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FENOMENA: Journal of Social Science
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember
ISSN : 14125439     EISSN : 26567369     DOI : https://doi.org/10.35719/fenomena.v22i2
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Aims, Focus And Scope A. Aims: FENOMENA is a leading peer-reviewed and open-access journal, which publishes scholarly works of researchers and scholars from around the world and specializes in the Social Sciences. The journal also has a strong interest in the scientific development of theory that is of global significance. B. Focus: This journal focuses on publishing the highest quality scientific articles emphasizing contemporary Asian issues with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. C. Scope: This journal seeks to publish articles that deal with educational development, politics, law, humanities and cultural studies, and economic issues in Asia. Its scope consists of: 1. Education (Curriculums, Teaching, and Learning, Islamic Education, Educational Technology); 2. Politics (Structure and Agency in Social Dynamics, the Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations, Concepts and Practical Sociology, Islamic Politics, Government and Public Administration); 3. Law (Human Rights, Social Justice, Islamic Law, Criminal Law, International Relations, Civil Law, Constitutional Law, Customary Law); 4. Humanities and Cultural Studies (Cultural Studies as a Constitutive field, Religion Studies, Islamic Studies, Philosophy, Ethics, Consciousness, Cross-cultural studies, Theology, Psychology, Spirituality, Human Geography, Anthropology, Local Wisdom); 5. Economics (Business and Entrepreneurship, Management, Accounting, Public Finance, Economic Development, and Islamic Economics).
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 444 Documents
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Kyai NU dan Politik dalam Perspektif Teori Strukturasi Giddens: NU Kyai and Politics in the Perspective of Giddens' Structuration Theory Ubaidillah, Ubaidillah
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.468

Abstract

This research discusses NU elders, politics, and the civil society development agenda in Pasuruan. Giddens' theory (1984) on structuration is used as a starting point to develop the main themes relevant to the data. The purpose of this research is to understand the dialectical complexity between structure and agency, which positions the elders (agents) as creative individuals with transformative capacity to produce and reproduce structures that, on one hand, have a limiting-disabling tendency and, on the other, enable action. All of this is carried out by the elders in their position as religious elites to develop civil society. This theme is interesting because many NU elders are directly or indirectly involved in the political landscape of Indonesia. However, from the organizational side, NU, as an organization for the elders, has declared khittah as its struggle paradigm. Penelitian ini membahas tentang kyai NU, politik, dan agenda pengembangan masyarakat sipil di Pasuruan. Teori Giddens (1984) tentang strukturasi digunakan sebagai titik tolak untuk mengembangkan tema-tema utama yang relevan dengan data. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami kompleksitas dialektika antara struktur dan keagenan yang menempatkan kyai (agen) sebagai individu kreatif dengan kapasitas transformatif untuk memproduksi dan mereproduksi struktur yang di satu sisi memiliki kecenderungan membatasi (limiting-disabling) dan di sisi lain memungkinkan tindakan (enabling). Semua itu dilakukan oleh kyai dalam posisinya sebagai elit agama untuk mengembangkan masyarakat sipil. Tema ini menjadi menarik karena banyak kyai NU yang terlibat langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam peta politik di Indonesia. Namun, di sisi organisasi, NU sebagai wadah kyai telah menetapkan khittah sebagai paradigma perjuangan.
Strategi Kultural dan Revitalisasi Tradisi Agama dalam Arus Budaya Konsumen (Studi tentang Tradisi 'Maulidan Jawiyan' di Desa Padurenan, Kecamatan Gebog, Kabupaten Kudus): Cultural Strategy and Revitalization of Religious Tradition in the Flow of Consumer Culture (A Study of the 'Maulidan Jawiyan' Tradition in Padurenan Village, Gebog District, Kudus Regency) Saifuddin, Saifuddin
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.469

