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Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 57 Documents
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Bioactive Compounds of Stelechocarpus burahol (Kepel) from Indonesia for Future Perspective of Health: A Literature Review Zahroh, Endah Wati; Mayasari, Dian; Azzizah, Isma Nur
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.10358

Abstract

Stelechocarpus burahol (Kepel) is widely distributed in Indonesia, where its fruit has traditionally been consumed and used as a natural body fragrance from ancient times to the present. In recent decades, this species has attracted growing interest in the health sector due to its rich content of bioactive compounds. However, the natural population of S. burahol has declined over time and is currently regarded as a conservation species. This article presents an overview of the therapeutic potential of S. burahol and highlights in vitro cultivation strategies aimed at optimizing the production of bioactive metabolites. The review is based on an extensive analysis of scientific journals, conference proceedings, theses, and reference books, using keywords such as S. burahol, Kepel, bioactive compounds, and in vitro culture. Available evidence indicates that S. burahol represents a promising target for bioprospecting in the health sector, particularly due to its reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-acne, antidiabetic, antihyperuricemic, and anti-implantation activities. Furthermore, in vitro cultivation approaches offer a viable alternative to conventional field cultivation, which remains limited, for the enhanced production of bioactive compounds from this species.
Antifungal Potential of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaf Extract against Candida albicans: A Phytochemical Approach Mayasari, Dian; Meiliani, Siska
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.10551

Abstract

Candida species are opportunistic fungi, capable of causing acute and chronic infections in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and oral mucosa among which Candida albicans is the most important species. Melastoma malabathricum L. is one of the most important traditional medicinal plants in Sumatera Island, Indonesia used to treat infectious diseases. The main of this work was to evaluate phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of M. malabathricum leaf, qualitative analysis of mixture compounds by TLC analysis and investigation antifungal activity against C. albicans. The antifungal activity of plant extract at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% were assessed using agar-well diffusion method. Flavonoids, saponins and tannins were secondary metabolites found in ethanol extract. The extract of M. malabathricum leaf formed a zone of inhibition of 6.45 ± 0.002, 6.35 ± 0.023, 6.30 ± 0.050 at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, respectively. In conclusion, M. malabathricum leaf had weak antifungal activity. In addition, ethanolic extract had a variety of secondary metabolites that possibly have antifungal activities. Thus, the present findings support the folklore use of M. malabathricum for the treatment of different fungal infections. 
Comparing The Hematological Effects of BPaL/BPaLM Regimens to Those of Standard Regimens in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review Apgar, Satrias; Suryani
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.12071

Abstract

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a problem for health around the world, and standard treatments don't work very well. The new treatment plan that includes bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL) and its variant with moxifloxacin (BPaLM) has a shorter treatment time and higher success rates, but there is still a chance of hematological side effects. Based on recent studies, this article looks at the hematological effects of BPaL/BPaLM regimens compared to standard regimens in DR-TB therapy in great detail. The study found that BPaL/BPaLM has a different effect on blood cells than standard regimens. It increases the risk of anemia (31.9% vs. 25.4%) and thrombocytopenia (47.8% vs. 23.1%), but it lowers the risk of leukopenia (2.2% vs. 14.6%). The main way that BPaL/BPaLM causes hematological toxicity by linezolid is affecting mitochondrial dysfunction, activating inflammatory pathways, and throwing off iron homeostasis. BPaL/BPaLM is a better choice because it has a shorter treatment time (24–26 weeks vs. 78–96 weeks) and fewer pills (923–924 vs. 5,460–7,296). However, it does require close monitoring of blood levels. A thorough understanding of the hematological effects of the BPaL/BPaLM regimen makes it easier to handle side effects and makes DR-TB treatment more likely to work.
Analysis of Anti-Tuberculosis Medication Adherence Among TB Patients in Private Medical Practices in Cirebon City Hidayati, Nur Rahmi; Rinto Susilo; Setyaningsih, Indah
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.12444

