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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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SEJARAH MARGINALISASI ORANG RIMBA BUKIT DUA BELAS DI ERA ORDE BARU Muchlis, Fuad; Lubis, Djuara P.; Kinseng, Rilus A.; Tasman, Aulia
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 26, No 2 (2016): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v26i2.4972

Abstract

The dynamics life of Orang Rimba at Bukit Dua Belas National Park is inseparable from the forest, because the forest become the foundation of the survival of the Orang Rimba and to be identifies the various wisdom traditions and culture of Orang Rimba. Problems then arise when the forest as a living space of Orang Rimba being massively exploited. This article describes the a portrait of the life and history of the Orang Rimba and marginalization of Orang Rimba at TNBD. Results of the study explained that the historical changes in cultural identity and lifestyle Orang Rimba is not regardless of changes in the landscape that is constantly degraded TNBD. The degradation as a result of state policy by granting permission HPH, HTI and oil palm plantations and transmigration program was a major factor in the marginalization of Orang Rimba Dinamika kehidupan Orang Rimba di Bukit Dua Belas tidak terlepas dari hutan,  karena hutan menjadi tumpuan keberlangsungan hidup Orang Rimba dan menjadi identitas berbagai kearifan, tradisi dan budaya Orang Rimba. Persoalan muncul saat hutan sebagai ruang kehidupan mereka terus menerus tereksploitasi secara massif. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan potret kehidupan Orang Rimba dan sejarah marginalisasi terhadap Orang Rimba Bukit Dua Belas di Era Orde Baru. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa perubahan identitas budaya dan pola hidup Orang Rimba tidak terlepas dari perubahan bentang alam di Bukit Dua Belas terus terdegradasi. Degradasi akibat kebijakan negara melalui pemberian izin HPH, HTI dan perkebunan kelapa sawit serta program transmigrasi menjadi faktor utama marginalisasi Orang Rimba. 
EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH PADA SMA NEGERI DI DKI JAKARTA Umasih, Umasih
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 2 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i2.2122

Abstract

This article discusses the evaluation done by history teachers in high school in Jakarta, especially on the understanding of teachers about the evaluation of learning and the types and models of evaluation they perform. The instrument used to get the data s in the form of questionnaire given to 38 teachers from 152 people as the population using survey techniques. The results showed that most respondents (94.73%) understand the principles of competency-oriented evaluation. Evaluation after the implementation of KTSP (the curriculum at the level of education units) is different in quantity, form and manner about assessment. 23.69% of the respondents differ in quantity (frequency), the methods of evaluation and weighted score. Assessment given not only to answer the questions either multiple choice or essay, but students are also working on a quiz question, analyzing sources, practicing skills in developing mind mapping as well as a portfolio. While the types and models of assessment that are suitable for assessing history learning outcomes is the judgment that can measure cognitive and affective discourse up to the levels of analysis. Keywords: principles of evaluation, competence, and model evaluation Artikel ini membahas tentang evaluasi yang dilaksanakan guru-guru sejarah SMA Negeri  di DKI Jakarta, khususnya tentang pemahaman guru mengenai pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran serta jenis dan model evaluasi apa yang dilaksanakannya. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk menjaring data berupa angket yang diberikan kepada 38 orang guru dari 152 orang sebagai populasi dengan menggunakan teknik survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden (94,73 %) memahami prinsip evaluasi yang berorientasi pada kompetensi. Pelaksanaan evaluasi sesudah pemberlakuan KTSP berbeda  dalam kuantitas, bentuk soal dan cara penilaian. 23,69 % responden menyatakan berbeda dalam kuantitas (frekuensi), cara penilaian dan bobot skornya. Penilaian yang diberikan bukan hanya menjawab soal-soal baik pilihan ganda maupun essay, tetapi siswa juga mengerjakan soal kuis, menganalisis sumber, keterampilan dalam menyusun mind mapping (peta pikiran) serta menyusun portofolio. Sedangkan jenis dan model penilaian yang cocok untuk menilai hasil pembelajaran sejarah adalah penilaian yang dapat  mengukur ranah kognitif dan afektif hingga tingkatan analisis. Kata kunci : prinsip evaluasi, kompetensi, jenis dan model evaluasi  
SEJARAH LISAN INTEGRASI PAPUA KE INDONESIA: PENGALAMAN ORANG KAIMANA PADA MASA TRIKORA DAN PEPERA Pamungkas, Cahyo
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3423

