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Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 71 Documents
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Profile of Crude Drugs Quality and Chemical Contents of a Masuk angin Polyherbal Formulation from Baturraden Dwi Hartanti; Elvia Mita Isabila; Retno Wahyuningrum; Alwani Hamad
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.8113

Abstract

The Baturraden people utilize a polyherbal formulation composed of red ginger rhizomes, turmeric rhizomes, aromatic ginger rhizomes, and rice starches to alleviate masuk angin. This study aims to evaluate the quality profile of crude drugs of red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger as well as to assess the effect of the weight ratio of the crude drugs toward the total curcuminoid and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) contents of the formulations containing those crude drug extracts. Crude drug quality characterization followed parameters and standards specified in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP). The crude drugs were individually extracted using ethanol, and the resulting extracts were combined into seven formulations with varying weight ratios. Total curcuminoid and EPMC contents in the formulations were determined using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry methods, respectively. The turmeric crude drugs exhibited good quality profiles. The red ginger crude drugs met quality standards except for acid-insoluble ash and water-extractable parameters, while the aromatic ginger ones did not meet the essential oil content standard. Different weight ratios of red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger extracts resulted in formulations with varying total curcuminoid and EPMC contents. Formula 4 that contains an equal weight ratio of red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger crude drugs and exhibits a considerably high total curcuminoid (8.08±1.31%) and EPMC (4.43±0.33%) content among other formulations.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Banggai Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) Extract Cream for Healing Diabetic Wounds Anggun Eka Pringgadani Tandipadang; Nurhikma Awaluddin; Ghina Ramadhani; Eka Sari Ridwan
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.12163

Abstract

Diabetic wounds are a common complication of diabetes mellitus, typically characterized by impaired or delayed healing. Banggai yam (Dioscorea alata L.) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics, which possess potential wound-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Banggai yam extract cream on diabetic wound healing in rats. Banggai yam extract was formulated into cream preparations at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w). Fifteen adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into five groups: a negative control, a positive control, and three treatment groups. Wounds with a diameter of 1 cm were created on the dorsal area and treated twice daily for 12 days. Wound length was measured using a digital caliper and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The 15% concentration cream demonstrated the most significant wound-healing activity, achieving a wound closure percentage of 90.00 ± 8.72% by day 12. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).
Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Leaves Extract Syrup Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Tri Budi Julianti; Renita Mahardhika Putri
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.12320

Abstract

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) is a native Indonesian plant, particularly characteristic of Kalimantan, whose leaves are widely used by local communities as traditional medicine for treating fever, minor wounds, mouthwash, and enhancing the immune system. Previous phytochemical investigations reveal that sungkai leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. This study was conducted by formulate syrup preparations with varying concentrations of extract as the active ingredient: 0% in formula 1, 0.1% in formula 2, 0.2% in formula 3, and 0.3% in formula 4, with the addition excipients such as stabilizer, preservative, flavoring, sweetener, aroma and solvent. Each formulation underwent triplicate physical evaluations comprising organoleptic properties, clarity, homogeneity, pH, specific gravity, displaced volume, pouring time, and viscosity as well as statistical analysis results to find out the standard syrup quality criteria. All four formulations met the established physical quality standards for syrup. Notably, Formula 2 containing 0.1% extract as the active ingredient demonstrated superior physical stability, particularly evident in viscosity profile. This formulation presents a promising natural based alternative for further development in immunomodulatory efficacy studies.
Photoprotective Activity Test of Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) Leaves Extracts 96% Ethanol and Methanol from South Kalimantan Nur Syifa; Lia Aulia; Revita Saputri; Rahmi Muthia; Didik Rio Pambudi
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.12330

Abstract

Indonesia's constant UV exposure highlights the need for effective and safe sunscreens. Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) leaves contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds with strong antioxidant activity, making them a promising natural photoprotective agent. This study aimed to evaluate the photoprotective activity of 96% ethanol and methanol extracts of ramania leaves through in vitro measurements of SPF, %Te, and %Tp using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at concentrations of 50-250 ppm. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The highest SPF values at 250 ppm were 17.62 for ethanol and 19.80 for methanol, both in the ultra protection category. At the same concentration, %Te values were 1.59% and 1.24%, classified as extra protection. Meanwhile, % Tp values were 20.74% (sunblock) and 43.46% (extra protection), respectively. These findings indicate that ramania leaves extract has strong potential as a natural sunscreen, especially at 200-250 ppm. Further studies on formulation stability and in vivo efficacy are recommended.
The Influence of Tween 80 in Characteristics and Stability of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of VCO-Nutmeg Seed Oil Rizky Dwi Larasati; Anisa Fitria; Diantinofriani
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.12542

