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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 572 Documents
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YEAST EXTRACT ELICITATION  ENHANCES METABOLITE PRODUCTION IN Alocasia cuprea CALLUS Zozy Aneloi Noli; Suwirmen; Lily Ismaini; Meza Rani Maudya
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2649

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTSYeast extract boosts metabolitesEnhances bioactive yieldBest at moderate dose (150 mg/L)ABSTRACTAlocasia cuprea is a tropical ornamental plant species belonging to the family Araceae, widely recognized for its distinctive and aesthetically appealing foliage. Additionally,  it represents a promising source of bioactive metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of yeast extract elicitation for enhancing metabolite production in A. cuprea callus culture established through in vitro propagation. The methods used in this study included callus induction, elicitation treatments, and phytochemical analysis of A. cuprea callus. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five yeast extract concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L) with six replications. The results revealed that elicitation treatment did not affect callus biomass. Morphologically, the callus exhibited a friable texture and changed in color from off-white to yellowish-brown following elicitation. However, elicitation increased both the yield and diversity of metabolites in A. cuprea callus cultures. The optimal yeast extract concentration for enhancing the accumulation of major metabolites in A. cuprea was 150 mg/L. At this concentration, the levels of n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and squalene increased by 6.67%, 82.49%, and 291.60%, respectively, compared with control. Nevertheless, the accumulation patterns of individual compounds varied across treatments, indicating that each metabolite exhibits a specific biosynthetic response to variations in yeast extract concentration.
CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION IN FABACEAE TREE STANDS WITHIN THE URBAN FORESTSOF BANDA ACEH Wira Dharma; Yekki Yasmin; Nada Ariqah; Essy Harnelly; Alia Rizki; Amirunnas; Anita Rauzana; Rahmad Zakaria
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2687

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Identified four Fabaceae tree species across three urban forests in Banda Aceh.- Total estimated potential carbon stock in Fabaceae stands reached 292.08 tonnes/ha.- Trembesi Urban Forest contributed the highest carbon stock at 124.14 tonnes/ha.- Samanea saman is the dominant carbon contributor, storing 248.44 tonnes/ha.- Stem diameter serves as a highly reliable predictor for urban tree carbon stocks.ABSTRACTUrban forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon emissions through the biomass carbon stocks stored in vegetation. The Fabaceae family is a potential group of tree for carbon storage, but its contribution to the Banda Aceh urban forest area remains understudied. This study aims to identify tree species from the Fabaceae family and estimate the potential carbon stocks stored in stands of this family in the Banda Aceh urban forest. The study was conducted in three urban forest locations: Putroe Phang (PP), Trembesi (TR), and BNI Urban Forests (BNI). Carbon stocks were estimated using a non-destructive method with an allometric equation approach. The results showed that there were four tree species from the Fabaceae family, namely Samanea saman, Pterocarpus indicus, Tamarindus indica, and Delonix regia, with a total of 197 individuals recorded. The total potential carbon stocks stored in Fabaceae stands in the three urban forest areas reached 292.08 tons/ha, with the largest contribution coming from the Trembesi (TR) Urban Forest at 124.14 tons/ha. The tree species that provides the largest contribution to carbon biomass is Samanea saman with an estimate of 248.44 tons/ha.
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MANGROVES FROM COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA Nova Laurin Isye Mourein Ogi; Fernando A Watung; Mercy M Rampengan; Meisa Tabita Rogahang; Verawati Ida Yani Roring; Mokosuli Yermia Semuel
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2748

