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Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : 23030267     EISSN : 24076082     DOI : 10.25026/jsk
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan menerima naskah karya asli (Artikel Penelitian, Artikel Review, dan Studi Kasus), baik eksperimental maupun teoretis, dalam bidang-bidang berikut: Sains dan Kesehatan (Kedokteran, Farmasi, Kesehatan Masyarakat, Keperawatan, Kebidanan, Gizi, dan lain-lain). Tujuan penerbitan Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan adalah untuk menyediakan informasi ilmiah tentang perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi di bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kesehatan.
Articles 750 Documents
Gambaran Gaya Hidup dan Hipertensi Pada Lansia : A Systematic Review Rizky Hafifatul Umam; Vivin Nur Hafifah
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2021): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i1.244

Abstract

The increasing age, the more the risk of increasing blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure, while diastolic increases only until the age of 55 years. Objective: This systematic review aims to provide an overview of lifestyle and hypertension in the elderly. Methods: This literature-based systematic review was obtained from NCBI, Science Direct, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and a total of 15 articles were reviewed to provide an overview of lifestyle and hypertension in the elderly. Results: Overall, the study results showed a significant reduction in lifestyle-induced blood pressure. There is no predictable pattern of these changes because blood pressure results vary across lifestyle interventions. These findings also reveal that lifestyle modifications lead to lower blood pressure. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that lifestyle modification is effective in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the elderly. Keywords: Lifestyle, Hypertension, Elderly
Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Hemodialisa dan Peritoneal Dialisa pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Fatmawati Jakarta 2019: Cost Effectivenes Analysis of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis on Chronic Renal Failure Patients at Fatmawati Public Hospital Jakarta 2019 Reny Anggriany Hakim; Delina Hasan; Aritonang Aritonang
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 2 No. 4 (2020): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v2i4.246

Abstract

Tingginya angka peningkatan gagal ginjal di Indonesia disertai dengan adanya peningkatan biaya pelayanan kesehatan serta jenis pengobatan yang tersedia menjadi masalah yang mempersulit masyarakat untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang dibutuhkan. Keadaan ini terutama terjadi pada kasus gagal ginjal menahun. Rumah sakit umum pusat fatmawati merupakan salah satu rumah sakit yang menyediakan pelayanan rawat inap dan rawat jalan dan pilihan pengobatan yang lengkap pada pasien gagal ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetaui manakah dari dua jenis pengobatan hemodialisa dan peritoneal dialisa yang paling efektif dan efisien digunkanakan oleh pasien gagal ginjal. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan studi cohort dengan pendekatan prosfektif dan retrospektif. Jumlah sampel yang dipilih sebanyak 25 pasien rawat jalan yang menjalani pengobatan hemodialisa dan 25 pasien yang menjalani pengobatan dengan peritoneal dialisa yang aktif berobat pada periode Juli sampai September di rumah sakit umum pusat fatmawati Jakarta 2019. Hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa pengobatan dengan peritoneal dialisa lebih efektif dan efisien dibandingan dengan pengobatan secara hemodialisa di rumah sakit umum pusat fatmawati jakarta 2019.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Batang Pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Secara In Vitro Mia Audina Curnia Safitri; Amalia Eka Putri; Dara Pranidya Tilarso
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 2 No. 4 (2020): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v2i4.247

Abstract

Bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 merupakan mikroorganisme patogen yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya penyakit diare, meningitis, dan infeksi lainnya. Pengobatan yang umum untuk penyakit infeksi adalah antibiotik, akan tetapi terjadi banyak resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan yang tidak tepat. Kasus resitensi tersebut mengakibatkan diperlukannya terapi alternatif untuk agen antibakteri yang berasal dari tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang memiliki potensi tinggi sebagai agen antibakteri. Batang pepaya mempunyai potensi sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 yang merupakan bakteri patogen penyebab infeksi pada manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri pada fraksi batang pepaya terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram serta untuk mengetahui fraksi batang pepaya yang memiliki zona hambat paling tinggi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode eksperimental. Sampel penelitian adalah batang pepaya yang di ekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak kemudian difraksinasi dengan menggunakan metode partisi cair – cair menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, diklorometana, dan aquadestilata. Fraksi batang pepaya dilakukan skrining fitokimia untuk mengetahui senyawa yang terkandung didalamnya. Kontrol positif yang digunakan yaitu tablet eritromisin 500 mg dan kontrol negatif yang digunakan yaitu masing-masing pelarut fraksi. Fraksi batang pepaya masing-masing dibuat dengan konsentrasi 1%. Analisa statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode uji Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, serta Mann-Whitney. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi batang pepaya menunjukkan hasil bahwa fraksi batang pepaya mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Fraksi n-heksana, diklorometana, dan aquadestilata batang pepaya masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 1% secara berurutan mempunyai rata-rata diameter zona hambat sebesar 12,57 ± 0,23 mm, 15,33 ± 0,35 mm, dan 18,97±0,58 mm. Aktivitas antibakteri diperkirakan berasal dari aktivitas senyawa flavonoid, tanin, dan saponin yang terkandung di dalam fraksi batang pepaya.
Gambaran Status Gizi dan Perkembangan Motorik Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun Di Kelurahan Pulutan, Salatiga Adhe Restu Ananda; Sanfia Tesabela Messakh; Dary
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 2 No. 4 (2020): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v2i4.251