Abstract

This article is addressed to describe the political development in Kaimana, West Papua, at the integration period between 1961 and 1969. The method of research employed by this study is oral history, which emphasize on interviews to several informants in Kaimana. However, the result of interviews were supported by archival studies to find accurate findings and analysis. Based on several historical narration, it is founded that the history of Kaimana in the Indonesian context is the history of struggle against Dutch colonialism. The history has built the Indonesian representation in Papua which always deal with Papua political identity constructed by nationalist Papua. From oral history, we reveal that Dutch officials and some groups of Papua implanted Papuans political identity based on racial differences. Another finding is the story about Let col. Untung Syamsuri, former Cakrabirawa commander, who were suspected involved in the Indonesian Communist Part coup in 1965. From several interviews, native people of Kaimana admired and respected a lot to this officer due to he has represented Indonesia in more humanize.Keywords: integration, Pepera, KaimanaArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses politik di Kaminana, Papua Barat, pada saat periode integrasi di tahun 1961 dan 1969. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan strategi sejarah lisan dan menekankan pada wawancara terhadap beberapa informan di Kaimana. Kemudian, hasil dari wawancara didukung pula dengan kajian arsip untuk menemukan keakuratan temuan dan analisis. Berdasarkan beberapa cerita sejarah, sejarah Kaimana dalam konteks Indonesia adalah sejarah tentang perlawanan rakyat dengan kolonialisme Belanda. Sejarah dibangunan dari representasi Indonesia, di mana selalu terkait dengan politik identitas masyarakat Papua. Berdasarkan sejarah lisan, terungkap bahwa Belanda dan beberapa orang Papua menanamkan bahwa identitas politik papua harus berdasar pada perbedaan ras. Selain itu, temuan lain adalah terkait cerita dari Letnan Kolonel Untung Syamsuri, mantan komandan Cakrabirawa, yang terlibat dalam “kudeta” Partai Komunis Indonesia di tahun 1965. Dari beberapa wawancara, orang asli Kaimana lebih mengagumi dan menghormati petugas Indonesia karena lebih humanis.Kata kunci: integrasi, Pepera, Kaimana 
MENGUNGKAP SEJARAH DAN MOTIF BATIK SEMARANGAN Yuliati, Dewi
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 20, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v20i1.1055

Abstract

Batik Semarang was born in line with the needs of the people of Hyderabad of the material with a new motif or style tailored to the taste, intention, and creativity of the craftsmen. Batik is a combination of several countries influence developing in Indonesian culture. Based on its shape, Batik designs can be divided into two major groups, namely geometric and non-Geometric. The development of Semarangan batik was due to the fact that certain motif of batik can only be worn by certain people, not for all group of people. Batik semarangan craftments are found in coastal regions. It displays the design composing of ornaments plucked from marine environment. Indonesian Batik develops not only to display a blending of court Batik designs with the coastal Batik technique, but also to incorporate other ornaments which come from many various ethnic groups in Indonesia.   Key words: batik, history, ornaments, marine environment, designs   Batik Semarang lahirkan sejalan dengan kebutuhan dari orang-orang dari Hyderabad akan bahan dengan motif atau gaya baru yang berdasarkan pada rasa, niat, dan kreatifitas dari pembuatnya. Batik merupakan perpaduan dari pengaruh beberapa negara yang berkembang dalam budaya Indonesia. Ditinjau dari desainnya, desain batik dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok utama, yakni geometrik dan nongeometrik. Pengembangan yang dilakukan terhadap batik semarangan disebabkan adanya beberapa motif batik yang hanya digunakan oleh kalangan tertentu, dan tidak boleh untuk kalangan umum. Pengrajin batik Semarangan berkembang di kawasan pesisir. Ia menampilkan desain yang terdiri atas berbagai ornamen yang menunjukkan ciri khas kemaritiman. Batik ini dikembangakan tidak hanya menampilkan desain batik khas pesisiran, tetapi juga memasukkan berbagai ornament dari beragam kelompok etnis di Indonesia.   Kata kunci: batik, sejarah, ragam hias, lingkungan pesisir, desain  
WACANA IDENTITAS NASIONAL: ANALISIS ISI BUKU TEKS PELAJARAN SEJARAH SMA 1975 – 2008 Purwanta, Hieronymus
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 1 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1878