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTSMangrove species like Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina aid food and health.Correlation and PCA reveal food, medicine, and firewood as key use dimensions.Location trends: Sondaken for firewood, Baboi for medicine, Mantehage for knowledge.This study supports mangrove ethnobotany and promotes community bioconservation.ABSTRACTMangrove ecosystems play a vital ecological and socio-economic role along coastal regions. However, their sustainable utilization faces significant challenges due to habitat degradation and modernization. This study aimed to characterize the ethnobotanical utilization of mangroves by coastal communities within Bunaken National Marine Park (BNMP) and its surrounding small islands, while exploring their potential for food and medicinal bioprospecting. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews with informants, and field observations within coastal communities in four locations such as Bahoi, Likupang Barat District, North Minahasa, Sondaken, Tatapaan District, South, Alung Banua, Bunaken Archipelago District, Manado, and Mantehage, Wori District, North Minahasa Regency. The data were subsequently analyzed descriptively, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and heatmap visualization. The findings revealed that specific species such as Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina occupy central roles as sources of food and traditional medicine, emphasizing the close integration between subsistence needs and community health. Correlation analysis and PCA indicated that the categories of food, medicine, and firewood represent the dominant dimensions of utilization, while cultural functions and species knowledge serve as secondary differentiators. Location-based variations underscored the heterogeneity of utilization practices, with Sondaken being more prominent in firewood use, Bahoi in ethnomedicine, and Mantehage in biodiversity knowledge. These findings highlight the necessity of mangrove management that extends beyond ecological conservation to include local wisdom as a foundation for bioprospecting, thereby supporting food security, health, and the well-being of coastal communities. Thus, this research significantly contributed to the literature on mangrove ethnobotany and provided a scientific framework for community-based bioconservation strategies in Indonesia.
NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR RESILIENT RICE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS: A Review of Ecological Insect Pest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Ravindra Chandra Joshi; S. Shrivastava; Annamalai Sivapragasam; Anand Prakash
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.3052

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Nature-based tools restore biodiversity and self-regulating pest control.  - Flowering strips and border crops boost beneficial predator populations.  - Neem and custard apple biopesticides disrupt pests without toxicity.  - Soil biochar and silicon build strong physical barriers in rice plants.  - Integrated duck and fish farming suppresses pests while cutting chemical use.  ABSTRACTThe Green Revolution expanded global rice production but introduced systemic environmental vulnerabilities by eroding biodiversity and natural pest regulation. This critical review examines the strategic transition from pesticide-intensive cultivation to nature-based solutions (NbS) that prioritize ecological resilience. We synthesize diverse strategies, including ecological engineering, microbial tools, and integrated rice-animal farming, to demonstrate their collective efficacy in maintaining stable yields. Environmental manipulation through flowering strips supports a robust natural enemy complex, including the mirid bug (Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter)) and the egg parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead). Furthermore, we evaluate the pivotal role of botanical insecticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and the sugar apple (Annona squamosa L)., alongside soil amendments like biochar, to induce systemic host resistance via silicon-mediated defenses. Crucially, we highlight how microbial biopesticides, including the entomopathogens Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner), green muscardine fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn), and specialized granuloviruses, work in synergy with animal co-cultures involving the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.) and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Together, these synchronized interventions establish multi-layered barriers against major pests like the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) and the yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)). By aligning cultural, biochemical, and biological practices, these solutions foster functional biodiversity and self-regulating mechanisms, providing a resilient framework for the long-term sustainability of global rice agriculture amidst shifting climatic challenges.
UPDATED CHECKLIST OF HERPETOFAUNA IN BALINSASAYAO TWIN LAKES NATURAL PARK, NEGROS ORIENTAL: A LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH SITE IN THE PHILIPPINES Jean Henri Oracion; Arnold Rabor; Sharmaine Arjona; Victor Amoroso
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2513