Abstract

Maulidan Jawiyan is the culmination of activities in the tradition of commemorating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad SAW (maulud), which is still preserved today by the people of Padurenan Village, Gebog District, Kudus Regency, Central Java Province. However, a shift in meaning has occurred due to the wave of globalization, which automatically affects the meaning of the ritual itself. This study reveals the cultural strategies adopted by the Padurenan community in facing the flow of consumptive culture. This reality is supported by historical facts that there is an effort to simplify the meaning of the ritual through the process of cultural commodification that occurs in all aspects of life, so the sustainability of the tradition depends on how far the revitalization of meaning is carried out by the community as the sole heir of the tradition. Of course, the aspect of Islamic values becomes important to study as a text that must confront society, which interprets the text in the context of contemporary culture. Maulidan Jawiyan merupakan puncak kegiatan dalam tradisi peringatan hari kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW (maulud) yang masih dilestarikan hingga kini oleh masyarakat Desa Padurenan, Kecamatan Gebog, Kabupaten Kudus, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Namun, pergeseran makna terjadi akibat gelombang globalisasi yang secara otomatis memengaruhi makna ritual itu sendiri. Penelitian ini mengungkap strategi kultural yang diambil oleh masyarakat Padurenan dalam menghadapi arus budaya konsumtif. Realitas ini didukung oleh fakta historis bahwa terdapat upaya untuk mendapatkan kesederhanaan makna ritual melalui proses komodifikasi budaya yang terjadi di segala aspek kehidupan, sehingga keberlangsungan tradisi bergantung pada sejauh mana revitalisasi makna dilakukan oleh masyarakat sebagai pewaris tunggal tradisi tersebut. Tentu saja, aspek nilai-nilai Islam menjadi penting untuk dipelajari sebagai teks yang harus berhadapan dengan masyarakat yang menafsirkan teks tersebut dalam konteks budaya kontemporer.
Pemberdayaan Da'i Perempuan dan Kesetaraan Gender melalui Learning Organization di Lembaga Dakwah NU (LDNU) Jember: Empowerment of Female Preachers and Gender Equality through Learning Organization at the NU Da'wah Institute (LDNU) Jember Zain, Hefni
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.470

Abstract

In Islamic discourse, especially in the context of da'wah, women are still often undervalued and even marginalized, particularly in holding positions as religious interpreters. This results in half-hearted recognition of their knowledge and leadership. Empirically, however, there are many women in society known for their knowledge and leadership, widely acknowledged for their contributions to development. This research employed a qualitative design with a descriptive approach, collecting data through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The findings revealed that the empowerment of female preachers through the learning organization approach at LDNU Jember focused on professionalism and spirituality training, implemented through six disciplines: spiritual motivation, personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, team learning, and system thinking. The most dominant factor influencing this empowerment was the approach used, as the right approach created a conducive and varied empowerment atmosphere, enabling the goals to be achieved effectively, efficiently, and productively. The steps taken by LDNU Jember in empowering female preachers included setting equality-based empowerment standards, planning training programs according to the established standards, and conducting simulations and program evaluations. Dalam wacana Islam, khususnya dalam konstelasi dakwah, perempuan masih sering dipandang rendah dan bahkan termarginalkan, terutama dalam memegang posisi sebagai penafsir agama. Hal ini berimplikasi pada pengakuan yang setengah hati terhadap pengetahuan dan ketokohan mereka. Padahal, secara empiris di masyarakat terdapat banyak perempuan yang dikenal karena pengetahuan dan ketokohannya serta diakui secara luas kontribusinya dalam pembangunan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, di mana data dikumpulkan melalui observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan da'i perempuan melalui pendekatan learning organization di LDNU Jember difokuskan pada pelatihan profesionalitas dan spiritualitas yang diterapkan melalui enam disiplin: motivasi spiritual, penguasaan diri, model mental, membangun visi bersama, pembelajaran tim, dan berpikir sistem. Faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi pemberdayaan ini adalah pendekatan yang digunakan, karena dengan pendekatan yang tepat, tercipta suasana pemberdayaan yang kondusif dan variatif sehingga tujuan pemberdayaan dapat dicapai secara efektif, efisien, dan produktif. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan LDNU Jember dalam upaya pemberdayaan da'i perempuan meliputi: menetapkan standar pemberdayaan berbasis kesetaraan, merencanakan program pelatihan sesuai standar yang ditetapkan, serta melakukan simulasi dan evaluasi hasil program.
Transformasi Nilai-Nilai Moral Islami dalam Novel Karya Ramadhan K.H. sebagai Dakwah Kultural: The Transformation of Islamic Moral Values in Ramadhan K.H.'s Novels as Cultural Preaching Ds, Abd. Rahman
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.471

