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Insignia: Journal of International Relations
Published by Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
ISSN : 20891962     EISSN : 25979868     DOI : -
Core Subject : Humanities, Art,
Arts Humanities
Insignia Journal of International Relations is published biannually (April & November) by Laboratorium of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University. This journal contains articles or publications from all issues of International Relations such as: International Politics, Foreign Policy, Security Studies, International Political Economy, Transnational Studies, Area Studies & Non-traditional Issues.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 208 Documents
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Gender Segregation in the Labour Market in the Indo-Pacific Region: A Case Study of Indonesia, Vietnam, and India Dewi, Ni Nyoman Clara; Al Putra, Ferdian Ahya; Wijanarka, Tunjung
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 1 (2024): April 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.1.11200

Abstract

Abstracts Gender segregation manifests in two different ways: horizontal segregation, which reflects the disproportionate representation of women and men in specific jobs or industries, and vertical segregation, which is seen in leadership hierarchies where men dominate managerial roles. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that nearly 100 million women in Asia are degraded due to discriminatory practices. Research from the International Labour Organization (ILO) also revealed job advertisements that were gender-biased and prioritized male candidates, thus perpetuating stereotypical job roles. Focusing on India, Indians, and Vietnam, this research investigates the alarming statistics demonstrating a gender gap. In Vietnam, women hold only a few positions in parliament and face a pay gap based on gender bias. Research in Indonesia highlights that women rarely occupy leadership roles and that working conditions tend to be discriminatory. In India, urban areas experience high gender segregation based on employment gaps. Patriarchal social norms and cultural biases increasingly contribute to women's subordinate roles. Through qualitative research based on library data collection, this research seeks to comprehensively analyze and overcome the complex challenges posed by gender segregation in the labor market in the three Indo-Pacific countries. These three countries are exciting representations of how gender segregation can be seen and depicted in real terms through the very high number of workers in these three countries. This research concludes that gender segregation in the workforce is a fundamental form that is difficult to eradicate. However, a comprehensive multi-sector role can be an alternative form of effort to reduce gender disparities in the workforce. Keywords: gender segregation, glass ceiling, labor market, Indo-Pacific, the pay gap Abstrak Segregasi gender terwujud dalam dua bentuk cara yang berbeda: segregasi horizontal, yang mencerminkan keterwakilan perempuan dan laki-laki yang tidak proporsional dalam pekerjaan atau industri tertentu, dan segregasi vertikal, yang terlihat dalam hierarki kepemimpinan di mana laki-laki mendominasi peran manajerial. Asian Development Bank (ADB) memperkirakan bahwa hampir 100 juta perempuan di Asia terdegradasi karena praktik yang diskriminatif. Penelitian dari International Labour Organization (ILO) juga mengungkapkan iklan pekerjaan yang bias gender dan mengutamakan kandidat laki-laki, sehingga melanggengkan peran pekerjaan yang sifatnya stereotip. Berfokus pada India, India, dan Vietnam, penelitian ini menyelidiki statistik mengkhawatirkan yang menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan gender. Di Vietnam, perempuan hanya menduduki sedikit posisi di parlemen dan menghadapi kesenjangan upah berdasarkan bias gender. Penelitian di Indonesia menyoroti jaranya perempuan menduduki kepemimpinan dan kondisi kerja cenderung diskriminatif. Di India, wilayah perkotaan mengalami segregasi gender yang tinggi berdasarkan kesenjangan pekerjaan. Norma-norma sosial dan bias budaya yang bersifat patriarki semakin berkontribusi terhadap peran subordinat perempuan. Melalui penelitian kualitatif berbasis pengumpulan data secara studi pustaka, penelitian ini berupaya untuk menganalisis secara komprehensif dan mengatasi tantangan rumit yang ditimbulkan oleh segregasi gender di pasar tenaga kerja di ketiga negara Indo-Pasifik tersebut. Ketiga negara ini menjadi representasi menarik mengenai bagaimana segregasi gender dapat dilihat dan digambarkan secara nyata melalui jumlah tenaga kerja yang sangat tinggi di ketiga negara tersebut. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa segregasi gender dalam lingkup tenaga kerja menjadi bentuk nyata yang sulit untuk dihapuskan, namun melalui peran komprehensif multisektor dapat menjadi bentuk alternatif upaya untuk mengurangi disparitas gender dalam tenaga kerja. Kata kunci: segregasi gender, langit-langit kaca, pasar tenaga kerja, Indo-Pasifik, kesenjangan upah
China's Health Diplomacy Strategy During COVID-19 Crisis 2020-2022 Kartodirdjo, Azzizah; Rahman, Muhammad Sigit Andhi
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 1 (2024): April 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.1.11296