Abstract

This study analyze the discourse of national identity found on history textbooks for high school in 1975 - 2008 period. The objective was motivated by concerns of the decrease tendency of national identity among Indonesian people, especially young people. Through the study, it will be obtained an understanding of how new order groups, especially modernist, reconstruct national identity on history textbooks used by high school students. The research method used is qualitative, which is focused on content analysis of history textbooks. Analysis will focus on the growth of nationalism (1908 – 1945). The results show that national identity discourse in narration of the growth of nationalism (1908 – 1945) is influenced by modernist views.Keywords: text book, learning history, national identityPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis wacana identitas nasional ditemukan di buku pelajaran sejarah untuk SMA di periode 1975 - 2008. Tulisan ini didorong oleh kekhawatiran dari kecenderungan penurunan identitas nasional di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia, terutama kaum muda. Melalui penelitian ini, maka akan diperoleh pemahaman tentang bagaimana kelompok Orde Baru, terutama modernis, merekonstruksi identitas nasional pada buku pelajaran sejarah yang digunakan oleh siswa SMA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif, yang difokuskan pada analisis isi buku pelajaran sejarah. Analisis akan fokus pada pertumbuhan nasionalisme (1908 - 1945). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa identitas wacana nasional dalam narasi dari pertumbuhan nasionalisme (1908 - 1945) dipengaruhi oleh pandangan modernis.Kata kunci: buku teks, pembelajaran sejarah, identitas nasional
DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORY VIRTUAL CLASS BY APPLYING COLLABORATIVE MODEL TO IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY Suryani, Nunuk
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 2 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v24i2.3126

Abstract

The efforts to improve quality of history learning and to answer the global demand can be carried out by utilizing technology. One of them is by developing the virtual class in history learning. These research and development are intended to produce a collaborative model of history virtual class in order to improve the critical thinking ability on the history values at the students of Senior High School. The research is conducted at a Senior High School in Solo Raya in the year 2014.  This research is designed to apply the development research pursuant to the opinion of Borg and Gall. The data are collected by using the techniques of observation, interview, document analysis, FGD (Focus Group Discussion) and questionnaire. The methods applied to analyze the data are the qualitative analysis using interactive model, evaluative and comparatives analyses. The finding of this research produces a conclusion that the model of history virtual class is effective to improve the critical thinking ability on the history values.  The collaborative model of virtual class is effective to improve the role of history learning in stimulating the critical thinking ability of the students which in turn will be able to improve competence of the students.Key words:  History Virtual Class, Critical Thinking Ability, Collaborative Model.Upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran sejarah dan untuk menjawab permintaan global dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi. Salah satunya adalah dengan mengembangkan kelas virtual dalam sejarah pembelajaran. Penelitian dan pengembangan ini dimaksudkan untuk menghasilkan model kolaboratif sejarah kelas virtual untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis pada nilai-nilai sejarah di siswa SMA. Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Senior di Solo Raya pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk menerapkan penelitian pengembangan sesuai dengan pendapat Borg dan Gall. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, analisis dokumen, FGD (Focus Group Discussion) dan kuesioner. Metode yang diterapkan untuk menganalisis data adalah analisis kualitatif dengan model interaktif, evaluatif dan analisis komparatif. Temuan penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa model sejarah kelas virtual yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis pada nilai-nilai sejarah. Model kolaboratif kelas virtual adalah efektif untuk meningkatkan peran sejarah pembelajaran dalam merangsang kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa yang pada gilirannya akan dapat meningkatkan kompetensi siswa.Kata kunci: kelas virtual sejarah, kemampuan berpikir kritis, model kolaboratif  
BIROKRASI TRADISIONAL DI JAWA DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH Setianto, Yudi
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 20, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v20i2.1048

