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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Methane emission and nutritive evaluation of green, black, oolong, and white tea leaves SRI WAHYUNI; ASEP SUDARMAN; AHMAD SOFYAN; DESSY PERMATA; I NYOMAN GUNA DARMA; DIKY RAMDANI; NANIK HIDAYATIK; ANURAGA JAYANEGARA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260733

Abstract

Abstract. Wahyuni S, Sudarman A, Sofyan A, Permata D, Darma ING, Ramdani D, Hidayatik N, Jayanegara A. 2025. Methane emission and nutritive evaluation of green, black, oolong, and white tea leaves. Biodiversitas 26: 3423-3433. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of non-fermented and fermented leaves of green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and white tea on nutritive value, methane emission, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics. Each type of tea leaves was prepared in both fresh (non-fermented) and fermented forms. Fermented tea leaves were treated with water in a 1:2 ratio. Each treatment was prepared in five replicates and incubated for 30 days. A completely randomized factorial design was applied, with tea type as the primary factor and fermentation status (non-fermented and fermented) as the secondary factor. Results revealed that the highest crude protein content was found in white tea (29.41%), followed by green tea (17.87%). There was a significant effect (p<0.05) of tea types on IVDMD and IVOMD, with fresh oolong tea exhibiting the highest value and white tea the lowest. Excellent fermentation profiles were observed among different tea types (p<0.001) regarding gas production after 48 hours, with fresh green tea producing the highest amount. The highest methane production was observed in fermented green tea (2.35%), while the lowest was in fermented oolong tea (0.89%). Fermented oolong tea as a feed additive in ruminant diets may reduce enteric methane production, potentially improving feed efficiency. In conclusion, fermentation is able to maintain the nutritional quality of tea leaves but the effect on methane emission is varied.
Digitization of rare Balinese (Indonesia) Hindu ritual plants for conservation and biology education I GEDE SUDIRGAYASA; SULISETIJONO SULISETIJONO; SUSRIYATI MAHANAL; ABDUL GOFUR; I KETUT SURATA; I MADE SUDIANA; I MADE MADURIANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260618

Abstract

Abstract. Sudirgayasa IG, Sulisetijono, Mahanal S, Gofur A. 2025. Digitization of rare Balinese (Indonesia) Hindu ritual plants for conservation and biology education. Biodiversitas 26: 2735-2745. Plants hold significant philosophical and symbolic value in the ritual life of the Balinese Hindu community in Indonesia. Various plant species serve as essential components in religious ceremonies and are deeply rooted in local wisdom. However, modernization has led to the decline and fading recognition of some of these ritual plants among younger generations. This study, which adopts an interdisciplinary approach, aims to conserve, and revitalize ethnobotanical knowledge by exploring and digitizing rare Balinese Hindu ritual plants. Data were collected through field exploration, semi-structured interviews, and a literature review. The study successfully identified 56 rare plant species used in Balinese rituals. These species were digitized through a mobile and web-based platform called Taru Yadnya, which was also developed as a transdisciplinary biology learning medium grounded in local cultural wisdom. Digitization not only serves conservation purposes but also provides an innovative educational tool to facilitate knowledge transfer across generations. The results of this study are expected to contribute significantly to biodiversity preservation and cultural sustainability efforts in Bali while supporting transformative and contextual biology education.
Wild avian species diversity and abundance at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates ADMIRE CHANYANDURA; MOUZA MUBARAK ALHAJERI; HESSA AHMED ALQAHTANI; AMNA MANA ALOTAIBA; MOHAMMAD ALI REZA KHAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260731

Abstract

Abstract. Chanyandura A, Alhajeri MM, Alqahtani HA, Alotaiba AM, Khan MAR. 2025. Wild avian species diversity and abundance at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates. Biodiversitas 26: 3397-3407. Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates, serves as an important habitat for diverse bird species, providing a safe refuge and breeding ground for resident and migratory birds. Birds play an important role as bioindicators in different ecosystems. The primary objective of this study was to explore species diversity, frequency of occurrence, richness, and evenness in four habitat categories and land use zones, namely Safari, United Arab Emirates World Desert, Core Zoo, and Back of House in Al Ain Zoo. The data was collected using the line transect method in predetermined zones over seven years. A total of 106,288 records of single bird detection and 136 bird species were documented from 2017 to 2023, including breeding birds, non-breeding birds, and migratory birds. The data exhibited a fluctuating trend, starting with a sharp increase from 4,422 to 11,348 birds, a decline to 6,856, and then a recovery to 14,970. The decline can be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and other environmental changes. The most recent years (2022 and 2023) indicate a robust upward trajectory. Welch's ANOVA revealed a significant difference in species richness among the areas (FWelch (3, 13.19): 14.83, p<0.0016), with a large effect size (????????2) of 0.71. Significant differences in the diversity of species across the areas (FWelch (3, 12.6): 7.10, p<0.0014, ????????2: 0.52) were observed. The Safari zone supported the highest species richness, with species distribution remaining relatively consistent across the areas surveyed. The findings enhance the understanding of spatial variations in biodiversity and highlight the importance of focused conservation initiatives to sustain ecological balance and enhance bird species diversity across various areas of the zoo. Human presence and zoo development activities must consider preserving habitats for native and migratory bird species.
Application of Gaultheria essential oil attractant to increase abundance zigzag ladybird beetle (Cheilomenes sexmaculata) and other coccinellids SISKA EFENDI; DADANG DADANG; I WAYAN WINASA; ALI NURMANSYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260612