Abstract

In time of crisis like COVID-19 outbreak, China’s health diplomacy has become a spotlight in terms of its international momentum in dealing the virus. This research is important to know how health diplomacy can be used as an effective foreign policy. The research question in this paper asks how did China conduct health diplomacy during the COVID-19 crisis from 2020 to 2022. This research used descriptive and literature research methods by collecting secondary data from related research and international organization, WHO, as main source for COVID-19 data. The data were analyzed using neoclassical realism theory. Not to mention, there is not much literature that analyzes China's before until the recent "New Normal" situation. When COVID-19 emerge, it simultaneously transforms its health diplomacy into vaccine diplomacy that begins from the first outbreak of the virus. It underwent scrutiny and criticism from other countries as they were sceptical about whether it is purely on conducting global health diplomacy or China's way of promoting a strategic framework. It also has a clear intention that its action is also to appease the world view toward its role since the virus is from Wuhan, a city in China. This research concludes international system can affect state behaviour toward its relations with other countries by examining China's health diplomacy. Keywords: China’s Foreign Policy, Global Health Diplomacy, Vaccine Diplomacy
Analyzing the Impact of Implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative on the Malaysian Economy in 2018-2022 Ramadhan, Megah Rahmat; Widhiyoga, Ganjar; Wijayati, Hasna
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 2 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.2.11431

Abstract

This research is motivated by the Belt and Road Initiative program, which aims to create a new trade route connecting China to various countries using the Silk Route. The project was created through cooperation between China and many countries, including Malaysia. Malaysia rejected the BRI in 2018 but continued with a new agreement. This study aims to determine the impact of the BRI scheme on Malaysia's geopolitics and economy. This research employs two analytical lenses: geopolitics and international cooperation. It examines the regional dynamics that have emerged due to Malaysia's partnership with the BRI and assesses the potential impact of BRI at the domestic level. Qualitative research methods were used, and data was collected through library research. The research indicates that Malaysia's geopolitics have shifted following the implementation of the BRI scheme, resulting in an economic upturn through the utilization of the newly constructed infrastructure. BRI has had a positive impact on Malaysia. Specifically, it has led to an increase in container traffic and contributed to the country's GDP. Additionally, the BRI has helped to develop Malaysia's Eastern region. The results of BRI have affected Malaysia's position in both geopolitical and economic aspects within ASEAN. In conclusion, the BRI has positively impacted Malaysia since its reinstatement in 2018.
How Social Media Algorithms Potentially Reinforce Radical Views Kuncoro, Hestutomo Restu; Hasanah, Khuswatun
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 2 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.2.11505

Abstract

This research delves into the complexities of social media's role as a platform for communication, examining how it facilitates the spread of radical ideologies while simultaneously serving as a space for deradicalization. Through a comprehensive literature review, the researchers aim to combine existing findings with fresh insights employong qualitative analyses. Central to the study is the application of the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), which posits that users actively select content based on specific needs and desires. By applying UGT, the research seeks to uncover the underlying motivations driving users to engage with extremist content on social media, offering a nuanced perspective on the platform's societal influence and potential implications for policy and platform modifications. The study employing comprehensive literature reviewmethodology, the research collects and analyzes a wide range of scholarly articles, reports, and relevant sources to provide a comprehensive overview of how social media contributes to the disemination of radical views. Based on the findings, Social media platforms, through their algorithm-driven content curation and interactive community structures, create environments where radical ideologies are normalized and amplified within echo chambers, subtly increasing the likelihood of real-world radicalization. Media consumers, guided by the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), actively shape their content experiences on platforms like X, Facebook, and Youtube. However, the platforms’designs and algorithms can inadvertently drive radicalization. Countermeasures, informed by understanding users' motivations via UGT, are crucial to mitigate this, but they must be regularly evaluated for effectiveness. Keywords: dissemination, radical views, social media, UGT
Measuring France Hegemony in the European Space Agency (ESA) Meirizal, Ade; Syahfa, Muhammad Rayhan Faqih
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 2 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.2.12047

