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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 666 Documents
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Bioinformatics Analysis of Quercetin and Morin Bioactivity from Morinda citrifolia L. Targeting Streptococcus mutans Virulence Factors In Dental Caries Cases Astrid Ekklesia Saputri; Rian Ka Praja; Agnes Frethernety; Oktaviani Naulita Turnip; Ysrafil Ysrafil
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.535-553

Abstract

Dental caries remains one of the most neglected oral diseases, particularly among populations living far from healthcare services. Its pathogenesis is largely triggered by poor oral hygiene and the activity of Streptococcus mutans. The use of synthetic antimicrobial agents often leads to prolonged side effects and a higher risk of antibiotic resistance. As an alternative, Morinda citrifolia L. extract shows high potential due to its good public acceptance, minimal side effects, and proven in vitro efficacy in inhibiting S. mutans growth. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity factors of S. mutans in relation to specific components of Morinda citrifolia L. as an alternative therapeutic agent for dental caries using a bioinformatics-based approach. A descriptive-exploratory bioinformatics method was employed using computational analysis. The bacterial FASTA sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159 was retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and analyzed using several software tools, including STITCH v5.0, VICMPred, VirulentPred, BepiPred v1.0, MHC I and MHC II BindingPred, and PSORTb v3.0. The analysis revealed notable interactions in bioactivity between S. mutans proteins and the phytocompounds quercetin and morin. Seven virulent proteins PknB, SMU_1806, SMU_1213c, SMU_922, SMU_906, SMU_525, and SMU_1078c, contribute to cellular process, metabolism, virulence factors, and information & storage. Five proteins were identified in the cytoplasmic membrane, one in cell wall, and also cytoplasm. Quercetin and morin demonstrated strong antibacterial potential against S. mutans through interactions with virulent proteins. PknB, SMU_906, and SMU_1078c stand out in epitope T cell analysis with high affinity, demonstrating the ability to provoke an adaptive immune system response. Location complexity of 5’-nucleotide enzyme targeted by strategic antimicrobials leads to bacterial mortality.
Butterfly Species (Lepidoptera) in Forest Area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency Uzaini Nur Rahma; Bustamin Bustamin; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Raya Agni; Abd Rauf
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.499-504

Abstract

Butterflies (Lepidoptera) are one of the insect groups that play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance, particularly as pollinators of various flowering plants and as indicators of environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify and describe butterfly species (order: Lepidoptera) found in the forest area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive method with an exploratory (survey) technique. Sampling was conducted at three different observation stations. Field data were collected over three days, with two sampling periods per day, from 07:00 to 11:00 and 14:00 to 17:00 local time (WITA). Samples were collected using insect nets and subsequently identified based on morphological characteristics. The results of the study revealed 27 butterfly species belonging to four major families. These families are Nymphalidae (17 species), Papilionidae (6 species), Pieridae (3 species), and Lycaenidae (1 species). The diversity analysis indicated that the family Nymphalidae had the highest number of species. Environmental factors, such as the abundance of host plants in the genus Lantana and host plants of the genus Mangivera, as well as abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 27°C, humidity of 70.33%, and light intensity of 786 cd, were strongly suspected to support the high variation in butterfly species.
Exploring the Virulence Factors of Campylobacter jejuni Targeted by Quercetin: A Bioinformatics Approach Sintice Dhea Valerie; Nawan Nawan; Ysrafil Ysrafil
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.457-464

Abstract

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and continues to develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones, creating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits antibacterial activity by disrupting membrane stability, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, and reducing virulence factor expression. This study aimed to predict the interaction between quercetin and essential proteins of Campylobacter jejuni and to identify virulence-associated proteins with immunogenic potential using a bioinformatics approach. The protein–compound interaction analysis was performed using STITCH, while virulence functions were predicted using VirulentPred and VICMPred. B cell and T cell epitope predictions were conducted using the IEDB Analysis Resources, and antigenicity was evaluated using VaxiJen. The results showed that quercetin interacts with key proteins such as ATP synthase, DnaK, catalase, and oxidoreductase, which contribute to bacterial survival through energy metabolism and oxidative stress regulation. Five virulence-associated proteins were identified with strong antigenicity and immunogenic potential, with most predicted to be located on the cytoplasmic membrane. These findings suggest that quercetin may function as a multi-target antimicrobial agent that interferes with essential cellular processes while promoting immune recognition, supporting its potential as a candidate for future therapeutic development against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections.
Abundance and Distribution of Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park Rifana Lemba; Syech Zainal; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.597-603

