats and jet skis (index 16, category S2).Keywords: water quality; marine tourism; Ganting Beach Abstrak. Pulau Simeulue, merupakan salah satu pulau terdepan sebelah barat Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI), dan terletak di Samudera Hindia.Simeulue memiliki potensi sumberdaya laut yang besar, diantaranya perairan yang besih dan jenih, pantai yang indah, terumbu karang dan hutan bakau, sehingga sangat berpotensi untuk dikembang menjadi tujuan wisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kondisi kualitas perairan dan potensi kesesuaian wisata Pulau Simeulue.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2015 bertempat di Pantai Ganting, Kelurahan Kuala Makmur, Kabupaten Simeulue. Sebanyak 12 lokasi pengambilan sampel kualitas air ditetapkan secara purposive random sampling. Kualitas air yang diukur meliputi; pH, suhu, salinitas, kekeruhan, oksigen terlarut, kecerahan, BOD5, bau, lapisan minyak dan sampah. Data tersebut kemudian dipetakan dan dianalisis menggunakan software Ocean Data View (ODV), kemudian dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air laut untuk wisata bahari serta karakteristik pantai untuk indeks kesesuaian kawasan wisata rekreasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas perairan Pantai Ganting sangat sesuai untuk kegiatan rekreasi dan berenang (indeks 77, kategori S1) dan sesuai untuk kegiatan wisata berperahu, banana boat dan jet ski (indeks 16, kategori S2).Kata kunci:kualitas perairan; wisata bahari; Pantai Ganting.
Diversity of commercially important grouper (Family: Epinephelidae) in Simeulue and Banyak Islands, Aceh, Indonesia Nanda Muhammad Razi; Zainal A. Muchlisin; Mutia Ramadhaniaty; Adrian Damora; Firman M. Nur; Mohd Nor Siti-Azizah; Nur Fadli
Depik Vol 11, No 1 (2022): April 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.11.1.23790

Abstract

Grouper is one of the economically important fish groups in the Simeulue and Banyak Islands. However, data on the diversity of the grouper in this region is still limited. This study aimed to inventory the commercially important grouper in Simeulue and Banyak Islands. Sampling was carried out in April - September 2021 at sixteen locations around Simeulue and Banyak Islands. In total, 20 species of commercial grouper consisting of 6 genera were recorded during the study. Epinephelus was the most dominant genus with ten species, followed by Cephalopholis with four species. In addition, seventeen species (85%) were included in the Least Concern (LC), two species (10%) were categorized as Vulnerable (VU), and one species (5%) was Data Deficient (DD). This study provides a database of commercially important grouper in Simeulue and Banyak Islands that can be used to manage the fish group.
Karakteristik mutu dan keamanan ikan kembung (Rastrelliger sp) pada pasar domestik di DKI Jakarta Resmi Rumenta Siregar; Sugeng Hari Wisodo; Tri Wiji Nuraini; Sugeng Heri Suseno
Depik Vol 9, No 3 (2020): December 2020
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.9.3.17542