Abstract

Control over resources, actors, and events and outcomes are three of many approaches offered by International Relations studies in terms of measuring power. This paper highlights the crucial role of power measurement in astropolitics, based on the context of the European Union (EU). In particular, it focuses on France's hegemony in the European Space Agency (ESA) using the Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST) to observe the structural power within the ESA. To analyze this, the author uses the regime concept and the theory of hegemonic stability. The research method in this article uses qualitative methods, taking credible sources from various literature such as website articles, mass media, conference publications and scientific articles. This paper reveals that regardless of France’s domination in knowledge and funds, France is not the hegemonic power in the ESA. While an organization is normally featured with domination, this paper argues that power domination in the ESA is dynamically shared among the country members to accomplish a more collaborative rather than dominative feat. This leads to a a solid structure within the ESA and renders power-based domination irrelevant.
Indonesia's Economic Diplomacy in Increasing Halal Product Exports through the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (2020-2024) Qolby, Annisa Syifa; Astuti, Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 2 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.2.12887

Abstract

Indonesia has ambitions to become the center of the world's halal products because of its potential in the halal industry, especially in the food sector. However, currently Indonesia is still only the main destination for other countries' halal product markets when Indonesia should be a major player in the world halal industry. This can be seen in 2020, a gap between the export value of Indonesia's halal products in OIC and the value of import needs for halal products. The OIC, which is the largest Muslim majority group, has great potential as a non-traditional market for the export of Indonesian products. This research aims to find out how economic diplomacy is carried out by Indonesia in increasing exports of halal products through the OIC. Descriptive qualitative research methods are used to collect and analyze data that has been collected regarding economic diplomacy carried out by Indonesia to increase exports of halal products through the OIC. The results of this study show that Indonesia's economic diplomacy has been carried out through product promotion, meetings with relevant stakeholders, and bilateral agreements between Indonesia and OIC member countries. Indonesia cooperates directly with organizations under the OIC such as COMCEC, ICDT, and SMIIC. The form of Indonesia's economic diplomacy that has been maximized well is through product promotion and Indonesia's participation in various forums held by organizations under the OIC, such as discussion forums, seminars, and workshops. As for agreements and negotiations, they are still not fully implemented properly due to several articles in the agreement that are still in the status of further discussion and have not been fully implemented.
Navigating Digital Activism on Environmental Movement: Mining License Grants to Religious Organizations in Indonesia Rohma, Masitoh Nur
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 2 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.2.13533