Abstract

Abstract Malnutrition of children is still a big problem in Indonesia. Malnutrition refers to an imbalance or lack of energy and nutritional intake in a person. In this case, it can cause health problems for children if this thing happens continuously. The balances between energy and protein intake are very important for the human body. So, if the required energy and nutritional intake are not met, it can inhibit the growth and development of children, especially in motor development. Delays in children's development occur when the structural and functional of children's brains have changed or been harmed. The aim of this study is to determine the ideal nutritional status and motor development of children at 3-5 years of age this research was conducted in Pulutan Village, Central Java, Indonesia. In this study, a quantitative descriptive method using nutritional status data instruments based on Z-Score, the form of Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II) 10 minutes and a questionnaire to collect other data in the form of demographic data (parent data, child data and anthropometric measurements), and a questionnaire were used It was distributed to 98 children represented by their respective parents. The results showed the ideal children's weight in Pulutan Village, Salatiga based on the BB/U index of 85 children, while in the TB/U index there were 86 children of normal height. Based on the results of the DDST II form, there are 60 children having normal fine motor development and 67 children having normal gross motor development. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the description of the nutritional status and development of children in the Pulutan Village, Salatiga mostly has the appropriate developmental growth. Abstrak Kondisi gizi kurang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Gizi kurang adalah kurangnya asupan energi dan protein dalam periode waktu lama sehingga membawa dampak negatif pada kesehatan anak. Apabila asupan energi dan protein tidak terpenuhi, pencapaian pertumbuhan dan perkembangan salah satunya perkembangan motorik yang baik pada anak dapat terhambat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran status gizi dan perkembangan motorik anak yang ideal pada usia 3-5 tahun di Kelurahan Pulutan, Salatiga. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan instrument data status gizi berdasarkan WHO Z-Score, form Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II) 10 Menit serta kuesioner untuk mengumpulkan data lainya berupa data demografi (data orang tua, data anak dan pengukuran antropometri). Kuesioner disebarkan pada 98 anak yang diwakilkan oleh orang tua. Hasil penelitian menunjukan berat badan anak yang ideal di Kelurahan Pulutan, Salatiga berdasarkan indeks BB/U yaitu sebanyak 85 anak, sedangkan pada indeks TB/U terdapat 86 anak memiliki tinggi yang normal. Berdasarkan hasil form DDST II menunjukkan ada 60 anak memiliki perkembangan motorik halus yang normal dan 67 anak memiliki perkembangan motorik kasar yang normal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gambaran status gizi dan perkembangan anak di Kelurahan Pulutan, Salatiga sebagian besar memiliki pertumbuhan perkembangan yang sesuai dengan usia anak.
Analisis Efektifitas Pursed Lip Breathing dan Balloon Blowing untuk Meningkatkan Saturasi Oksigen pada Pasien COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): Analysis of Effectiveness of Pursed Lip Breathing and Balloon Blowing to Increase Oxygen Saturation in COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Patients Salva Dwi Kosayriyah; Vivin Nur Hafifah; Zainal Munir; Handono Fatkhur Rahman
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2021): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i2.252