Abstract

Abstract. Efendi S, Dadang, Winasa IW, Nurmansyah A. 2025. Application of Gaultheria essential oil attractant to increase abundance zigzag ladybird beetle (Cheilomenes sexmaculata) and other coccinellids. Biodiversitas 26: 2674-2683. Gaultheria essential Oil (GeO) has the potential to be used as an attractant for Cheilomenes sexmaculata because of its high Methyl Salicylate (MeSA) content. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of GeO attractant against C. sexmaculata and its effect on other coccinellids. The tested GeO attractant doses were 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, 1 mL, and 2 mL/dispenser. The data was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric median test, with a Mann-Whitney post-test corrected Holm test. The analysis uses the ggstatsplot package version 0.13.0 in R Studio software version 4.4.2. The causal relationship between attractants, abundance, coccinellid richness, and chili (Capsicum annuum) yield was analyzed using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that GeO attractant affects the abundance of C. sexmaculata. The attractant GeO also accelerates the presence of C. sexmaculata in chili crops. In addition, GeO attractants also affect the abundance of other predatory coccinellids, namely Micraspis lineata, Harmonia decussata, Coelophora maculata, Coleophora inaequalis, Scymnus sp., Curinus coeruleus, Coccinella transversalis, and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. The application of GeO attractants, abundance of C. Sexmaculata and Aphis gossypii are directly and significantly related to chili yield. GeO attractant can be a new component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to control A. gossypii in chili cultivation.
Growth and hematological effects of cellulolytic Bacillus spp. isolated from rabbit gut B. TURAEVA; G. J. KUTLIEVA; X. F. KAMOLOVA; M. A. NEMATOVA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270131

Abstract

Abstract. Turaeva B, Kutlieva GJ, Kamolova XF, Nematofa MA. 2026. Growth and hematological effects of cellulolytic Bacillus spp. isolated from rabbit gut. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270131. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270131. This study aimed to isolate cellulolytic Bacillus strains from the rabbit gastrointestinal tract and evaluate their probiotic potential. Thirteen spore-forming isolates were obtained, of which Bacillus subtilis PBUZ-1 and PBUZ-3 exhibited the strongest cellulolytic activity. Both strains demonstrated high cellulase activity, with PBUZ-1 producing 1.69±0.16 U/mL in whey-based medium compared to 0.29±0.02 U/mL in Getchenson medium (p<0.001, Cohen’s d = 12.49). In vivo trials were conducted on Hikol rabbits supplemented with lyophilized strains (1 × 10⁶ CFU/g feed) for 30 days. Rabbits receiving probiotics showed superior growth performance, with body weights exceeding controls by 312-1050 g at 110-120 days (p<0.01, Cohen’s d = 2.45-3.83). Hematological analysis revealed significant increases in red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and platelets (p<0.05). Biochemical profiles also improved, with higher total protein (65.17±2.24 g/L) and albumin (4.7±0.30 g/L), while bilirubin remained within physiological ranges. No adverse effects were observed, and physiological parameters such as temperature and heart rate stayed within normal limits. These findings demonstrate that rabbit gut-derived Bacillus subtilis strains enhance growth, hematological indices, and systemic health in rabbits. Importantly, this study provides the first evidence that such strains possess dual cellulolytic and probiotic functions, offering a safe and sustainable alternative to synthetic feed additives in rabbit farming and potentially other herbivorous livestock.
Metagenomic insights into microbial community dynamics of fermented Indigofera zollingeriana supplemented with probiotics and phytobiotics IRWAN SUSANTO; ANURAGA JAYANEGARA; RONI RIDWAN; I KOMANG G. WIRYAWAN; ERIKA B. LACONI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260613