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is highly contagious, so adherence to anti-TB treatment is very important. The aim of this study is to determine patient characteristics (gender, age, educational level, occupation, and duration of tuberculosis treatment), assess patient adherence to tuberculosis treatment, and examine the relationship between patient characteristics and medication adherence in private practice settings in the city of Cirebon. This type of research is non-experimental. Data collection was conducted prospectively using a tuberculosis patient characteristic questionnaire and MARS-5 questionnaire (Medication Adherence Report Scale-5). The sample consisted of all tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment at private medical practices in Cirebon City who met the inclusion criteria, totaling 108 respondents. The characteristics of tuberculosis patients at private medical practices in Cirebon City were predominantly male (58.3%), aged 45–59 years (33.3%), with a high school education level (47.2%), self-employed occupation (37,0%), and treatment duration < 1 year (71.3%). The rate of high treatment adherence was 67.6%. Based on the results of the Multivariate Logistic Regression statistical test, there was no significant relationship between gender (p=0.751), age (p=0.870), education level (p=0.364), occupation (p=0.779), and duration of treatment (p=0.897) with adherence to tuberculosis medication.
Controlling Antihypertensive and Antidiabetic Agents Planning with the ABC Critical Index Method: A Case Study in Denpasar City Hospitals Yuliawati, Agustina Nila; Putri, Kadek Mita Wulandari; Wikayanti, Ni Putu Ayu Putri; Kurnianta, Putu Dian Marani
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.12573

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases such as hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, including Denpasar City. Both diseases require long-term therapy with adequate drug availability to achieve successful treatment. Therefore, effective and efficient management of pharmaceutical preparation planning is very important in hospitals. This study aims to analyze the control of pharmaceutical preparation planning for hypertension and DM therapy using the ABC Critical Index method in hospitals throughout Denpasar City. This research is a descriptive observational study with a case study design conducted at four selected hospitals in Denpasar through a cluster random sampling technique. Data collected includes usage value, investment, selling price, and critical value of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs during 2024. The data were then analyzed using the Pareto ABC method and the Critical Index using Microsoft Excel and presented descriptively. The results show that antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs are generally in the Pareto group C based on use value and investment, with the majority of critical value categories being in category E (>70%). ABC Critical index analysis shows that most drugs are in the Cci group, but planning priorities are in the Aci group, which includes drugs in the ARB, CCB, loop diuretics, insulin, and metformin classes. These findings provide a basis for improving drug procurement management and more appropriate budget allocation in hospitals and suggest that ongoing monitoring can minimize drug shortages that disrupt health services.
Evaluation of Antiretroviral and Tuberculosis Therapy Based on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Co-Infection at Regional General Hospital in Denpasar Kurnianta, Putu Dian Marani; Suwirtawati, Ni Putu Dewanty; Dhrik, Mahadri
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.12652

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection presents a significant challenge in Denpasar due to high incidence and complex treatment. This retrospective single-cohort study aimed to analyze the relationship between the results of therapy evaluation and the clinical outcomes in patients with HIV-TB. Secondary data from 20 HIV-TB treatment at a Regional General Hospital in Denpasar during 2022-2024 were evaluated. Fisher’s Exact test was performed to analyze the association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antituberculosis therapy (ATT), as per the guidelines, and their treatment success. Results showed predominance in males of productive age (60%), with cough as the most common symptom (75%), and 80% patients at HIV stage 4. All patients (N=20) received first-line ART and ATT. However, only 20% completed the treatment algorithm and 40% achieved treatment success. Although no significant association was found between treatment evaluation and success (p = 0.101), the relevant findings in this study emphasized the important role of rational drug use based on guidelines.  Further studies with larger samples and a prospective approach are needed to explore additional factors affecting clinical outcomes of patients with HIV-TB undergoing therapy according to the established guidelines.
Optimization of Gel Formulation and Antibacterial Activity against Cutibacterium acnes from Combined Extracts of Caesalpinia sappan and Carthamus tinctorius Using Simplex Lattice Design Azizah, Umi Hani; Ika Yuni Astuti; Aktsar Roskiana
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13175

Abstract

Acne vulgaris remains a common dermatological disorder in which Cutibacterium acnes plays a central role, while concerns over antibiotic resistance highlight the need for safe natural alternatives. This study aimed to develop and optimize a topical gel formulation containing combined extracts of Caesalpinia sappan and Carthamus tinctorius with antibacterial activity against C. acnes. An experimental design was employed using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method to optimize the proportions of Carbopol 940 and triethanolamine as gelling and stabilizing agents. The prepared gels were evaluated for physical characteristics, stability, hedonic properties, and antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. The optimized formulation, with a desirability value of 0.931, demonstrated appropriate viscosity, spreadability, and pH within the physiological range. Stability testing through six freeze–thaw cycles confirmed no significant changes in organoleptic or physicochemical parameters. Hedonic evaluation indicated good acceptance regarding odor, texture, and non-irritating properties, though color preference was slightly lower. Antibacterial assays showed that both the optimized gel and combined extracts produced strong inhibition zones against C. acnes, comparable to clindamycin as a positive control. These findings confirm that the combination of C. sappan and C. tinctorius extracts, when optimized through statistical design, can yield a stable and effective herbal gel with strong antibacterial activity. This research highlights the potential of integrating traditional medicinal plants with modern formulation approaches to develop safe, natural, and sustainable alternatives for acne management.
A Review of Methodological Standards and Current Practices in Hemolytic Toxicity Testing of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems Yusuf, Mubarika Sekarsari; Nurnahari, Naura
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13229

