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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 126 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 14, No 2 (2025)" : 126 Documents clear
Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Young and Mature Bidara Leaves Using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Phytochemical Screening Test Kurniawati, Alvelin Bunga; Jayanti, Gatra Ervi; Ramadhan, Majida; Wulandari, Dian Novita; Widyaningrum, Ike
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1257-1263

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of young and mature bidara leaves using the DPPH method and to identify the content of secondary metabolites through phytochemical testing. Antioxidant activity was measured using the IC50 parameter, which represents the concentration of the extract that can capture 50% of DPPH free radicals. The test results showed that mature bidara leaves had an IC50 value of 34.984 ppm, indicating vigorous antioxidant activity, while young leaves had an IC50 value of 100.327 ppm, classified as moderate activity. Phytochemical testing revealed that both types of leaves contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, while flavonoids and triterpenoids were only found in old leaves. These results suggest that variations in secondary metabolite content, influenced by leaf age, contribute to differences in antioxidant activity. Thus, older bidara leaves are more potent as an antioxidant source compared to younger leaves. This study supports the utilization of bidara plants in the pharmaceutical industry and the development of traditional medicine based on natural ingredients.
Antibacterial And Synergistic Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Abaka, Abdulazeez Mumsiri; James, Bristone Pola; Badamasi, Mohammed Dangana; Usman, Adamu Aliyu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1391-1397

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge, particularly in developing regions where access to effective drugs is constrained. Medicinal plants provide an alternative due to their affordability, availability, and wealth of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), both widely used in African traditional medicine, against selected bacterial pathogens. Methanolic extracts were prepared from dried rhizomes of ginger and calyces of roselle, and concentrations of 100%, 95%, 90%, and 85% were tested. Antibacterial activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas sp. using agar well diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were established by serial dilution and subculture techniques. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids in both plants. Ginger additionally contained saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrates, whereas roselle uniquely presented cardiac glycosides. Antibacterial activity increased with concentration, with the 100% extracts showing the highest inhibition zones. The combined extract consistently produced larger inhibition zones compared to the individual extracts (p < 0.05). Ginger exhibited the strongest individual activity against S. aureus, while the combined extract was most effective against E. coli. Pseudomonas sp. was the least susceptible. MIC values confirmed these observations: S. aureus was the most sensitive (25 mg/mL), while E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. each recorded 50 mg/mL. MBC values were uniformly 50 mg/mL across all test organisms. The results demonstrate that ginger and roselle possess significant antibacterial properties, with ginger showing superior individual efficacy and roselle providing complementary metabolites that enhanced combination effects. Their synergistic action supports traditional polyherbal therapy and indicates potential as cost-effective, plant-based interventions against AMR. The findings underscore the need for further research to develop standardized formulations for therapeutic application.
Phytochemical, Acute toxicity, and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Dominic, Nazuwa; Joel, Ewansiha Uyi; Abaka, AbdulAzeez Mumsiri; Yau, Ibrahim
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1537-1545

Abstract

The escalating public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), demands an urgent expansion of the therapeutic arsenal. This study provides a comprehensive scientific validation of Tamarindus indica L., a plant with extensive ethnobotanical uses, by systematically evaluating its phytochemical composition, antibacterial efficacy, and acute toxicity profile. Phytochemical analysis revealed that methanol extraction was superior to n-hexane, yielding a rich array of bioactive compounds from the leaves, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Quantitative assessment confirmed substantial levels of key metabolites, with saponins (550–1400 mg/100g), total phenolics (800–2000 mg/100g), and flavonoids (450–1100 mg/100g) being the most abundant. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the methanolic extract possessed potent, strain-specific activity against clinical isolates of S. aureus. A notable finding was the significant susceptibility of one strain (SaD), which showed a zone of inhibition of 23.00 mm at 80 mg/mL, exceeding the activity of the cefoxitin control. The methanol fruit extract exhibited Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 4.69 and 9.38 mg/mL. Crucially, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was identical to the MIC for most strains, indicating a primarily bactericidal, rather than bacteriostatic, mode of action. In stark contrast, the n-hexane extract showed minimal efficacy, highlighting the critical influence of solvent polarity on the recovery of antibacterial constituents. A pivotal component of this research was the toxicological evaluation. An acute oral toxicity study conducted in rats established an excellent safety profile, with no mortality or significant adverse effects observed at the limit dose of 5000 mg/kg, classifying the extract as practically non-toxic according to OECD guidelines. This finding confirms a wide therapeutic window for potential applications. In conclusion, this study definitively links the traditional use of Tamarindus indica to a scientifically verified, bactericidal phytochemical profile effective against S. aureus and a compelling safety margin. These results firmly position T. indica as a promising candidate for the development of standardized herbal medicines to address the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Phagochytosis Activity Test of Red Ginger and Angkak Combination Extract by Carbon Clearance Method Nugraha, Fajar; Halim, Halim; IH, Hariyanto; Fahrurroji, Andhi; Anastasia, Desy Siska
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1347-1353