Abstract

Abstract. Susanto I, Jayanegara A, Ridwan R, Wiryawan IKG, Laconi EB. 2025. Metagenomic insights into microbial community dynamics of fermented Indigofera zollingeriana supplemented with probiotics and phytobiotics. Biodiversitas 26: 2684-2695. Silage fermentation is an effective method for preserving forage by utilizing microbial activity under anaerobic conditions to maintain its nutritional value and prolong storage stability. Indigofera zollingeriana is a high-protein and fibre-rich forage, making it a promising candidate for silage. However, fermentation success depends on microbial communities involved in organic matter degradation. This study employed Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) with the Illumina platform to analyze the microbial composition of Indigofera silage, enabling precise genus-level identification via 16S rRNA sequencing. The study evaluated microbial diversity and population shifts in silage supplemented with phytobiotics, probiotics, and their combination. The results showed that Gammaproteobacteria dominated all treatments (>90%), with Bacilli and Alphaproteobacteria present in smaller proportions. The combination treatment exhibited the highest microbial diversity, with increased Betaproteobacteria and Actinomycetes, which aid fibre degradation. The low presence of Clostridia suggested well-controlled fermentation. At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae were dominant in single LAB and phytobiotic treatments, while the combination treatment reduced Enterobacteriaceae and increased Moraxellaceae and Enterococcaceae, which support fermentation stability. At the genus level, Enterobacter was prevalent, but the combination treatment increased Pantoea and Leclercia, indicating a more balanced fermentation ecosystem. Alpha diversity and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) confirmed that the combination treatment promoted microbial diversity and fermentation stability while suppressing Enterobacter cloacae. Treatment using acacia bark extract showed effectiveness in the smallest Costridia population (2%). These findings highlight the importance of combining probiotics and phytobiotics to enhance silage quality and microbial balance, emphasizing the need for further research on microbial interactions in fermentation.
Biocontrol potential of rice endophytic fungi against phytopathogens in East Kalimantan, Indonesia SOPIALENA SOPIALENA; KADIS MUJIONO; SYAKHRIL SYAKHRIL; NURHASANAH NURHASANAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261132

Abstract

Abstract. Sopialena, Mujiono K, Syakhril, Nurhasanah. 2025. Biocontrol potential of rice endophytic fungi against phytopathogens in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5737-5754. Endophytic fungi are increasingly recognized for their potential as eco-friendly biocontrol agents in sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic potential of rice endophytic fungi across diverse agroecosystems in Penajam Paser Utara, Samarinda, and Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy rice plants and screened for antagonism against five pathogens using dual-culture assays. A total of six fungal genera were identified, including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp., and Paecilomyces sp., with A. niger, Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. being the most frequently isolated. Morphological characterization revealed distinct colony and microscopic traits supporting genus-level identification. Results of antagonistic assays against the five major rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Curvularia sp. demonstrated that endophytic fungi employed mechanisms, such as competition, parasitism, and antibiosis to suppress pathogen growth. The inhibitory activity of endophytic fungal isolates varied significantly, with inhibition rates ranging from 36.25% to 85%. The highest levels of inhibition were recorded against Fusarium sp. (81.11%), Cercospora sp. (85.00%), Rhizoctonia solani (85.00%), and Curvularia sp. (76.44%), while moderate inhibition was observed against M. oryzae (54.18%). Among the isolates, Rhizopus sp. and Gliocladium sp. consistently demonstrated the strongest antagonistic activity across multiple pathogens. The variability in inhibition rates highlights the importance of strain specificity, pathogen susceptibility, and host-endophyte compatibility in determining biocontrol efficacy. These fungi offer eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.
Plankton diversity around Sempu Strait, Indonesia, revealed by eDNA metabarcoding DIAN ALIVIYANTI; SHAFIRA HAPSARI NOOR AMALIA; MUHAMMAD DAILAMI; ASEP AWALUDIN PRIHANTO; SYARIFAH HIKMAH JULINDA SARI; HEDER DJAMALUDIN; EKWAN NOFA WIRATNO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261141