Abstract

Within the latest information media, the process of cultural contact occurs rapidly. While it has positive effects, it also brings negative impacts, including the fading of societal concern for Islamic moral values. To mitigate these negative effects, cultural preaching through the reading of Islamic novels titled The Transformation of Islamic Moral Values in Ramadhan K.H.'s Novels as Cultural Preaching is necessary. This research employs a moral approach, using descriptive-interpretative analysis techniques, and finds that Ramadhan K.H.'s novels are rich in Islamic moral values such as gratitude, patience, trustworthiness, consistency, and resignation to God's will. Dalam media informasi mutakhir, proses kontak budaya berjalan dengan cepat. Selain memberikan dampak positif, hal ini juga menimbulkan dampak negatif, termasuk memudarnya kepedulian masyarakat terhadap nilai-nilai moral Islami. Untuk menghindari dampak negatif tersebut, diperlukan dakwah kultural melalui pembacaan novel Islami berjudul Transformasi Nilai-Nilai Moral Islami dalam Novel Karya Ramadhan K.H. sebagai Dakwah Kultural. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan moral, menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif-interpretatif, dan menemukan bahwa novel Ramadhan K.H. sarat dengan nilai-nilai moral Islami seperti syukur, sabar, amanah, istiqomah, dan tawakal.
Peran Ganda Perempuan dan Problematikanya dalam Mendidik Anak (Studi terhadap Ibu yang Bekerja di Perkebunan PTPN XII Sempol, Kabupaten Bondowoso): The Dual Role of Women and Its Challenges in Child Education (A Study of Working Mothers at PTPN XII Sempol Plantation, Bondowoso Regency) Mislikhah, St.
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.472

Abstract

Within the development of an equal-partnership perspective based on a gender approach in various aspects of life, women's roles have undergone rapid changes. However, it is important to note that this development has not altered their traditional roles in the domestic sphere (reproductive roles). As a result, women's workload appears excessive. Working while fulfilling the role of a housewife is like a double-edged sword. Both roles cannot be neglected and require care and dedication. With the limited time available to women, problems arise in carrying out these duties, whether domestic tasks or child-rearing responsibilities. Dalam perkembangan pandangan kemitraan setara berdasarkan pendekatan gender di berbagai aspek kehidupan, peran perempuan mengalami perubahan yang pesat. Namun, perlu diperhatikan bahwa perkembangan ini tidak mengubah peran lama perempuan di lingkungan domestik (peran reproduktif). Oleh karena itu, beban kerja perempuan terkesan berlebihan. Bekerja dan menjalankan peran sebagai ibu rumah tangga ibarat pisau bermata dua. Keduanya tidak dapat diabaikan dan membutuhkan perhatian serta kesungguhan. Dengan keterbatasan waktu yang dimiliki perempuan, muncul berbagai masalah dalam menjalankan tugas-tugas tersebut, baik tugas domestik maupun tugas mendidik anak.
Implementasi Metode Profit and Loss Sharing di Perbankan Syariah (Studi Kasus pada PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Pasuruan): Implementation of the Profit and Loss Sharing Method in Islamic Banking (Case Study at PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Pasuruan) Ulfah, Mariyah
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.473

Abstract

The aim of funding in Islamic banking is to establish good relationships with customers, necessitating the distribution of revenue sharing to customers. The funding products of Islamic banking include savings and deposits. The research findings indicate that the revenue-sharing system for deposits at PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Pasuruan involves distributing income to customers after deducting operational and non-operational costs. Thus, the greater the income of PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Pasuruan, the larger the share received by the customers. Tujuan pendanaan dalam perbankan syariah adalah untuk membangun hubungan baik dengan nasabah sehingga perbankan syariah harus memberikan bagi hasil kepada nasabah. Produk pendanaan perbankan syariah meliputi tabungan dan deposito. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem bagi hasil deposito di PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Kabupaten Pasuruan dilakukan dengan membagi pendapatan kepada nasabah setelah dikurangi biaya operasional dan non-operasional. Dengan demikian, semakin besar pendapatan PT BPRS Jabal Tsur Pandaan Kabupaten Pasuruan, semakin besar pula nilai bagi hasil yang diterima nasabah.
Audio Visual sebagai Media dalam Pengajaran Keterampilan Menulis Esai Deskriptif: Audio Visual as a Medium in Teaching Descriptive Essay Writing Skills Kurniasih, Esti
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.474