Abstract

Millipedes (Diplopoda) play an important role in forest ecosystems, particularly in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients, thereby contributing to soil fertility and ecosystem stability. This study aimed to determine the abundance and distribution patterns of millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park, Balumpewa Village, West Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. The research was designed as a quantitative descriptive study. Sampling was carried out using an exploratory survey method combined with hand collection techniques at three observation stations. These stations were selected using purposive sampling based on differences in environmental characteristics and habitat conditions. Data collection was conducted in three repetitions at two-week intervals to obtain representative data on millipede communities. In addition to species collection, measurements of physical environmental parameters were also performed, including light intensity, soil pH, air temperature, and humidity, as these factors are known to influence the presence and distribution of soil macrofauna. The results showed that six millipede species were recorded, belonging to three orders and three families. The average environmental conditions at the study site included a light intensity of 722.2 lux, soil pH of 6.8, temperature of 28.2°C, and humidity of 76.7%. These conditions indicate a habitat that is relatively less optimal for millipede populations. The species abundance index was classified as low, suggesting limited population sizes within the study area. However, the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) revealed variation among species, with two species categorized as having high relative abundance, one species moderate, and three species low. Analysis using Morisita’s Index and the Standardized Morisita Index (Ip) demonstrated that all recorded species exhibited a clumped distribution pattern. This distribution suggests that millipedes tend to concentrate in specific microhabitats that provide suitable moisture, shelter, and food resources. Overall, the findings indicate that unstable environmental conditions may restrict millipede distribution, causing them to utilize only particular microhabitats that meet their ecological requirements.
Bacteriological Quality of Raw Cow Milk Obtained from Fulanis Within University of Abuja Environment Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair; Jemilat Oyiza Zubair; Rofiat Oyine Muhammed
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.555-559

Abstract

Milk is a highly nutritious food that can serve as a suitable medium for microbial growth if not properly handled. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw cow milk obtained from Fulani herders within the University of Abuja environment with emphasis on the prevalence of bacterial species and their potential public health implications. Twenty raw milk samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution and spread plate methods for enumeration, determination of total bacterial load and total coliform count, Gram staining and biochemical identification. Five bacterial species were isolated; Bacillus spp. (34.29%), Lactobacillus spp. (28.57%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.43%) and Escherichia coli (8.57%). The total bacterial load ranged from 5.5 × 108 to 1.15 × 109 CFU/mL, while total coliform counts ranged from 3.35 × 105 to 8.40 × 105 CFU/mL. The predominance of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Lactobacillus reflects the natural microbial flora of raw milk, whereas the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli indicates contamination from handlers, equipment or the environment. These findings reveal significant microbial contamination and associated public health risks linked to raw milk consumption. The study underscores the need for improved hygienic practices during milking, handling, and storage to reduce contamination and ensure consumer safety.
Plant Lice Species (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) on Ornamental Plants in Kampal Village and Surrounding Areas Delia Nurhaliza; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto; Amalia Buntu; Yulia Windarsih; Lestari MP Alibasyah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.505-512

Abstract

Plant lice (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) are important pests of ornamental plants, capable of causing physical damage and transmitting plant pathogens. These insects pose a significant threat as they can reduce growth, impair physiological functions, and even cause plant death. Their feeding activity affects leaves, stems, and flowers, thereby reducing overall plant health and aesthetic value. Understanding the diversity and host associations of these pests is essential for effective management. This study aimed to identify the species of Sternorrhyncha plant lice present on ornamental plants in Kampal Village, Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using purposive sampling to collect specimens from different plant parts, including shoots, leaves, flowers, and stems. Observations were recorded and analyzed to determine species composition, host range, and infestation patterns. A total of 25 ornamental plant species belonging to 16 families were observed as host plants. Some plant families, such as Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae, Rutaceae, Araceae, and Agavaceae, were infested by more than one plant louse family, while individual plant species could host multiple louse families simultaneously. Seventeen Sternorrhyncha species were identified, distributed across seven families: Pseudococcidae (6 species), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (2), Aphididae (2), Margarodidae (2), and Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae (1 species each). These results provide baseline data on the diversity and distribution of Sternorrhyncha plant lice in Kampal Village. Such information is critical for developing targeted pest management strategies to protect ornamental plants and maintain their health and aesthetic value in residential and cultivated areas.
Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from the Antioxidant Active Fraction of Syzygium aqueum Leaves and Its Docking Simulation on EGFR Farid Algani; Afrizal Itam; Mai Efdi; Kuntum Suci Mawarni
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.739-748