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is one of the deadliest diseases in the world that causes various lung disorders such as dyspnea, so that if left unchecked it can decrease oxygen saturation in the body. Non Pharmacological interventions such as Pursed Lip Breathing and Balloon Blowing can help COPD patients reduce dyspnea. Objective: to analyze the effectiveness of Pursed Lip Breathing and Balloon Blowing to Increase Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients. Methods: database search includes Google Scholar, Science Direct and Proquest with keywords Pursed Lip Breathing, Balloon Blowing, COPD / PPOK. The criteria for the articles chosen were published in 2016-2020 with full text, in Indonesian or English with experimental article types, this Systematic Review uses 15 articles that match the criteria. Results: Analysis of fifteen articles showed that many COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) patients had decreased oxygen saturation due to dyspnea. Several studies have shown that pursed lip breathing and balloon blowing can increase oxygen saturation and reduce respiratory frequency. Sugestion: Pursed Lip Breathing and Balloon Blowing are nonpharmacological therapies with easy techniques that are very effective in helping COPD patients reduce their dyspnea, resulting in increased oxygen saturation. Keywords: Pursed Lip Breathing, Balloon Blowing, COPD ABSTRAK Pendahuluan : COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) merupakan salah satu penyakit mematikan di dunia yang menyebabkan berbagai gangguan pada paru-paru seperti dispnea, sehingga jika dibiarkan terus-menerus dapat menurunkan saturasi oksigen dalam tubuh. Intervensi non Farmakologi seperti Pursed Lip Breathing dan Balloon Blowing dapat membantu pasien pasien COPD dalam mengurangi dispnea. Tujuan : untuk menganalisis Efektifitas Pursed Lip Breathing dan Balloon Blowing untuk Meningkatkan Saturasi Oksigen pada Pasien COPD. Metode: pencarian database meliputi Google Scholar, Science Direct dan Proquest dengan kata kunci Pursed Lip Breathing, Balloon Blowing, COPD/PPOK. Kriteria artikel yang dipilih yaitu terbit tahun 2016-2020 dengan teks penuh, berbahasa Indonesia atau inggris dengan jenis artikel eksperimental, Systematic Review ini menggunakan 15 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria. Hasil: Analisis dari lima belas artikel menunjukkan bahwa banyak pasien COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) yang mengalami penurunan saturasi oksigen karena dispnea. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pursed lip breathing dan balloon blowing dapat meningkatkan saturasi oksigen dan menurunkan frekuensi pernapasan. Kesimpulan: Pursed Lip Breathing dan Balloon Blowing merupakan terapi nonfarmakologis dengan teknik mudah yang sangat efektif membantu pasien COPD dalam mengurangi dispnea hingga berdampak pada peningkatan saturasi oksigen. Kata kunci : Pursed Lip Breathing, Balloon Blowing, COPD/PPOK
Pengaruh Konsentrasi PVA terhadap Stabilitas dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Masker Peel Off Ekstrak Kulit Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) Nielsen) Zahrina Hanny Nabila; Ary Kristijono; Dara Pranidya Tilarso
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 2 No. 4 (2020): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v2i4.256

Abstract

Abstract Jengkol skin (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) Nielsen) has antioxidant activity because it contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, and alkaloids, so jengkol skin can be used as a facial treatment. The peel off mask preparation was chosen because is one type of cosmetic that is easy to use because it utilizes the ability to release the film layer when applied to the skin so that it can increase comfort in use and is expected to increase the antioxidant activity of jengkol skin extract. Components of masks such as PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) which act as filming agents, affect the physical properties of the mask, because it is the material underlying the peel off mask. A stability test needs to be carried out to ensure the durability of the mask during storage. This study aims to determine the stability and antioxidant activity of peel off masks of jengkol skin from various concentrations of PVA. The method used is maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. PVA was used with concentrations of 6%, 8% and 10%. The physical properties test includes organoleptic test, pH test, homogenity test, adhesion test, dispersion test, dry time test, and viscosity test. The antioxidant test of peel off mask preparations was carried out by DPPH method (1,1 Difenyl-2-picrylhydrazil). Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that the peel off mask preparation was stable for a maximum of 21 days of storage. Formula with a PVA concentration of 10% is the formula that has the best physical properties during storage but is the most unstable formula because there are more white lumps than other formulas on the 28th day. The IC50 values ??were 420.9 ?g/mL, 397.4 ?g/mL and 434.1 ?g/mL
Prediksi dan Identifikasi Struktur Protein EGFR Kanker Paru dengan Mutasi Titik L718Q/T790M Secara Pemodelan Homologi In Silico Dwi Syah Fitra Ramadhan; Daryono H. Tjahjono
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 2 No. 4 (2020): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v2i4.257

Abstract

EGFR receptors play an important role in the growth of cancer cells, and these receptors have undergone various types of mutations. At this time, the effect of the L718Q / T790M point mutation on the EGFR receptor is not known, therefore the aim of this study is to predict the EGFR structure with the L718Q / T790M point mutation using in silico homology modeling. The mutant protein was successfully modeled using SWISS-Model expasy webserver and showed good evaluation results after the protein was minimized as indicated by the results of the Ramachandran outlier score of 0%, clashscore 0.98, and MolProbity 1.15. Identification of the active site of the mutant protein shows a conformational change of the active site that causes a steric collision between the inhibitor group and the amino acid side chain of the mutant protein. Keywords: EGFR, mutation, homology modeling, in silico.
Validasi Metode Penetapan Kadar Boraks pada Kerupuk Puli Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis: Validation of Methods of Borax Concentrations Determination in Puli Crackers Using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Oppie Anngela; Afidatul Muadifah; Dhanang Prawira Nugraha
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 3 No. 4 (2021): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i4.258