Abstract

Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp) is one of small pelagic fish that contribute animal protein intake for local community, so its quality and safety prior to be considered and maintained as follows. In this study analyzes the quality attribute and food safety of mackerel throughout the distribution chain for domestic consumption in Jakarta Province were investigated, from the fish landing, fish auction, wholesale markets, restaurants, supermarkets, until traditional markets. Field observations were used during the investigation, by taking mackerel samples at each distribution chain and testing at the laboratories. Quality characteristics were done by organoleptic test and formaldehyde content were showed the safety level of each samples. The organoleptic parameters revealed that from 100% of samples were taken from fish landing, wholesale market and restaurant comply with Indonesian National Standart, while at the supermarkets and at traditional markets was 77,42%, and 64,78% respectively. This consequently led to an increase of formaldehyde hazardous materials that exhibit during the distribution chain (4 samples from wholesale markets, 6 samples from supermarkets, and 57 samples from traditional markets). The concentrations of formaldehyde in the positive samples at three location mentioned above from 1.0-5.4 ppm, 2.5-6.6 ppm, and 0.2 - 13.4 ppm respectively. Mackerel collected from local markets had lower level of quality and safety compared to those from other locations. Monitoring of using formaldehyde for fresh fish during distribution and marketing need to be conserned.Keywords:domestic, formaldehyde, organoleptic, Quality, Rastrelliger sp.ABSTRAKIkan kembung merupakan salah satu jenis ikan pelagis kecil yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat DKI Jakarta sehingga mutu dan keamanannya menjadi salah satu prioritas penting yang perlu diperhatikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mutu dan keamanan ikan kembung di sepanjang rantai distribusi untuk konsumsi domestik di wilayah Provinsi DKI Jakarta, mulai dari Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI), Tempat Pelelangan Ikan (TPI), pasar grosir, restoran, pasar swalayan dan pasar tradisional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasi lapang dengan melakukan pengambilan sampel ikan kembung pada setiap rantai distribusi dan pengujian di laboratorium. Karakteristik mutu diuji secara organoleptik dan keamanannya diuji dengan parameter kandungan formalin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase sampel yang memenuhi standar organoleptik (minimal 7) pada tahap pembongkaran, pasar grosir dan restoran adalah sebesar 100%, pada pasar swalayan dan pada pasar tradisional berturut-turut sebesar 77,42% dan 64,78%. Ikan kembung yang positif mengandung bahan berbahaya formalin masih ditemukan pada pasar grosir (4 sampel), dengan konsentrasi 2,5 – 6,6 ppm, pada pasar swalayan (6 sampel), dengan konsentrasi 1,0 – 5,4 ppm, dan pada pasar tradisional (57 sampel), dengan konsentrasi 0,2 – 13,4 ppm. Ikan kembung yang diambil dari pasar tradisional memiliki mutu dan keamanan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan lokasi lainnya. Pengendalian terkait penggunaan bahan berbahaya formalin pada ikan segar selama distribusi dan pemasaran terutama pada pasar tradisional perlu ditingkatkan.Kata kunci:domestik,formalin,organoleptik, mutu, Rastrelliger sp.
Pengaruh kualitas pelayanan Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Lampulo terhadap kelancaran operasional penangkapan ikan Alvi Rahmah; Muhammad Rizayani; Chaliluddin Chaliluddin
Depik Vol 7, No 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.7.1.8713

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quality service of Oceanic Fishing Port on fishing operational fluency. Data were collected using questionnaires based on Likert scale 1-3 and direct observation. The data was collected by assessing the fishermen on quality service of UPTD, either through questionnaire and observation. The data were analyzed using Chi-Square test to examine the correlation of two nominal variables and how far the correlation between two variables of quality service for fishing operational fluency. The result showed that the p-value for the reliability variable was 0.036 0.05 at the level of α 5%, it means that the reliability variable gave the significant effect to the fishing operation. Four indicators of the reliability variables (supply of subsidized fuel for fishing in the fishing port, the optimization of services provided by the UPTD to fishermen, the supply of ice in the fishing port, and supply of water for the fishing operational in the fishing port) showed the satisfaction of respondent was at low level. While the results the variable responsiveness test indicated that these variables have no significant effect on the fishing operational fluency. It was shown from the result of the p-value of 0.609 0.05 at the level of α 5%, with the average of satisfaction indicators was at the middle category.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besaran pengaruh kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan UPTD terhadap kelancaran operasional penangkapan ikan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner yang dibuat dengan menggunakan skala Likert 1-3 (skor 3 berarti sangat setuju, skor 2 berarti kurang setuju, dan skor 1 berarti sangat tidak setuju) dan pengamanat langsung di lapangan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah penilaian nelayan terhadap kualitas pelayanan UPTD, baik penilaian melalui kuesioner dan pengamatan langsung.  Analisis data dengan menggunakan Analisis Chi-Square untuk menguji pengaruh atau hubungan dua variabel nominal, sehingga diketahui ada/tidak dan sejauh mana hubungan antara variabel kualitas pelayanan terhadap kelancaran operasional penangkapan ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perolehan p-value untuk variabel kehandalan sebesar 0,0360,05 pada taraf α 5%, yang berarti bahwa variabel kehandalan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kelancaran operasional penangkapan ikan. Empat indikator dari variabel kehandalan (penyediaan BBM bersubsidi untuk kebutuhan operasional penangkapan di kawasan pelabuhan, keoptimalan pelayanan yang diberikan pihak UPTD kepada nelayan, penyediaan es di kawasan pelabuhan, dan penyediaan air untuk kebutuhan operasional penangkapan di kawasan pelabuhan) menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat kepuasan responden terhadap variabel kehandalan berada pada tingkat kepuasan rendah. Sementara hasil uji terhadap variabel daya tanggap menunjukkan bahwa variabel tersebut tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kelancaran operasional penangkapan ikan. Hal ini terbukti dari perolehan p-value sebesar 0,6090,05 pada taraf α 5%, dengan rata-rata indikator kepuasan berada dalam posisi tingkat kepuasan sedang.
Senyawa polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) dalam air laut di Teluk Jakarta Edward .
Depik Vol 3, No 3 (2014): Desember 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.3.3.2146