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Updated checklist reveals rich amphibian and reptile diversity.- Twenty-two endemic species found occur only in the Philippines.- Seven threatened species highlight the area's conservation importance.- Species richness is comparable with other long-term research sites.- Continued monitoring may reveal more amphibian and reptile species.ABSTRACTThe Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTLNP) is one the established Long-term Ecological Research Sites (LTER) in the Philippines. LTER sites are valuable for providing underlying causes for changes in the environment, management of natural resources, and conservation of biodiversity. Through this, researchers could quantify simultaneously certain complex ecological interactions. This primary aim of this study is to assess the herpetofauna to update the existing data on herps, and compare its species richness with other LTER sites. Survey was done by using the cruising method in the established 2-hectare plot, and other areas outside of it. A total of three sampling visits with six field days was spent from the sampling visits on. The findings of this study included detecting 29 herpetofauna species, composed of: 11 amphibian and 18 reptile species, 17 of which are endemic and six are resident. This record represents 54.7% of the total number of 53 species listed by Dolino et al., 2004. There are five species described to be threatened, namely: Platymantis negrosensis, Platymantis hazelae, Limnonectes visayanus, Sanguirana acai, Hydrosaurus pustulatus, Tropidonophis negrosensis, and Oligodon modestus. In comparison with the other LTER sites, albeit having a completely different presence of species, the level of species richness at BTLNP is close to Mt. Hamiguitan. This implies that the habitat is similar in conditions, and the demands of each species are well provided. The presence of the lake itself might be the major reason as it can offer a variety of resources for these species. Many egg laying species are also benefit from it as well. Therefore, its worth should not be undervalued. A longer monitoring and a more systematic sampling is recommended to potentially observe more species that may be unique to BTLNP.
DIVERSITY OF SMALL NON-VOLANT MAMMALS IN THE CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND RECREATION (CEDAR), BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES Jasmin Rizalda; Dave Buenavista
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2567

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Six murid rodent species, including one endemic and five non-native species, were recorded in CEDAR, Bukidnon.- Semi-natural habitats were dominated by endemic (Rattus cf. everetti), while human-modified habitats were dominated by non-native rodents.- Human-modified habitats had higher rodent diversity than semi-natural habitats.- Rattus tanezumi and Rattus cf. exulans adapted to both habitat types.- Semi-natural habitats are vital for conserving native rodent diversity.ABSTRACTThis study assessed the diversity and species composition of murid rodents in two habitat types: semi-natural and human-modified within the Center for Ecological Development and Recreation (CEDAR) in Impasug-ong, Bukidnon, Philippines. A total of 640 trap nights were conducted using live traps across both habitats, yielding six (6) rodent species: one (1) native (Rattus cf everetti) and five non-native species (Rattus cf exulans, Rattus cf norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, Mus musculus, and an unidentermined Rattus species). Station 1 (semi-natural habitat) was dominated by the native species, while Station 2 (human-modified habitat) was dominated by non-native species. Diversity analysis using the Shannon-Wiener Index showed higher diversity in the human-modified habitat (H’ = 1.280) compared to the semi-natural habitat (H’ = 1.004), supporting the hypothesis that habitat modification influences rodent diversity. The exclusive presence of R. cf. everetti in the semi-natural habitat emphasizes the sensitivity of native species to disturbance while R. tanezumi and R. cf. exulans were found in both habitats, indicating their adaptability to varied environments. These findings support the hypothesis that habitat modification influences rodent diversity and human-modified habitat are more species rich dominated by non-native species. The study highlights the importance of conserving semi-natural habitats and highlights the utility of rodents as bioindicators for assessing ecological integrity in forest habitats. The study recommends broader mammalian surveys, wildlife monitoring, and the regulation of wildlife reintroduction in CEDAR.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIBER MORPHOLOGY AND PARALLEL-TO-GRAIN MECHANICAL STRENGTH IN FOUR BAMBOO SPECIES GROWNIN THE PHILIPPINES Oliver S. Marasigan; Mario Angelo M. Mundn; Shereyl A. Daguinod; Emmanuel P. Domingo; Jayric F. Villareal
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2595