Abstract

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. rubrum) and angkak (Oryza sativa) are used in traditional chinese medicine to improve body health. Both are known to have immunostimulatory activity that increases phagocytic activity of macrophage. This study aims to determine the phagocytic activity of the combination extract of red ginger and angkak using carbon clearance method. Combination of red ginger and angkak (7:3) was kinetically macerated in ethanol 96%. Twenty white mice were divided into 5 groups, such as control group (CMC-Na 0.5%), positive control (Levamisole 2.5 mg/kgBB), and three experiment group that was given red ginger extract (105 mg/kgBB), angkak extract (105 mg/kgBB), and combination extract of red ginger-angkak (150 mg/kgBB). All treatments were given orally for sevendays, consecutively. The phagocytosis index (IF) value was determined on day 8 by injecting carbon intravenously and immunostimulant activity was shown if IF>1. The highest IF value of three extracts was shown by combination extract (1.2489±0.0261) compared to red ginger and angkak extract, mentioned 1.2030±0.0448 and 1.0537±0.0254, respectively. Moreover, the IF values of combination extract and red ginger were significantly (p<0.05) different compared to the control group of CMC-Na (IF=1). However, it is significantly (p>0.05) lower compared to the levamisole group (1.5187±0.0534). It could be concluded that the combined extract of red ginger-angkak showed the greatest phagocytic activity against male white mice compared to extract of red ginger and angkak itself.
The Ameliorative Effect of Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus Lour Spreng in the Treatment of Hepato-renal Carcinogenesis Induced Benzo(a)pyrene Silitonga, Melva; Pranoto, Hendro; Sinaga, Erlintan; Sipahutar, Feimmy Ruth Pratiwi; LumbanGaol, Adriana Yulinda Dumaria; Sinaga, Fajar Apollo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1483-1490

Abstract

Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is the major cause of hepato-renal carcinogenesis. Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus (EPA), has indicated some biological activities such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of apigenin in EPA as anti-cancer against chronic hepatorenal damage exposed to B(a)P. The rats of 4 groups (n=6) were divided as follows: Group I (P0) was given food and water ad-libitum; Group II (PB) was administered orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW; Group III (PB+E) received orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW and EPA 500 mg/kg; Group IV (PE) was administered orally EPA 500 mg/kg BW. The therapeutic effect of EPA was explored using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that Group III could significantly improve (P < 0.05) the hepatorenal function parameter, including DNA concentration. SGPT, SGOT, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine compared to those treated with B(a)P. The outcome data pharmacology revealed 6 targets could be the main core target. The good binding affinity indicated Apigenin docked to AKT1 protein with -10.00 kcal/mol relevant to Doxorubicin as control drug. Our results provide a new insight of apigenin in EPA potentially suppressing the regulation of chemical carcinogenesis by B(a)P.
Identification of Potential Antimalarial Compound(s) from Alkaloid, Flavonoids and Phenolics Rich Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Leaf Lamiya, Abdulhafiz; Alhassan, Adamu Jibril; Dangambo, Maryam Abdulkadir; Zailani, Hauwa Ahmed
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1579-1597

Abstract

Malaria is a deadly vector born disease caused by Plasmodium spp with increasing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnobotanical studies and phytochemical screening remains the mainstay in the hunt of bioactive secondary metabolites from natural sources needed to confront the growing challenges faced by available drugs used in the treatment of many infectious diseases malaria inclusive. This study aimed at identifying potential antimalarial compound(s) in some Piliostigma reticulatum extracts. In vivo technique was used to assay for antimalarial activities of P. reticulatum extracts and spectroscopic technique was used to characterize compounds present in the extract. Top hit compound against some Plasmodium spp targets were identified using in silico technique. In vivo study revealed phenolic rich extract to exhibit significant antimalarial activity (P<0.05) compared to other extracts and twenty five compounds were identified in the extract spectroscopically. Molecular docking of the compounds against some Plasmodium falciparum targets (PMII, HAP, FP-2 and PfENR) revealed ethylene brassylate as the top hit compound that inhibited PMII, FP-2 and PfENR with binding affinity of -7.3, -7 and -6.5Kcal/mol respectively, whereas 2-hexadecanol was the top hit for HAP with binding affinity of -6.4Kcal/mol. In silico ADMET analysis of the top hits revealed that they both possess drug-like property, metabolizable and relatively safe. This finding gives credence to the use of the plant in malaria treatment and identified two compounds Ethylene brassylate and 2-hexadecanol as promising antimalarial drug candidates which can be harnessed for discovery of novel antimalarial drug.
Eco-Friendly Biochar-Chitosan Coating for Controlled Nitrogen-Fe Release from Slow-Release Fertilizers Karbeka, Martasiana
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1225-1230