Abstract

Research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah)s compound at Jakarta Bay seawater were carried out on July 2011. The objectives of this research were to measure the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compound, concentration of individual PAH compound, and to identify sources of PAH compound in seawater. PAH compound concentration was measured by Gas Chromatography (Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector) and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound were identified by diagnostic ratio analysis. The results show that the concentration of PAH compound in the middle of Jakarta Bay was higher compared to the west and the east. In the west and middle of Jakarta Bay, it is found that 11 PAH types, and 10 types in the east. Individual PAH compound dominated by high moleculer weight of PAH Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)Fluoranthene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, dan Indeno(123-cd) Pyrene. The results of PAH compound ratio individual analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound at Jakarta Bay seawater came from oil spill and incomplete combustion mixture of organic material such as wood, grass, fuel oil, and fuel industry combustion activity.
Cellulase activity of bacteria isolated from water of mangrove ecosystem in Aceh Province Irma Dewiyanti; Darmawi Darmawi; Zainal Abidin Muchlisin; Teuku Zahrial Helmi; Iko Imelda Arisa; Cut Nanda Defira; Fitriyani Fitriyani; Sawva Yura
Depik Vol 10, No 3 (2021): December 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13170/depik.10.3.22964

Abstract

Cellulolytic bacteria that produce cellulase enzymes play an essential role in degrading cellulose in their habitat. The presence of cellulolytic bacteria strongly supports the fertility and productivity in mangrove waters. The objectives of the study are to analyze the activity of cellulase enzyme qualitatively through the cellulolytic index and quantitatively through the activity and specific activity of the cellulase enzyme from bacteria isolated from the water of mangrove ecosystems in Aceh Province. The qualitative experiment of enzyme activity was carried out at the Microbiology laboratory SKIPM Aceh, and a quantitative experiment of enzyme activity was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, IPB. Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from mangrove water used Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (1% CMC) selective media and carried out by spread plate method. The ability of bacteria to produce cellulase was tested qualitatively using the spot technique, this test was carried out using 1% Congo Red. Furthermore, the quantitative testing of cellulase enzymes activity adopted the DNS spectrophotometric method. The specific activity of the cellulase enzyme can be determined by using the Lowry method. There were 21 isolates that had a clear zone and had the ability to produce cellulase enzymes from 49 isolates that were successfully purified. The highest cellulolytic index (CI) produced using BAM421 isolate with the value of 5.50 was included in the high category, followed by BAM326 and BAM132 isolates, with values of 1.55 and 1.05 were categorized into the medium category. The other isolates were in the low cellulolytic index category. The isolate with the highest CI value was further tested using the quantitative enzyme activity test. The highest cellulase enzyme activity of BAM421 occurred at 24hr (0.0029 U/ml). The highest specific cellulase activity of BAM421 was at 24hr with the value of 0.210 U/mg. The result concluded that the qualitative test showed CI values can be categorized into low, medium, and high. Moreover, the value of the quantitative assay described that the cellulase enzyme and the specific enzyme activities of the bacteria were low in the study area.Keywords:Cellulolytic indexQuantitative testMangrove watersCellulase enzymeMicroorganismTRANSLATE with x EnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian //  TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//

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