Abstract

Nutmeg seed oil is hydrophobic and does not penetrate the skin easily. A Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) produces a nanoemulsion with droplet sizes of 20-200 nm. This improves the stability and skin penetration of nutmeg seed oil. This study aims to investigate the ratios of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 that affect the characteristics and stability of SNEDDS. The Tween 80 ratios in the nutmeg seed oil SNEDDS formulas were F1 (1:4:1), F2 (1:7:1), and F3 (1:8:1). All SNEDDS had an O/W emulsion type. The pH was ≤ 7.5, the % transmittance ranged from 95% to 100%, and viscosity was ≤ 2000 cPa.s with non-Newtonian pseudoplastic rheology. Therefore, particle sizes were 23.71 ± 2.41, 7.4 ± 2.73, and 21.27 ± 0.07 nm. Zeta potentials were 189.3 ± 0.85, 190.0 ± 0.00, and 189.9 ± 0.00 mV, while PDI values were 1.861 ± 1.23, 3.80 ± 1.85, and 0.128 ± 0.09. Among these, F3 showed greater stability and better characteristics than F1 and F2. Increasing Tween 80 concentration improves stability and uniformity, as shown by reduced particle size, higher zeta potential, and more uniform size distribution after testing.
The Use of Fishbone Diagram as Root Cause Analysis in Drug Management at Community Health Center, Boyolali Regency, 2024 Rifda Husna Arifah; Iswandi; Jason Merari Peranginangin
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.12653

Abstract

Drug management at community health centers plays an important role in ensuring the quality of health services. This study aims to evaluate drug management in inpatient community health centers in Boyolali Regency using the Hanlon method to determine problem priorities and the Fishbone diagram to trace root causes. The research was conducted descriptively through document review, observation, and interviews based on national drug management indicators. The results revealed inaccuracies in planning that led to both stock shortages and surpluses, distribution delays, as well as storage practices that did not fully comply with standards, including the application of FIFO/FEFO. The Hanlon analysis identified planning and distribution as priority issues, while the Fishbone analysis revealed that the main factors stemmed from limited human resources and suboptimal work methods. Enhancing the capacity of pharmacy staff, implementing information technology-based recording systems, and strengthening coordination with the Health Office are needed to ensure the effective and quality availability of medicines. Accordingly, enhancing pharmacists’ capacity, utilizing digital technologies in medicine management, and fostering stronger coordination with the Health Office are recommended to promote accuracy, effectiveness, and sustainability in pharmaceutical service delivery.
Drug Utilization Evaluation of Antihypertensives in Elderly HHD Patients at the Polyclinic of RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Aliya Yasmin Khairani; Taufik Indrajaya; Yudhie Tanta; Erwin Sukandi; Syarinta Adenina
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.13196

Abstract

Hypertensive heart disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally that tends to increase with age. The high prevalence of uncontrolled blood pressure leads to an increase in the occurrence of HHD, so the optimal use of antihypertensive drugs is essential in preventing and controlling HHD. This study aims to determine the drug utilization evaluation of antihypertensives in elderly hypertensive heart disease patients at the polyclinic of RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, Period of January - June 2023. This research is a descriptive study in the form of a drug utilization evaluation, with a sample of 157 patients. Data were collected using the total sampling technique, using secondary data from patient medical records. The most common therapeutic regimen was a combination of 2 antihypertensive drugs (42.7%), with the most frequent drug class combination being CCB + ARB (21.7%). Based on the PERHI 2021 recommendations, 97.3% of drugs were at the appropriate dose, and 88.8% were administered at the appropriate frequency of administration. Most drug combinations, dosages, and frequencies of antihypertensives administered to patients were appropriate, with the most common combination being two drugs: CCB and ARB.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Transdermal Patch Formulation of Methanolic Extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Stem Bark Against Staphylococcus aureus Reza Nur Janah; Galih Samodra; Desy Nawangsari
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.13899