Abstract

Abstract. Aliviyanti D, Amalia SHN, Dailami M, Prihanto AA, Sari SHJ, Djamaludin H, Wiratno EN. 2025. Plankton diversity around Sempu Strait, Indonesia, revealed by eDNA metabarcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 5848-5856. Plankton diversity plays a critical role in assessing marine ecosystem health and productivity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a highly informative tool for detecting plankton biodiversity more comprehensively compared to conventional methods. This study assessed plankton diversity and water quality in the Sempu Strait, Indonesia, by analyzing eDNA samples collected from five stations during a single sampling period in August 2024. Environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and phosphate) were measured and found within typical ranges, except for nitrate and phosphate, which exceeded marine quality thresholds. Water samples were filtered and amplified using the 18S V9 region, and sequences were processed using DADA2 and assigned taxonomically against the PR2 database. A total of 361 species across 341 genera were identified from 2.8 million raw reads. The Shannon-Wiener index (H') diversity indices range from 4.61 to 6.43, while Simpson's index (D) ranges from 0.964-0.997, indicating overall high alpha diversity. The most dominant phytoplankton genera were Leptocylindrus and Chaetoceros, while Neocalanus dominated the zooplankton community. Stations near anthropogenic activity showed distinct taxonomic profiles and higher nutrient concentrations. These findings confirm that eDNA metabarcoding is an effective and sensitive approach for monitoring marine plankton communities. This method enhances biodiversity detection and provides valuable reference for future ecological assessments and conservation planning in Indonesian coastal ecosystems.
Community-led application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) effectively reduces malaria vector densities in The Gambia BABUCARR JASSEY; RIRIH YUDHASTUTI; OMAR JALLOW; IBRAHIM TOURAY; MUHAMMAD RASYID RIDHA; KHULIYAH CANDRANING DIYANAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260813

Abstract

Abstract. Jassey B, Yudhastuti R, Jallow O, Touray I, Ridha MR, Diyanah KC. 2025. Community-led application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) effectively reduces malaria vector densities in The Gambia. Biodiversitas 26: 3803-3814. Malaria remains a major public health burden in The Gambia, with Anopheles Meigen, 1818 mosquitoes thriving in seasonal patterns during peak transmission periods. Traditional vector control methods, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, have shown limitations due to insecticide resistance and residual transmission. This study evaluates the impact of a community-led biolarviciding intervention using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac, 1978 (Bti) as an environmentally friendly and sustainable malaria vector control strategy. A field-based study was conducted across selected mosquito breeding sites in The Gambia, where trained community members applied Bti to target Anopheles larvae. Entomological surveys were carried out biweekly to assess larval and pupal densities, while adult mosquito populations were monitored in nearby households using CDC light traps. The study compared treated and untreated control areas to determine the intervention’s effectiveness. The application of Bti resulted in a significant reduction in Anopheles larval and pupal populations in treated areas compared to controls. Pupal emergence was nearly eliminated after consecutive rounds of Bti application, leading to a decline in adult mosquito densities. Community engagement contributed to the successful implementation and acceptance of the intervention, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating biolarviciding within existing malaria control efforts. Seasonal Bti application shows strong potential as a sustainable and complementary strategy to reduce mosquito breeding to ~90%, particularly when supported by enhanced community participation and operational resources to maximize long-term impact on malaria transmission.
New records and updated checklist of heterobranch sea slug (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from South Malang, Indonesia ANTHON ANDRIMIDA; LUCHMAN HAKIM; CATUR RETNANINGDYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260802

Abstract

Abstract. Andrimida A, Hakim L, Retnaningdyah C. 2025. New records and updated checklist of heterobranch sea slug (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from South Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3674-3693. This article presents an integrated and updated checklist of heterobranch sea slug species from South Malang, East Java, Indonesia, based on additional records from recent surveys, published records and citizen scientist findings since 2019. A different approach to survey method was conducted during this study, where surveys were done by exploring shallow tidepools in contrast to previous studies in South Malang that followed SCUBA diving-based survey. Twelve surveys have been conducted at three new localities in South Malang from September 2024 to March 2025. A total of 14 new species has been successfully documented as new locality records from three main sites, which are Banyu Towo, Tanjung Penyu, and Gatra. These 14 species assigned to the Aplysiida order (two species), Sacoglossa superorder (three species), Pleurobranchida order (three species) and Nudibranchia order (six species). With this finding, combined with previous studies, a total of 79 heterobranch sea slug species has been recorded from South Malang, which 57 species belong to the Nudibranchia order, nine species belong to the Aplysiid order, eight species belong to the Sacoglossa superorder, three species belong to the Pleurobranchida order, and two species belong to the Cephalaspidea order were found. This study also provides nine species corrections from past studies following taxonomical update or possible misidentification in the past. Compared to other records, it is revealed that heterobranch sea slug species diversity in South Malang is higher than the average heterobranch sea slug species diversity in Java Region. Higher heterobranch sea slug diversity indicates diverse habitat structure and higher overall diversity in coral reef ecosystem. This study provides baseline data for future monitoring programs, as there is a rising anthropogenic pressures from the nearby fishing port activities and forest conversion that causes sedimentation and threatens the coral reef health in Sempu Island, East Java. Furthermore, this extended checklist significantly enhances marine biodiversity records by filling knowledge gaps from understudied area in South Malang, thereby strengthening the data basis that is necessary for future coastal ecosystem monitoring and conservation in South Java Region.

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