Abstract

This research describes (1) the implementation of audio visual as a medium for teaching descriptive essay writing and (2) the difficulties encountered by the lecturer when applying audio visual as a teaching medium. The results generally showed that the implementation of audio visual did not run optimally. This was caused by three factors: the classroom setting for Writing II, obstacles faced by the lecturer and students, and inappropriate timing for data collection. Meanwhile, the lecturer's difficulties included: (1) limited time for essay development; (2) inappropriate timing for data collection; (3) an unsuitable classroom environment; (4) the use of two small speakers; and (5) overly bright lighting that made it difficult to see the images clearly. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan (1) implementasi audio visual sebagai media dalam pengajaran menulis esai deskriptif dan (2) kesulitan yang dihadapi dosen saat menerapkan audio visual sebagai media pengajaran. Hasil penelitian secara umum menunjukkan bahwa implementasi audio visual tidak berjalan dengan baik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tiga faktor, yaitu tempat pelaksanaan mata kuliah (Writing II), kendala yang dihadapi dosen dan mahasiswa, serta waktu pengambilan data yang kurang tepat. Sementara itu, kesulitan yang dialami dosen meliputi: (1) waktu terbatas untuk pengembangan esai; (2) waktu pengambilan data yang tidak tepat; (3) ruang kelas yang kurang sesuai; (4) penggunaan dua speaker kecil; dan (5) pencahayaan kelas yang terlalu terang sehingga gambar sulit dilihat dengan jelas.
Membongkar Kekerasan di Balik Metafor 'Nak Jawa': Unveiling the Violence Behind the 'Nak Jawa' Metaphor Jannah, Siti Raudlotul
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.475

Abstract

The term 'Nak Jawa' is connected not only to emigrants from Java but also to those from Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Lombok, and other Muslim emigrants. Typically, the term 'Nak Jawa' is used to differentiate between emigrants and the native Hindu population of Bali. The metaphor of 'Nak Jawa' carries a meaning that goes far beyond just those two words. By being labeled as 'Nak Jawa,' Javanese workers or those categorized as such are positioned as individuals seeking a livelihood in Bali (emigrants), and thus, they are expected to be more respectful, submissive, obedient, and non-arrogant toward the landowners (Nak Bali). As a result, 'Nak Jawa' should not dare to oppose 'Nak Bali,' who are the rightful owners of the territory. This research attempts to reveal the violence embedded in the 'Nak Jawa' metaphor in Bali. Istilah 'Nak Jawa' tidak hanya merujuk pada perantau dari Jawa, tetapi juga pada perantau dari Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Lombok, dan perantau Muslim lainnya. Biasanya, sebutan 'Nak Jawa' digunakan sebagai pembeda antara pendatang dan penduduk asli Bali yang beragama Hindu. Metafor 'Nak Jawa' memiliki makna yang jauh lebih dalam daripada sekadar dua kata tersebut. Dengan disebut sebagai 'Nak Jawa', pekerja beretnis Jawa atau yang dikategorikan ke dalamnya akan diposisikan sebagai pencari nafkah di Bali (perantau), sehingga mereka diharapkan lebih hormat, mengalah, taat, dan tidak arogan terhadap pemilik tanah (Nak Bali). Karena itu, 'Nak Jawa' dianggap tidak boleh kurang ajar atau berani melawan 'Nak Bali' yang merupakan pemilik wilayah. Penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap kekerasan di balik metafor 'Nak Jawa' di Bali.
Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001:2008 di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri (SMKN) 3 Boyolangu Tulungagung: Implementation of ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System at State Vocational High School (SMKN) 3 Boyolangu Tulungagung Bani, Bani
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.476