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes skin and systemic infections, which can lead to serious complications. Resistance to conventional antibiotics poses a major challenge in treating these infections. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of a transdermal patch containing methanol extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. bark against Staphylococcus aureus. The study design is experimental, using a transdermal patch formulation containing the extract in three different concentrations (4%, 8%, and 12%). The evaluation was conducted on the physical properties of the patch, including organoleptic properties, pH, weight uniformity, thickness, fold resistance, and stability test. The preference test and antibacterial activity test were conducted using the well diffusion method. The results showed that all patch formulations met the requirements for good physical characteristics. Antibacterial activity increased with increasing extract concentration, with the highest inhibition zone (21.06 mm) observed at 12% extract concentration. The acceptability test showed that the patch formulation was well accepted by the respondents. Thus, the transdermal patch formulation of methanolic extract of moringa bark has the potential as an alternative treatment for skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Validity and Reliability Questionnaire Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pharmacists towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Imanda Noor Arlita; Burhannudin Ichsan
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.16060

Abstract

Increasing antibiotic resistance can be caused by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which can increase morbidity and mortality. The Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) has been implemented globally to control antibiotic resistance. The presence of a multiprofessional health team such as physicians, pharmacists, microbiologists, and infection control (IPC) practitioners is a key requirement for implementing the ASP. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire on pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding Antimicrobial Stewardship. The questionnaire items were developed based on literature review and expert judgment. Validity testing used the Content Validity Index (CVI) method with expert judgment to assess the validity of each questionnaire item. Reliability testing was distributed to thirty pharmacists to measure the consistency of the questionnaire. Validity testing with the CVI obtained a value of 0.75–1.0, meaning that some items were invalid because the CVI was <0.83. Meanwhile, the reliability test showed that 7 items of knowledge variable statements had a corrected item-total correlation value > 0.25. All statement items on the attitude variable showed a corrected item-total correlation value > 0.25. 13 statement items on the behavior variable had a corrected item-total correlation value > 0.25. The developed questionnaire demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability and can be used to assess pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial stewardship.
Shallot Leaf Extract-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier as a Preliminary Platform for STMN1-Targeted Screening and Macrophage Phagocytic Activity Enhancement Amna Falistina; Bilqis Alfisyahani; Yuda Faturohman; Adyatma Riyandino; Anantazea Deniss Kumara; Talitha Widianingrum
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.16383

Abstract

Cancer metastasis remains a major therapeutic challenge involving molecular dysregulation and tumor–microenvironment interactions. Stathmin 1 (STMN1), a microtubule-destabilizing regulator related to cell motility and tumor aggressiveness, is relevant for preliminary anti-metastasis-oriented screening. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) may improve the dispersion and delivery performance of natural-product extracts. This study formulated shallot leaf (Allium cepa L.) extract into an NLC dispersion using emulsification–ultrasonication under homogenized and non-homogenized conditions, followed by PSA/DLS and SEM characterization. Phytochemical candidates curated from databases and literature were docked to STMN1 to identify ligands with favorable predicted binding profiles. Macrophage phagocytic function was evaluated using a latex-bead assay at 0, 5, and 10 µL. PSA/DLS and SEM indicated particulate structures, but particle-size variation and aggregation suggested the need for further formulation optimization and stability evaluation. Docking ranked sinapic acid (−7.5 kcal/mol) and ferulic acid (−7.4 kcal/mol) as the best phenolic candidates among the tested ligands, although the GDP control showed stronger predicted affinity. Phagocytic capacity increased from 33.5% (0 µL) to 37% (5 µL) and 91% (10 µL), while the phagocytic index increased from 0.63 to 0.77 and 4.50, respectively. The 10 µL dose was the most responsive condition for enhancing macrophage phagocytic activity. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence of STMN1-oriented in silico prioritization and macrophage functional enhancement, not direct proof of anti-metastatic activity or M2 macrophage inhibition.

Page 7 of 8 | Total Record : 71

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