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTSThe study evaluated the fiber morphology and mechanical properties of four bamboo species, revealing the species-specific relationships of fiber traits and mechanical performance.Cell wall thickness and lumen width influenced bamboo’s mechanical strength. Solid bamboo exhibits the highest compression despite weak fiber links; Yellow bamboo displays the highest shear with the longest fibers; Thailand bamboo demonstrates the strongest fiber traits-strength correlations.ABSTRACTThe compression and shear strength parallel to the grain of four bamboo species namely Yellow bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl.), Iron bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunt.), Solid bamboo [Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees], and Thailand bamboo (Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble) were evaluated in relation to their fiber morphology. Results revealed distinct species-specific patterns. Thailand bamboo exhibited the strongest positive correlations, particularly between fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, and both strength properties. Yellow bamboo recorded the longest fibers and the highest shear strength, with strong associations to cell wall thickness. In contrast, Solid bamboo showed the highest compression strength but weak correlations with fiber characteristics, while Iron bamboo demonstrated moderate associations between fiber morphology and mechanical properties. Among all fiber characteristics, cell wall thickness consistently showed a strong positive correlation with strength across species, whereas lumen width was negatively correlated, indicating that denser, more compact fiber structures enhance load-bearing capacity. Principal Component Analysis further confirmed the dominant influence of cell wall thickness, with variable contributions from fiber length and diameter depending on species. These findings highlight the anatomical basis of bamboo’s mechanical performance and emphasize the need for species-specific approaches in its structural utilization.
OPTIMIZING eDNA METABARCODING IN INDONESIAN FRESHWATERS: A SCOPING REVIEW OF BEST PRACTICES I Dewa Agung Panji Dwipayana; Ni Luh Putu Kayika Febryanti; Yan Ramona
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2639

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Environmental DNA studies in Indonesian freshwaters remain uneven.- Multi-step filtering improves species detection and reduces false findings in tropical condition.- Taxa-specific primers detect native species better than broad-range primers.- Local databases and manual plausibility checks reduce wrong species matches.ABSTRACTIndonesian freshwater ecosystems harbor immense biodiversity yet remain understudied due to logistical constraints of conventional methods. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a noninvasive, high-resolution alternative for biodiversity monitoring, but its uptake in Indonesia is still nascent and methodologically heterogeneous. We reviewed 106 peer-reviewed studies (of which 28 studies were eligible) published between 2015 and 2025 across Google Scholar, PubMed, DOAJ, and GARUDA, charting sampling designs, molecular workflows, and bioinformatics pipelines. Studies were heavily skewed toward Java and West Sumatra (86%) and overwhelmingly employed filtration-based sampling. Broad-range COI and 12S markers dominated (39% and 36% of studies, respectively), whereas fish-specific MiFish-U primers, demonstrating superior sensitivity and specificity, were only used in 14% of cases. Correspondingly, non-specific primer in shotgun metagenomics proven imprudent. Studies using 0.22 µm filters collected a lot of species as much as non-target amplification, while 0.45 µm filters performed inconsistently. Bioinformatics approaches (QIIME2, DADA2, mBRAVE) differed widely but showed no clear impact on detection outcomes. Key limitations included geographic and taxonomic biases, poor reference library coverage, and a lack of expert-driven plausibility checks. We recommend a standardized workflow combining coarse pre-filtration, taxa-specific primers (e.g., MiFish for fish), and manual validation against expanded local databases to strengthen eDNA-based biodiversity assessments in Indonesia.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL BIOSTIMULANTS AND AGRONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS TESTS ON THE COFFEE SEEDLINGS Sepdian Luri Asmono; Rahmawati; Nisa Budi Arifiana; Dyah Nuning Erawati; Nurul Sjamsijah; N. Bambang Eko Sulistyono
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2466