Abstract

Abstrak Indonesia berpotensi melanggar komitmen dalam Kesepakatan Paris apabila tidak mengontrol dan memonitor laju deforestasi dengan baik, terutama yang berasal dari sektor pertambangan sebagai faktor pendorong yang signifikan. Artikel ini menganalisis aktivisme digital masyarakat Indonesia dalam merespons sikap Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) dan Muhammadiyah terhadap penawaran pengelolaan Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus (WIUPK) oleh pemerintah dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 25 Tahun 2024. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana aktivisme digital netizen melalui platform media sosial X (sebelumnya Twitter) dan Instagram menciptakan dampak terhadap posisi NU dan Muhammadiyah pada isu penawaran pengelolaan WIUPK. Posisi NU sejak awal menyambut baik tawaran tersebut. Sementara itu, Muhammadiyah yang awalnya terlihat berhati-hati, akhirnya menyusul NU dan memiliki posisi yang sama. Aktivisme digital yang dilakukan masyarakat Indonesia secara umum menentang keterlibatan organisasi kemasyarakatan keagamaan dalam pengelolaan tambang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa level aktivisme digital masyarakat Indonesia pada isu ini hanya sampai pada level digital spectator activities dan belum dapat mencapai level digital transitional activities maupun digital gladiatorial activities. Pada level digital spectator activities seluruh bentuk aktivitas clicktivism, metavoicing, dan assertion dapat ditemukan. Fungsi yang muncul antara lain affirming, reinforcing, repeating, commending, denouncing, communicating dengan mekanisme identification, visibilization, dan amplification. Dampak dari aktivisme digital ini hanya sebatas perubahan reputasi NU dan Muhammadiyah yang memburuk. Meskipun aktivisme digital telah menciptakan dampak reputasional, mereka belum berhasil mendorong perubahan sikap dari organisasi. Aktivisme ini lebih banyak berperan dalam membentuk citra publik NU dan Muhammadiyah terkait posisi mereka dalam isu pengelolaan tambang daripada mengubah sikap kedua organisasi tersebut untuk tidak begitu saja menerima tawaran pengelolaan tambang. Kata-kata kunci: aktivisme digital, dampak reputasional, digital spectator activities, Muhammadiyah, NU Abstract Indonesia can potentially violate its commitments in the Paris Agreement if it does not adequately control and monitor the rate of deforestation, especially from the mining sector, which is a significant driving factor. This article analyzes the digital activism of Indonesian society in responding to the stance of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah towards the government's offer to manage Special Mining Business Permit Areas (WIUPK) in Government Regulation No. 25 of 2024. Using a qualitative approach, this study explores how netizens' digital activism through social media platforms X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram impacts NU and Muhammadiyah's positions on the issue of the WIUPK management offer. NU's position from the beginning welcomed the offer. Meanwhile, Muhammadiyah, who initially seemed cautious, finally followed NU and had the same position. Digital activism carried out by Indonesian society generally opposes the involvement of religious community organizations in mining management. The study results show that Indonesian society's digital activism on this issue only reaches the level of digital spectator activities and has not been able to reach the level of digital transitional activities or digital gladiatorial activities. All forms of clicktivism, metavoicing, and assertion activities can be found at the level of digital spectator activities. The emerging functions include affirming, reinforcing, repeating, commending, denouncing, and communicating with identification, visibility, and amplification mechanisms. The impact of this digital activism is limited to changes in the reputation of NU and Muhammadiyah, which have worsened. Although digital activism has created a reputational impact, it has not encouraged a change in attitude in the organization. This activism plays a more significant role in shaping the public image of NU and Muhammadiyah regarding their positions on the issue of mining management than in changing the attitudes of the two organizations, not simply accepting the offer of mining management. Keywords: digital activism, digital spectator activities, Muhammadiyah, NU, reputational impact
Energy Issues as an Influence Factor in the Moro Conflict in Southern Philippines Musdalifah, Musdalifah; Sagena, Uni W.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 12 No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2025.12.1.14775

Abstract

This study discusses the crucial role of energy security factors in the protracted conflict between the Moro Muslim groups and the Philippine government. The primary reason for conducting this research is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the strategic dimension of natural resources, particularly energy, which is often overlooked in conflict analyses that focus on political, social, religious, and cultural aspects. This research employs energy security theory as an analytical lens to examine how issues such as land grabbing and competition for control over natural resources in Mindanao contribute to the escalation or potential resolution of the conflict. Furthermore, this study identifies specific energy-related factors that exacerbate tensions, including resource competition, the economic impact of the conflict on the energy sector, and the role of international actors. Utilizing a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods through case studies and secondary data from various credible sources such as the official websites of BARMM, PIDS, and PSA, this research is expected to make a significant contribution to the field of International Relations by highlighting the interconnectedness between energy security and armed conflict. The findings of this study have the potential to enrich the theoretical understanding of how energy dynamics shape the conflict landscape and inform the development of more effective strategies for achieving energy stability and peace in conflict-affected regions. Keywords: energy, Mindanao, Moro conflict, Philippines Government
The Environmental Security and International Relations: The Case of Citarum River Water Pollution Djelantik, Sukawarsini
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 12 No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2025.12.1.14849