Abstract

Rice cracker or known as Krupuk puli is the kind of deep-fried crackers in Indonesia that made of rice seasoned with spices and flavor enhancer. Most Rice cracker sellers that peddle their products in the Ngunut traditional market, so that the sellers have to make or prepare the rice cracker as well as possible to make the cracker can be sold. In this case, most manufacturers add hazardous materials (borax) in the process of making rice crackers. The purpose of this research is to validate the method and to know the borax level of rice crackers sold in the Ngunut traditional market by using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Optimization of borax wavelength in the wavelength range of 500-600 nm. The prepared samples are analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at the maximum wavelength that is 506 nm. The next step, is, validation methods, including linieritas test, accuracy test, precision test, and LOD test & LOQ. The result of this study obtained the optimum wavelength is 506 nm. Based on the validation methods that have been done, obtained the results of inference linearity in the concentration range of 5ppm; 20ppm; 35ppm; 50ppm; 65ppm with a physical value of R2 correlation of 0.993,%recovery by 96.5%, the precision value obtained by 0.375%, and the LOD value of 48.565 ppm amounting and a Loq value of 161.381 ppm. The borax level in sample A amounted to 1,380 ± 1.824 ppm, sample B of 852.1 ± 2.367 ppm, sample C of 1,373 ± 1.824 ppm, and sample D of 185.9 ± 1.788 ppm.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer Ekstrak Kulit Buah Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) Nielsen) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli: Antibacterial Activity Test for Gel Hand Sanitizer of Jengkol Rind (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) Nielsen) Extract against Escherichia coli Bacteria Rizka Ahyar Hidayati; Ary Kristijono; Afidatul Muadifah
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2021): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i2.259

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a bacteria that can cause diarrhea. The emergence of diarrhea is caused by a lack of public awareness in maintaining cleanliness, including hand hygiene. Along with the times, people prefer to use hand sanitizers that are more practical, easy to carry, and easy to use. However, most hand sanitizer preparations contain alcohol which has the potential to cause dryness and irritation if used continuously. Therefore, jengkol rind is used which contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones which have antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract against Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The research method used was experimental. The jengkol rind samples were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol. The positive control used was a hand sanitizer with chloroxylenol content and the negative control was a gel base without extract. Jengkol rind extract is made into preparations in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The preparation was tested for physical stability for 28 days including organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, dispersibility, adhesion, protective power, and drying time. The results showed that the preparations with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% jengkol fruit peel extract had an average inhibition zone of 7.00 ± 0.8165 mm, 13.00 ± 0.8165 mm, and 17.25 ± 0.95743 mm. Of the three formulations, the formulation with a concentration of 10% is the most effective concentration because a small concentration already has a strong inhibitory power category. The hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract fulfills the requirements for organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power and is stable in the 28-day storage period, but does not meet the requirements for drying time.
Analisa Perbandingan Kadar Vitamin C Sediaan Kapsul Bubuk Bawang Putih (Allium sativum, L.) Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis: Comparative Analysis of Vitamin C Contents in the Garlic (Allium sativum, L.) Powder Capsules Using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method Ema Krismawar Sari; Rahma Diyan Martha; Afidatul Muadifah
Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan Vol. 3 No. 4 (2021): J. Sains Kes.
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i4.260

Abstract

Abstrak Antioksidan dan penangkal radikal bebas yang dapat merusak sel yaitu fungsi dari vitamin C. Sumber Vitamin C adalah buah-buahan dan sayuran seperti bawang putih. Bawang putih dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif terapi oleh masyarakat dalam bentuk kapsul bubuk dalam berbagai merk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kadar vitamin C pada lima merk sediaan kapsul bubuk bawang putih. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan validasi metode seperti uji linieritas, uji presisi, uji akurasi, dan uji LOD dan LOQ. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat panjang gelombang Vitamin C yaitu 247nm dan diperoleh hasil linieritas dalam rentang konsentrasi 5ppm, 10ppm, 15ppm, 20ppm, 25ppm dengan nilai koefisien korelasi yaitu 0,966, limit deteksi 0,160ppm dan limit kuantitasi yaitu 0,365ppm. Akurasi dari metode ini ditentukan berdasarkan hasil perolehan kembali menggunakan metode spike standar, sedangkan presisi diukur dengan menghitung simpangan baku relatif. Kadar vitamin C dalam sampel 1 sebesar 1,755ppm, sampel 2 sebesar 1,444ppm, sampel 3 sebesar 1,231ppm, sampel 4 sebesar 1,134ppm, sampel 5 sebesar 0,853ppm. Hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa analisis dalam penetapan kadar vitamin C pada kapsul bubuk bawang putih dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari kadar vitamin C pada lima merek kapsul bubuk bawang putih yang menggunakan analisis statistika SPSS16 dengan metode Kruskal Wallis yaitu mendapatkan nilai p = 0,009.

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