Abstract

The National Law Number 20 of 2003 about the National Education System, section 51 verse 2, states that: "University education management is applied based on the principles of autonomy, accountability, quality assurance, and transparent evaluation." Therefore, educational quality management (MMT ISO 9001:2008) is one of the principles that need to be implemented in education management. Educational quality management (MMT ISO 9001:2008) is part of Quality Assurance, with the goals: 1) To achieve stakeholder satisfaction and willingness in educational targets, 2) To achieve educational targets based on predetermined standards. Thus, educational quality management (MMT ISO 9001:2008) encompasses all activities to produce consistent product or service quality aligned with prior planning. Undang-Undang Nasional Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Pasal 51 Ayat 2 menyatakan bahwa: "Manajemen pendidikan tinggi dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip otonomi, akuntabilitas, jaminan mutu, dan evaluasi yang transparan." Oleh karena itu, manajemen mutu pendidikan (MMT ISO 9001:2008) merupakan salah satu prinsip yang perlu diterapkan dalam pengelolaan pendidikan. Manajemen mutu pendidikan (MMT ISO 9001:2008) merupakan bagian dari Jaminan Mutu, dengan tujuan: 1) Memperoleh kepuasan dan keinginan pemangku kepentingan dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan, 2) Mencapai tujuan pendidikan berdasarkan standar yang telah ditetapkan. Dengan demikian, manajemen mutu pendidikan (MMT ISO 9001:2008) mencakup seluruh kegiatan untuk menghasilkan produk atau layanan yang konsisten dan sesuai dengan perencanaan sebelumnya.
Pergeseran Nilai Jilbab: Fenomena Bentuk dan Model Jilbab Muslimah: The Shift in the Value of the Veil: Phenomena of Forms and Models of Muslim Women's Veils Hidayati, Titin Nur
Fenomena Vol 9 No 2 (2010): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M UIN KH.Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v9i2.477

Abstract

There are various understandings of the veil, which influence the diverse development of veil models. Among them is the sexy model of the veil, as many were found in Jember. This research revealed some problems concerning: (1) the understanding of Muslim women who wear the sexy model of the veil about the veil itself, (2) the shape and model of the veil phenomena among Muslim women in Jember, and (3) the background factors of Muslim women wearing the veil with sexy dresses in Jember. This research is a religious social study using a qualitative approach that combines rationality and phenomenology. The subjects were three women who wore veils and sexy dresses in Jember. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and qualitatively through data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion steps. The results showed that: (1) the understanding of Muslim women wearing the sexy model of the veil about the veil is that the veil is seen as clothing worn by Muslim women to show their identity and protect them from men's slander, with functions such as covering the body, protecting from men's temptation, preserving dignity and honor, serving as a Muslim identity, shielding from sunlight, and boosting self-confidence; (2) the veil phenomena among Muslim women can be classified into three groups: large, medium, and small veils; (3) the background factors for Muslim women wearing the veil are: (a) ideology, (b) tradition/culture, and (c) norms. These are inseparable from the purpose of wearing the veil, such as: (a) seeking Allah's blessings, (b) preventive efforts, and (c) fulfilling norms. Terdapat berbagai pemahaman mengenai jilbab yang memengaruhi beragam perkembangan model jilbab. Salah satunya adalah model jilbab yang seksi, seperti yang banyak ditemui di Jember. Penelitian ini mengungkap beberapa masalah terkait: (1) pemahaman muslimah yang mengenakan jilbab model seksi tentang jilbab itu sendiri, (2) bentuk dan model fenomena jilbab muslimah di Jember, dan (3) faktor-faktor latar belakang muslimah yang mengenakan jilbab dengan pakaian seksi di Jember. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sosial keagamaan dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang menggabungkan pendekatan rasionalitas dan fenomenologi. Subjek penelitian adalah tiga wanita yang mengenakan jilbab dan pakaian seksi di Jember. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif-kualitatif melalui tahapan pengumpulan data, reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pemahaman muslimah yang mengenakan jilbab model seksi tentang jilbab adalah jilbab dipahami sebagai pakaian yang dikenakan muslimah untuk menunjukkan identitas dan melindungi diri dari fitnah laki-laki, serta memiliki beberapa fungsi seperti menutup aurat, melindungi dari godaan laki-laki, menjaga martabat dan kehormatan wanita, identitas muslimah, pelindung dari sinar matahari, dan meningkatkan rasa percaya diri; (2) fenomena jilbab bagi sebagian muslimah dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu jilbab besar, sedang, dan kecil; (3) faktor latar belakang muslimah mengenakan jilbab adalah: (a) ideologi, (b) tradisi/budaya, dan (c) norma. Semua ini tidak terlepas dari tujuan muslimah dalam mengenakan jilbab, seperti: (a) mengharap ridha Allah SWT, (b) upaya preventif, dan (c) memenuhi norma.

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