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Golden apple snail extract was successfully developed into a biostimulant containing NPK nutrients, 12 amino acids, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).- The biostimulant significantly enhanced coffee seedling growth, including plant height, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and biomass.- Golden apple snail biostimulant achieved the highest Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) of 104%, outperforming conventional NPK fertilization.- Formulation without EM4 retained higher concentrations of macronutrients and amino acids, whereas EM4 supplementation increased IAA production.- Utilizing an invasive golden apple snail as a plant biostimulant provides a sustainable alternative to inorganic fertilizers for coffee nurseries. ABSTRACTThe use of Golden Apple Snail (GAS), an invasive species, as a potential biostimulant source represents an innovation, particularly in sustainable agriculture and waste management. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the biochemical characteristics of GAS and assess its effectiveness on coffee seedling growth. The first test, detecting biochemical characteristics, was conducted using two formulations, i.e., 1) Formulation 1 = 1,000 g of fresh whole GAS extract + 500 g of sugar and 2) Formulation 2 = 750 g of fresh whole GAS extract + 500 g of sugar + 125 mL of EM 4. The results of the 14-day fermentation showed the presence of nutrients N, P, K, 12 amino acids, and phytohormones. Formulation 1 had a total amount of N-Total (1.76%), P2O5 (0.18%) and K2O (0.29%) and a higher amino acid content than those in Formulation 2. In phytohormone detection, IAA was present in both formulations. The results of this test were used for further tests on the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings. The second test of agronomic effectiveness was carried out using a Randomized Block Design, with 6 types of fertilization treatments: 1) Control (Without GAS and NPK Biostimulants); 2) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L; 3) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L + ½ dose of NPK; 4) 0.5 g Urea + 1 g TSP + 1 g KCL; 5) GAS Biostimulant 50 mL/L + Full NPK Dose; 6) 1 g Urea + 2 g TSP + 2 g KCL. Each treatment was divided into 3 groups having two plants in each group. Observation data at the age of 4 months were tested using ANOVA and showed that there were significant differences in all morphological observation variables, including plant height, root length, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight or biomass. Based on the dry weight data, a Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) test was also conducted, which showed that the GAS Biostimulant treatment produced the highest RAE value, namely 104%, compared to the use of NPK fertilizer, showing agronomic effectiveness of GAS Biostimulant as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers in coffee nurseries.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLOMIC APPROACH FROM DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS OF MULBERRY TREATED WITH SALT STRESS IN INDONESIA Yasinta Ratna Esti Wulandari; Yohana Caecilia Sulistyaningsih; Agik Suprayogi; Min Rahminiwati; Triadiati Triadiati
BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 (2026): BIOTROPIA Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2026.33.3.2884

Abstract

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS- Information on salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions is currently unavailable. This research reveals the discovery of salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions from the exploration of various mulberry accessions in Indonesia.- Salinity-tolerant mulberry accessions can be utilized for sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.- Salinity stress treatment is known to increase secondary metabolites in mulberry plants.- Profiling of secondary metabolites in mulberry plants in response to salinity stress is known.- The integration of metabolomics and ecophysiology offers a new perspective on how plants adapt to stress.ABSTRACTLand salinity in Indonesia continues to increase, therefore research is needed to obtain saline-resistant plants such as mulberries. Mulberry plants are well recognized for their resilience to various abiotic stresses, including salinity. This study aimed to identify tolerant accessions to salinity stress, in accordance with their growth characteristics, and to examine the alterations in secondary metabolites as a reaction to salt stress. The experiment was designed using a factorial randomized block design, which included seven mulberry accessions, identified as MB1 through MB7, and varying NaCl concentrations of 0% (control), 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%. The study’s results showed that MB2-3 accession tolerates high salinity stress by accumulating proline, flavonoid compounds, phenolic and dissolved sugars, as well as secondary metabolites, with increasing NaCl concentration. Based on the results of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis of mulberry leaf extract, 100 selected metabolites were obtained. The heat map results showed metabolic substances such as phenylpropanoids, organic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates increased in response to salinity stress. The integration of metabolomics and ecophysiology called ecophysiolomics offers a new perspective on how plants adapt to stress. By analyzing the involvement of metabolites that facilitate tolerance to salinity stress, we can gain a valuable understanding of how mulberry plants endure this environmental challenge..

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