Abstract

Environmental security as part of human security is a very significant global issue. Environment security became the concern of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achievement, namely securing the source of ground water which is an important problem in developing countries. This paper analyses the Citarum River, the longest river in West Java, Indonesia, which is heavily polluted due to various economic activities along the riverbanks. The process of industrialization, development and demands to meet the needs of life, as well as population growth have not succeeded in maintaining the river as a source of life. Economic interests and various political conflicts were unable to maintain environmental sustainability. The river pollution comes from factory waste operating along the river, without a process through the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP). The research would focus on the government securitization programs in Citarum River, by implementing four components of securitization namely referent objects, scope, mean, and actors. The analysis observed various government efforts and private sectors to restore the river. The research started in 2000, which is the beginning of “Citarum Harum” restoration until the end of the program in January 2025. The research found that securitisation efforts failed due to three issues; the corruption, collusion and nepotism (CCN) issues, lack of law enforcement, and weakness of bureaucracy and leadership. As a conclusion, various securitisation efforts need to be carried out more firmly and earnestly by providing adequate legal sanctions for the perpetrators of environmental damage. Keywords: security, environment security, Citarum River, restoration
Joe Biden's Efforts to Restore and Expand the Scope of DACA in the United States During the 2020–2024 Period Ardelia, Putri; Hikmawan, Rizky
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 12 No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2025.12.1.14884

Abstract

Abstract Immigration is a multifaceted issue that significantly impacts various areas. In a lot of developed countries, such as the U.S., this causes a new problem, which is illegal immigration. As an effort to eliminate this issue, the U.S. has implemented the DREAM Act in 2001, followed by DACA in 2012, which was created by Obama, that aims to protect illegal immigrants who came to the U.S. as children. However, DACA faced significant challenges when Trump became president and attempted to repeal DACA and successfully made changes to the policy. Biden, as Trump’s successor, adopted a different approach to the issue of illegal immigration, seeking to restore and expand the scope of DACA. With this in mind, this study aims to analyze and evaluate Biden's efforts to restore and expand DACA during the 2020–2024 period, using Lee & Anderson's immigration policy framework, particularly regarding the policy process. John Rourke's five idiosyncratic indicators to assess the obstacles Biden faced in restoring and expanding DACA's scope. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with secondary data and data analysis. The findings indicate that Biden's efforts. Such as the codification of DACA, the Build Back Better Bill, the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021, and providing ACA access to Dreamers, were hindered by Congressional disagreement, court rulings, and Biden's idiosyncratic factors, such as personality, physical and mental health, ego, experience, and the reality not aligning with his agenda. Keywords: DACA, Joe Biden, illegal immigrants Abstrak Imigrasi merupakan isu yang kompleks dan berdampak signifikan pada berbagai bidang. Di banyak negara maju, seperti AS, hal ini menimbulkan isu baru, yaitu imigrasi ilegal. Sebagai upaya untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, AS telah menerapkan DREAM Act pada tahun 2001, dilanjutkan oleh DACA pada tahun 2012 yang dibuat oleh Obama, yang bertujuan untuk memberikan perlindungan kepada imigran ilegal yang datang ke AS sebagai anak-anak. Namun, DACA menghadapi tantangan besar ketika Trump menjadi Presiden dan berusaha menghapus DACA serta berhasil membuat perubahan terhadap kebijakan tersebut. Biden, sebagai penerus Trump, mengadopsi pendekatan yang berbeda terhadap isu imigrasi ilegal, dengan berupaya untuk merestorasi dan memperluas cakupan DACA. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengevaluasi upaya Biden merestorasi dan memperluas DACA pada periode 2020–2024, dengan menggunakan konsep kebijakan imigrasi Lee & Anderson, terutama mengenai proses kebijakan, dan lima indikator idiosinkratik Rourke untuk mengevaluasi hambatan yang dihadapi Biden dalam merestorasi dan memperluas cakupan DACA. Metode yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif deskriptif dengan data sekunder, serta analisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upaya Biden, seperti kodifikasi DACA, RUU Build Back Better, U.S. Citizenship Act 2021, dan pemberian akses ACA kepada Dreamers, terhambat oleh ketidaksetujuan Kongres dan putusan pengadilan, serta faktor idiosinkratik dari Biden, seperti kepribadian, kondisi fisik dan mental, ego, pengalaman, dan realita yang tidak sesuai dengan agendanya. Kata kunci: DACA, Joe Biden, imigrasi ilegal

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