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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Development of Goat - Palm Oil Integrated Production System : An Assessment Based on Feed Availability and Nutrient Requirements Simon P Ginting
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006): JUNE 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The integration of goats and palm oil plantation is prospective agricultural production systems that exploit the complement relationship among various components in the system . The main components are the oil palm trees, vegetation underneath the trees, processing plant of palm oil bunch, and the goat . The estimation of carrying capacity of the plantation system is based on the quantitative analysis on nutrient supply from various feed resources in the plantation system and nutrient requirements for goat production . The goat demographic parameters, such as, prolificacy, fertility and fecundity are used to estimate the goat population size, dynamics and structures . The development of production model could be based on a certain production target, such as the number of animals sold or the amount of income (demand driven approach), or based on the availability of certain resources such as feed supply (supply driven approach) . Using the demand driven approach, and considering 6000 heads of oneyear old goats to fill the Malaysian market as the production target, it is calculated that a population size of 3,636 does and 810 ha of palm oil plantation are required to meet this production target . In a typically medium-size oil palm plantation system (500 ha of oil palm plantation) with one unit of small-scale palm oil bunch processing plant ( l ton/hour), the potency to supply metabolisable energy from various feed resources in the system is 2,778,800 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 5,155 Goat Units/year . This system could carry 2,951 does and 295 bucks to produce 1,116 heads of one-year old goats annually . A medium-size oil palm plantation without processing plant unit, is potential in supplying metabolisable energy of 1,983,300 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 3,680 Goat Units/year . In order to fill the export market to Malaysia, a number of 10 units of medium sized plantation with small scale plant processing or a number of 17 units medium scale plantation without processing unit are required . Using similar approach, the potential of either large-scale or small-scale plantation system to produce goat in an integrated-production system could be estimated . Key words : Integration, palm oil plantation, carrying capacity, goat

The Quality of Fish Meal for Animal Feed and its Toxicity Yuningsih .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 3 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Fish meal is an important source of protein in feed. However its storage time and condition should be carefully observed as they may cause the fermentation if stored for long time. When Clostridium spp are dominant during proteolitic reactions, extensive changes to amino acids can occur by three different types of reactions: deamination, decarboxylation and coupled oxidation/ reduction, which result in the production of amines, ammonia, carbondioxide, keto acids and fatty acids. Based on the result of toxicological examination in fish meal samples which were received from 1999 to 2000 in diagnostic laboratory, Balitvet- Bogor, the samples contain ammonia: 15 samples (100%), histamine: 9 samples (64%) and nitrate: 2 samples (14%). As a conclusion histamine (decarboxilation reaction) and ammonia are a primary toxic substance in fish meal. Key words: Fish meal, histamine, ammonia, nitrate

Freeze-Drying Spermatozoa as an Alternative Method for Rescuing Genetic Material of Animal Takdir Saili
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008): DECEMBER 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Cryopreservation is one of the commonly methods used in spermatozoa preservation in which sperm is frozen and stored in the container of liquid nitrogen. The frozen sperm is still motile after thawing, so it is possible to use it in both artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization to produce an embryo. However, this technique needs a continuous supply of liquid nitrogen and a container as a place to store the frozen sperm. The advanced technique in microinjection has led the possibility of using immotile sperm to fertilize oocyte. Therefore, the sperm preservation method may be simplified because the motility of sperm has not been taken into consideration in fertilization compared to the previous method. Freeze-drying sperm is the proposed method in which the sperm is frozen and sublimated using freeze-drying machine to produce freeze-dried sperm. The freeze-dried sperm might be stored in room temperature or in refrigerator. Several reports have claimed that freeze-dried sperm is not motile but it still has capability to fertilize oocyte, even produces offspring, because its DNA remains intact. Key words: Cryopreservation, freeze-drying, sperm, oocyte