Abstract

Historically, the bureaucracies that emerged and developed today have characteristics inheriting the traditional value system which grows in the kingdoms of the past and mixed with colonial-style bureaucracy and modern ideas. Javanese traditional bureaucracy is the most influential among the other regions because of Java as the center of various activities of socio-political and socio-economic activities (Hindu-Buddhist), the Islamic period, the colonial period and the period of independence. From varius influence mentioned aboce in cultural perspective, it seems that the aspect of feudal-aristochratic values tend to give more colour on Indonesian government buerucracy. It is due to the fact that bureaucracy has been rooted in the socio-political life in Indonesia or Java. Traditional bureaucracy is an interesting thing because the bureaucracy is very complex when viewed from the historical angle. Keywords: Bureaucracy, traditional, Java     Secara historis, birokrasi yang muncul dan berkembang sekarang ini mempunyai ciri khas mewarisi sistem nilai tradisional yang tumbuh di masa kerajaan-kerajaan masa lampau dan bercampur dengan birokrasi gaya kolonial serta ide-ide modern. Birokrasi tradisional Jawa paling berpengaruh di antara daerah lain karena Jawa sebagai pusat berbagai aktivitas sosio-politik dan sosio-ekonomi masa kuno (Hindu-Budha), masa Islam, masa kolonial dan masa kemerdekaan. Dari berbagai pengaruh di atas-dalam perspektif kultural-nampaknya unsur nilai-nilai tradisional yang feodal-aristokratis cenderung lebih besar mewarnai sosok birokrasi pemerintah Indonesia disebabkan birokrasi tersebut telah mengakar dalam kehidupan sosio-politik di Indonesa atau Jawa. Birokrasi tradisional sebagi hal yang menarik karena birokrasi tersebut bersifat sangat komplek jika dilihat dari sudut historisnya.   Kata kunci: birokrasi, tradisional, Jawa  
The Development of 21st Century Cultural Intelligence through Discovery Learning and First-Person Historical Presentation Vinco, Michael Silvester Mitchel; Supriatna, Nana; Mulyana, Agus
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 29, No 2 (2019): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v29i2.16216

Abstract

The research was conducted during history learning activity in Year 11 Social 3 (Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 3) Santo Fransiskus Asisi Senior High School (a school with Catholic characteristic) on April-June 2018. In some opportunities, this research also included Mujahidin Senior High School (a school with Islamic characteristic). This research used action research methodology with Kemmis & Taggart model. The analysis of data used constructivism learning theories and symbolic interaction theories. This research discusses about various cultural stereotypes which are thriving in West Kalimantan, especially Pontianak. Obstacles in social interaction because of stereotypes among various cultural groups are one of challenges in 21st century that is related to cultural intelligence. First-person historical presentation as one of history education methods is developed in this research. Students involved in this research would be enriched in not only their knowledge, but also their empathy toward various cultural groups. So, this learning is successful in growing students’ cultural intelligence, as can be seen their empathic attitudes and accepting the difference among those various groups. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pembelajaran sejarah di kelas 11 Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) 3 SMA Santo Fransiskus Asisi Pontianak (sekolah berciri khas Katolik), pada bulan April-Juni 2018. Pada beberapa kesempatan penelitian ini juga melibatkan SMA Mujahidin Pontianak (sekolah berciri khas Islam). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan dengan model Kemmis & Taggart. Analisis data menggunakan teori-teori pembelajaran konstruktivis dan teori interaksi simbolis. Penelitian ini membahas berbagai stereotipe kebudayaan yang berkembang di Kalimantan Barat, khususnya di Kota Pontianak. Hambatan-hambatan di dalam pergaulan sosial karena stereotipe antara berbagai kelompok kebudayaan merupakan salah satu tantangan di abad ke-21 yaitu berkaitan dengan kecerdasan budaya. First-person historical presentation sebagai salah satu metode pendidikan sejarah dikembangkan di dalam penelitian ini. Peserta didik yang terlibat di dalam pendekatan ini akan diperkaya tidak hanya pengetahuan mereka, tetapi juga empati mereka terhadap berbagai kelompok kebudayaan. Dengan demikian pembelajaran ini berhasil menumbuhkan kecerdasan budaya peserta didik. Seperti tampak pada sikap-sikap berempati dan menerima perbedaan di antara beragam kelompok tersebut. 
KINERJA GURU SEJARAH: STUDI KAUSAL PADA GURU-GURU SEJARAH SMA DI KOTA SEMARANG Pramono, Suwito Eko
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 1 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v24i1.2868