Abstract

The development of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) has gained increasing attention as an efficient approach to enhance nutrient utilization while minimizing nutrient losses and environmental impacts. In this study, biochar–chitosan composites were employed as encapsulating materials for urea and Fe to produce SRF beads. The beads were synthesized through ionic gelation in NaOH solution, followed by swelling tests and structural characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The swelling analysis demonstrated that the most effective formulation was obtained from the composition containing 3 g of biochar and 3 g of urea, achieving the highest swelling capacity of  92% after 48 h. This result indicates that the biochar–chitosan matrix provides sufficient porosity and water affinity to support nutrient retention and release. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups of biochar, chitosan, urea, and Fe, verifying the successful incorporation of all components into the composite beads. Furthermore, XRD analysis revealed a predominantly amorphous structure, as evidenced by broad peaks in the 2theta range of 20°–60°. However, sharp crystalline peaks were also observed at 2theta approximately 29.1° and 33.9°, corresponding to urea, and at 2theta approximately 40°, attributed to crystalline phases of urea and Fe. These results suggest that the structural configuration of the beads combines both amorphous and crystalline phases, which may contribute to controlled nutrient release behavior. Overall, the findings demonstrate that biochar–chitosan encapsulation is a promising strategy for developing efficient SRFs with enhanced swelling properties and structural stability, offering potential for sustainable agricultural applications.
Fatty Acid Composition, Steroid Content, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Citrullus lanatus and Carica papaya Seed Oils Amos-Tautua, Bamidele Martin; Ajoko, Imomotimi Timipa; Raji, Rafiu Oladiran
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1491-1500

Abstract

Plant-derived oils rich in bioactive constituents have attracted attention as potential antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. The present study assessed the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory activity, and fatty acid profile of pawpaw (Carica papaya) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed oils. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, while antidiabetic activity was evaluated through in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed triterpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in both oils. In the DPPH assay, pawpaw and watermelon seed oils showed maximum inhibitions of 13.32% and 15.91% at 200 µg/mL, respectively; while the  FRAP values were low (9.06 and 14.51 µM Fe2+/mg). Enzyme inhibition assays indicated differential activity: pawpaw seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase (84.69% at 1000 µg/mL) while watermelon seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-amylase (81.81%). GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the most abundant fatty acids as cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (895.57 mg/L) arachidonic acid (263.49 mg/L), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (241.80 mg/L). Essential fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also present. In conclusion, the seed oils exhibit moderate antioxidant activity and complementary enzyme inhibitory effects. Their rich unsaturated fatty acid profiles support potential use as functional dietary oils for diabetes management.
In Silico Exploration of Bioactive Compounds from Dracaena cochinchinensis as Potential Inhibitors of Streptococcus pyogenes Inosine-5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Handayani, Septi; Nawan, Nawan; Toemon, Agnes
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1265-1271

Abstract

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes presents a significant global health threat, demanding the urgent discovery of novel antibacterial agents. This study utilized a comprehensive in silico framework to investigate 17 compounds from the traditional medicinal plant Dracaena cochinchinensis as potential inhibitors of Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a validated antimicrobial drug target. The workflow included predictive modeling of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics (ADME), toxicity profiles, and molecular docking simulations to elucidate binding affinities and interaction patterns within the enzyme's active site. Physicochemical analysis revealed that 11 of the 17 compounds exhibited drug-like properties. Molecular docking identified several ligands with high binding affinities, notably Isopimaric acid (-8.2 kcal/mol) and Cochinchinenene D (-8.1 kcal/mol), whose stability was mediated by interactions with key catalytic residues. ADMET predictions indicated that most compounds possess favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Crucially, Isopimaric acid demonstrated a superior safety profile, with a high LD50 (5000 mg/kg), no predicted mutagenicity, and no risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This computational investigation successfully identified Isopimaric acid as a standout candidate, and its combination of strong target affinity and a favorable ADMET profile positions it as a promising scaffold for the development of novel antibacterial agents against S. pyogenes. These findings provide a strong impetus for experimental validation.
Bioactivities of Prosopis africana Whole Fruit: Antibacterial and Urease Inhibition Properties Salawu, Kayode Muritala; Abdullahi, Saad Toyin; Rabiu, Akeem Ganiyu; Adegboye, Olutosin Alarape; Aamer, Muhammad; Shehla, Nuzhat; Wang, Yan
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1547-1550

Abstract

Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Fabaceae) is a West African tree traditionally used for treating infections. However, a systematic evaluation of the bioactivities of its fruit remains limited, and studying the fruit offers a more sustainable and conservation-friendly approach compared to harvesting the bark or roots. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and urease inhibitory properties of the whole fruit extract of P. africana and its solvent-partitioned fractions. The powdered whole fruit was macerated in 70% methanol to obtain a crude extract (PAF-0). A 1.1 kg portion of PAF-0 was subsequently partitioned using 1 L volumes per cycle into n-hexane (PAF-1), dichloromethane (PAF-2), ethyl acetate (PAF-3), and aqueous (PAF-4) fractions. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Jack bean urease inhibition was assessed spectrophotometrically. All experiments included vehicle controls (DMSO) and were performed with three independent replicates (n=3). The dichloromethane fraction (PAF-2) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, showing 84% and 88% inhibition against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, respectively, which was comparable to the standard drug ofloxacin. In the urease inhibition assay, the n-hexane fraction (PAF-1) and the crude extract (PAF-0) were the most potent, with IC50 values of 27.1 µg/mL and 27.6 µg/mL, respectively. The findings indicate that the dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions of P. africana fruit possess significant antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities. This provides a scientific basis for its traditional uses against infections and highlights its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds for further pharmacological development.

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