The Economic Impact of Merapi Volcano Eruption in Livestock Farming Systems Atien Priyanti; Nyak Ilham
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 4 (2011): DECEMBER 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Merapi volcano eruption has impact significantly to the most of surrounding farming areas, including livestock, which belongs to rural peoples as the main sources of income. Estimated loss of economic values of resources amounted to IDR 5821 billion, covering among others: salak pondok, farm animals (dairy, beef cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and poultry) and food crops (maize and rice field) business. The areas mostly hit by the eruption include the districts of Boyolali, Klaten and Magelang of Central Java, and District of Sleman in DIY. Livestock sub sector of the economy in these areas suffers losses in terms of death of animals, sold and unsold animals, fodder crops, and reduced of milk production. It has been estimated that these losses have reached IDR 88,320 billion. Rehabilitation and reconstruction programs are necessary for both short and longer terms efforts to recover people livelihood which derived particularly from livestock farming. Key words: Economic impact, Merapi eruption, livestock farming

Clostridial Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Lily Natalia
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004): DECEMBER 2004
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type A and C has been found in poultry flocks in Indonesia or throughout the world for many years. The disease is sometimes not recognized and often underestimated. Clostridium perfringens normally live harmlessly in the gut or intestines of healthy chickens, but a trigger factor that tips up the balance in favour of the clostridia) bacteria, allowing them to proliferate, produce toxin and cause the disease. Proliferation of Cl. perfringens or production of the alpha toxin may be enhanced by component present in chicken diets, or the diets may inactivate infestinal digestive enzymes, thereby decreasing the degradation of alpha toxin. In poultry, the disease is manifested as haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the gut wall, cholangiohepatitis, as well as increased mortality. Beside the clinical manifestation, subclinical clostridia) necrotic enteritis associated with impaired feed conversion and retarded or poor growth is usually found in the field. A number factors predisposing to the development of necrotic enteritis are physical factors which damage the gut lining (coccidiosis, intestinal worms, etc.), feed composition, changes in nutrient density or protein levels, and immunosuppresion which reduces resistance to gut infections . Impaired feed conversion, reduced live weight at slaughter and increased condemnation percentage were major cases of production losses associated with necrotic enteritis. Presently, the prevalence of necrotic enteritis appears to be increasing and pose a serious health problem which is responsible for significant economic losses . Prevention of necrotic enteritis requires a delicate balancing act to control those factors that collectively are responsible for the disease. Antibiotic, prebiotic, competitive exclusion, enzyme preparation, imunisation, mineral and vitamin supplements have been used in poultry for controlling necrotic enteritis. Key words: Clostridial necrotic enteritis, Clostridium perfringens, toxin, chicken

Technology Innovation Of Organic Waste Decomposition In Providing Feedstuffs S. Prawirodigdo; B. Utomo
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 2 (2011): JUNE 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Previous investigations in Indonesia indicated that an inactive ovary was a chronically reproduction problem in ruminants. There was a tendency that nutrition deficiency inhibited ovulation, oestrus occurrence, and conception in ruminants. Obviously, there is a correlation between sufficient nutrient consumption and reproduction performance of such animals. Thus, application of the production/reproduction technology innovation for improving ruminant’s productivity in the villages needs to be supported by the availability of sufficient feed. Whilst, there is a competition among ruminants in fulfilling feed requirement. On the other hand, there are large amounts of organic waste of food and plantation estate industries which are potential for non-traditional feedstuffs. The examples of such organic wastes are: 4,817,630 ton dry matter (DM) of cacao pod, 314,042.51 ton DM of coffee pulp and hulls, and 29,700,000 ton DM of palm frond, leaves and trunks. Unfortunately, such materials contain anti-nutritive substance. Nevertheless, technology innovation for decomposing organic waste is available and its validity has been proven to be satisfactory and appropriate. Regarding the limitation of feedstuffs, introduction of technology innovation for organic waste decomposition to provide feed for improving livestock productivity is promising to be applied. Key words: Decomposition technology, organic waste, productivity, ruminants