Abstract

Hemolytic toxicity testing is a fundamental component of hemocompatibility assessment for nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (N-DDSs), as erythrocyte integrity reflects blood safety prior to clinical application. Despite its critical role, experimental procedures vary across the literature. Essential methodological details are frequently omitted, hindering reproducibility and standardization. This variability urges the need for a consolidated reference that examines both current practices and established guidelines. This narrative review aims to provide a structured overview of hemolytic toxicity testing methodologies applied to N-DDSs, with particular emphasis on procedural parameters and their alignment with ASTM and ISO standards. Literature was identified through Google search and open access Scopus-Indexed journals primarily covering publications from 2025 and supplemented with earlier studies to provide historical context. Articles were selected based on relevance to seven methodological parameters which were erythrocyte source, methods of erythrocyte separation and purification, incubation conditions, positive and negative controls, measurement method. Analysis of 30 publications revealed human erythrocytes were the predominant model, with phosphate buffered saline and detergent-like substances were most commonly used negative and positive controls, respectively. Centrifugation controls were inconsistently reported, while incubation was typically run at 37oC, with varying durations depending on the nanoparticle system. Variability was also observed in approaches used to quantify free hemoglobin. Overall, while hemolytic toxicity studies continue to rely on ASTM and ISO guidelines, greater methodological details and standardization would enhance the reliability and reproducibility of hemocompatibility assessments in nanoparticle drug delivery research.
Physical Characteristics of Clove Essential Oil Microemulsions: Comparison of PIC and Spontaneous Techniques with High Energy and Low Energy Methods Nugroho, Nazih Basuki; Sugihartini, Nining; Setianto, Arif Budi
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13286

Abstract

Clove flower essential oil (CFEO), which is useful as an anti-inflammatory, has characteristics that make it easily oxidised and sensitive to heat, so it is formulated in the form of a microemulsion preparation. This study aims to compare the effects of the Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) technique and spontaneous emulsification on the physical characteristics of microemulsions made using high and low-energy methods. The research began with the formulation of clove flower essential oil using the PIC technique and spontaneous emulsification based on the optimal composition from previous studies. The microemulsion was prepared at a stirring speed of 3600 rpm for high-energy and 360 rpm for low-energy. The parameters analysed included globule size, polydispersity index, viscosity, and physical stability against phase separation using centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 30 minutes. The results showed that in the high-energy method, the globule size and viscosity between the two techniques were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but the polydispersity index value in the PIC technique was lower than in spontaneous emulsification (p < 0.05), indicating a more uniform droplet distribution. In the low-energy method, the PIC technique significantly produced smaller droplet size, lower polydispersity index, and higher viscosity (p < 0.05), indicating better kinetic stability. Physical stability testing showed that all formulations remained homogeneous without phase separation. Overall, the PIC technique demonstrated superiority and consistency in producing more homogeneous and stable microemulsions. The low-energy method remains an economical and efficient alternative with proper surfactant composition optimisation.
Antibiotic Adjuvants from Natural Resources against Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria Febrimarsa, Febrimarsa; Hatini, Lutfiah; Herabare, Regita Aulia; Sofia, Revina Gina
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13399

Abstract

The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria signals the end of the antibiotic era, a global threat confirmed by the World Health Organization. Bacteria have evolved sophisticated resistance mechanisms, such as target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, which render many first-line antibiotics ineffective. In response, combination therapy has emerged as a critical strategy, historically proven effective in treating infections caused by pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. This paper explores the use of natural compounds as antibiotic adjuvants to enhance or restore the efficacy of existing antibiotics. The success of Clavulanic Acid, a natural product combined with amoxicillin, serves as a prime example of this approach. Investigating the vast biodiversity of natural resources, such as those found in Indonesia, offers a promising avenue for discovering novel adjuvants. While numerous in vitro studies have identified promising combinations, translating these findings into successful animal models and clinical therapies remains a significant challenge.

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