Abstract

This research aims to understand the direct effect of organizational cultures towards performance, leadership towards performance, motivation towards performance, organizational cultures towards motivation, and leadership towards motivation. The sample of those research was 60 history teachers randomly selected. Data collection is carried out with instruments that have been tested for validity and reliability empirically. Data were analyzed with path analysis techniques. The analysis of the results has been obtained the path coefficient , that is ρ41 = 0.226; ρ42 = 0.368; ρ43 = 0.337; ρ31 = 0.330, and ρ32 = 0.570. The result of significance test for each path coefficient is obtained at the price of 2,386 t; 3.510; 3.466; 3.544, and 6.124. While price t table on α 0.05 is 1.986.  Based on the statistical analysis can be concluded that: (1) there is a direct influence of organizational culture towards performance, (2) there is a direct effect of leadership towards performance, (3) there is a direct effect of motivation towards performance, (4) there is a direct influence of organizational culture towards motivation, and (5) there is a direct effect of leadership towards motivation. Keywords: organizational culture, leadership, motivation, performance. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja, kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja, motivasi terhadap kinerja, budaya organisasi terhadap motivasi, dan kepemimpinan terhadap motivasi. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 60 orang guru sejarah yang dipilih secara random. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan instrumen yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya secara empiris. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan teknik analisis jalur. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh koefisien jalur sebagai berikut ρ41 = 0,226; ρ42 = 0,368; ρ43 = 0,337; ρ31 = 0,330; dan ρ32 = 0,570.  Hasil uji signifikansi masing-masing koefisien jalur diperoleh harga t sebesar 2,386; 3,510; 3,466; 3,544; dan 6,124. Sedangkan harga ttabel pada α = 0,05 sebesar 1,986. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik dapat ditarik simpulan sebagai berikut: (1) ada pengaruh langsung budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja, (2) ada pengaruh langsung kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja, (3) ada pengaruh langsung motivasi terhadap kinerja, (4) ada pengaruh langsung budaya organisasi terhadap motivasi, dan (5) ada pengaruh langsung kepemimpinan terhadap motivasi. Kata kunci: budaya organisasi, kepemimpinan, motivasi, kinerja.  
PAKU ALAM V: SANG ARISTO-MODERNIS DARI TIMUR Sudibyo, Sudibyo
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3425

Abstract

This paper recites Paku Alam V figures as an ambiguity subject and a cultural paradox. He lived in a kingdom economic crisis and a rapid flow of changes in politics, economy, laws, and lifestyle aspects which is caused by other colonial social elements. The analysis focuses on psychological, religious, and cultural aspects which form his personality. To achieve the goal, it uses post colonialism concerning in contact zone, textual studies and historical context. The textual studies are used to explain the role modernization in genealogy, consistence, and Paku Alam V mind revolution. The historical context is used to explain the historical background, especially related to zeitgeist, when Paku Alam V implemented his ideas.Keywords: aristocrat, paradox, text, context. Tulisan ini mengkaji sosok Paku Alam V sebagai subjek ambiguitas dan paradoks kebudayaan. Ia hidup di tengah krisis ekonomi kerajaan dan arus perubahan yang deras di bidang politik, ekonomi, hukum dan gaya hidup yang dihembuskan oleh kekuasaan dan elemen-elemen masyarakat kolonial lainnya. Analisis difokuskan pada aspek-aspek psikologis, religious, dan kultural yang membentuk pribadinya. Untuk mencapai tujuan itu, digunakan teori poskolonialisme tentang zona kontak dan kajian teks serta konteks sejarah. Kajian teks  digunakan untuk menjelaskan peran modernisasi dalam   genealogi, konsistensi, dan evolusi atau revolusi pemikiran P.A. V. Konteks sejarah digunakan untuk menjelaskan latar belakang sejarah, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan zeitgeist saat P.A. V mengimplementasikan gagasan-gagasannya. Kata kunci: aristrokat, modernis, paradoks, teks, konteks 

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