Food Safety of Animal Products That Viewed from Disease Aspect Supar .; Tati Ariyanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2005): DECEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Animal diseases are tnajor factors affecting food producing anitnals at husbandry productions. The infectious and or non infectious diseases can influence the food quality of animal products and their safety for human consumption. The food safety of animal products becomes a world trade issue because it affects some aspects of human life quality and health. The food safety of anitnal products is defined at least by physical and health conditions of animal at preharvest period . It can be achieved by good manufacturing practice, beginning at animal production level up to the harvesting period. During this period, the animals must be protected against infection by pathogens of either bacteria, viruses or protozoa. linportant animal diseases which often cause problems during animal husbandry productions are anthrax, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, clostridiosis. colibacillosis, staphylococcosis. Some of the pathogens causing those diseases may also cause food poisoning and foodborne disease. The viral disease infection can affect food-safety at preharvest time but not at postharvest. At prcharvest period in fanns the disease can be controlled by vaccines and selected drug application. To obtain the good quality assurance of food producing animals and the safety for human consumption, the physical and the health conditions of animals can be determined visually. To determine the health status of food producing animals, each animal must be tested for the presence of pathogens and or specific antibody. This needs a veterinary laboratory facility with good equipments, chemical and diagnostic reagents. On the other hand, in order to pursue the good quality assurance of food producing animals up to the harvesting period, the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) and good agricultural practice (GAP) concepts in animal husbandry productions must be followed. Key words: Animal products, preharvest, human consumption, food safety

Viral Arthtritis in Chicken: Problems and its Control N L P I Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Viral arthritis in chicken is caused by avian reovirus infection. The infection readily occurs via the egg when the breeder hens go through a viraemia resulting in the virus being transmitted to the progeny. Horizontal transmission occurs through the direct contact. This disease causes leg weakness, swelling the hock joint, lameness, gastrocnemius tendon rupture and femoral head necrosis. Affected birds are reluctant to move, unable to seek food or water and rapidly become dehydrated and die. Economic losses may be due to mortality or culling, reduce growth or egg production on to down to carcass downgrading. Demonstration of Reovirus in the tendon sheath by fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) or isolation in chicken embryo liver (CELi). Group of specific antigens are demonstrable by the agar gel precipitin test (AGPT). Reovirus grows readily in the embryonating chicken egg following inoculation via the yolk sac, chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) or allantoic cavity. Vaccination to induce maternal antibody can be done with inactivated or active vaccines or combinations of both. For prevention of vertical transmission, egg for hatching should be come only from flock known to be free from reovirus infection. Key words : Viral arthritis, lameness, vaccination

Developing Beef Cattle Industry at Smallholders to Support Beef Self-Sufficiency Rini Widiati
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 4 (2014): DECEMBER 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

More than 90% of local beef supply derived from smallholder farmers with a relatively slow in growth that could not meet national demand. Price of imported beef was lower than that of the local beef, thus price adjustment in farmers level was not profitable. The purpose of this study is to recommend alternative strategies to develop beef cattle industry under smallholders’ farmers condition. Strategies to develop the beef cattle industry are (1) To provide agricultural markets in order to facilitate farmer’s access easily to get some production inputs; (2) To facilitate technology that can be applied by farmers to increase cattle productions, hence improving farmers’ welfare; (3) To create a profitable market for animal produced by farmers; and (4) To establish subsystem of financing institutions at the village level to finance farmer’s cattle business. The inter-relationship among those strategies is needed to harmonize the implementation, supported by operational government policy. Key words: Industry, beef cattle, beef self-sufficiency

Incidence and Control of Selakarang Disease In Horses Riza Zainuddin Ahmad; S Anis
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 22, No 2 (2012): JUNE 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Selakarang is a fungal disease attacking horses. Although the mortality rate is low, the morbidity is high leading to economic loss. The island of Sulawesi has about 151.000 horses and they are distributed in 5 provinces: North, Central, West, South, and South-East Sulawesi which potentially has endemic outbreaks caused by the Selakarang fungus, Histoplasma farciminosum. The disease might be endemic throughout Indonesia if the horse trading is not monitored. In Maros, South Sulawesi, the disease is found with symptoms in the form of nasal, cutan, and ocular symptoms. Ignorance of the appropriate authorities will increase the likelihood of spread of the disease. According to the Staatblad act produced in 1912 and the disease belonged to the zoonotic disease and when it is not well handled and properly managed, infection to human may occur. Prevention is better than treatment. In the future, we may propose to produce inactive vaccines and develop serological test to detect antigen and antibody in RIVS collaborating with other government agencies or private parties interested in this disease control. Key words: Horse, Selakarang Disease, Sulawesi

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INDONESIA