Abstract

This study aims to isolate secondary metabolites from Syzygium aqueum leaves and assess their suitability for targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) proteins in lung cancer treatment. The methods utilized include maceration, fractionation, chromatography, and molecular docking. The isolated compounds were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR techniques. The compounds were 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) and lupeol. Molecular docking simulations were performed between DMC compounds and EGFR proteins (PDB ID: 1M17, 5D41, 5UG8, 5UG9, and 6LUD). Mutations in the EGFR kinase domain, particularly T790M, L858R, and V948R, confer resistance to first-generation inhibitors, including osimertinib. According to the in-silico docking results, DMC shows promise as an alternative inhibitor candidate. It can maintain interactions with the key residue Lys745 and provides stabilization through Asp855 ansamod Glu762. In contrast, osimertinib relies more on hydrophobic interactions and loses direct contact with Lys745, contributing to decreased affinity. This suggests that DMC may effectively overcome resistance associated with mutations, especially T790M, while maintaining crucial interactions within the ATP binding pocket. Therefore, DMC can be developed into a new non-covalent scaffold for treating lung cancer with EGFR mutations.
The Correlation Between Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 and Modified Lund-Kennedy (MLK) in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) Patients Iriana Maharani; Crashana Siregar; Tanti Agustina
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.881-884

Abstract

CRS is an inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. SNOT-22 is a questionnaire that assesses the life quality of CRS patients. MLK is a scoring system that uses nasal endoscopy. This study aims to analyze the correlation between complaints on SNOT-22 and endoscopy findings on MLK. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 74 patients were included: 45 CRS with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) and 29 CRS without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP). This study used Pearson’s statistical analysis to identify the correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS patients, more specifically in CRSwNP and CRSsNP with Spearman’s statistical analysis. There is a correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS with r=0.408, sig/p value 0.000<0.05; a correlation in CRSwNP with r=0.364, sig/p value 0.014<0.05; a correlation in CRSsNP with r=0.482, sig/p value 0.008<0.05; a correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP with r=0,876, sig/p value=0,000<0,05; and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP with r=0,345, sig/p value 0.066>0.05. There is a moderate correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS, a weak correlation in CRSwNP, a moderate correlation in CRSsNP, a very strong correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP, and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP.
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Creatinine Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Amelia A Riuh; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.699-704

Abstract

Creatinine is a key biochemical indicator of renal function, and elevated creatinine levels reflect impaired kidney performance. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a known nephrotoxic agent that induces oxidative stress and renal damage. This study evaluate the effect of red coconut tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) extract on creatinine in CCl4-induced mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental laboratory design using 24 male mice, which were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (CCl4-induced), and four treatment groups administered red coconut tembuluk extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. Renal damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 at a dose of 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered orally for eight consecutive days following induction. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that CCl4 induction significantly increased creatinine levels in the negative control group compared to the normal control, indicating impaired renal function. Administration of red coconut tembuluk extract resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine levels across all treatment groups, with the most pronounced effect observed at the 80% concentration. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of the extract on creatinine reduction (p < 0.05), followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test confirming differences among treatment groups. The nephroprotective effect of the extract is likely associated with its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, antioxidants, and L-arginine, which contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and support renal tissue recovery. In conclusion, red coconut tembuluk extract effectively reduces serum creatinine levels in CCl4-induced mice, with the 80% concentration showing the greatest protective effect. These findings suggest that red coconut tembuluk has potential as a natural nephroprotective agent.
LC–MS/QTOF-Based Metabolite Profiling and Antidiarrheal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Jernang Fruit Siti Samaniyah; Ulfa Husna Dhirah; Refa Alaydrus; Aida Apriani
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.823-831

Abstract

Diarrhea remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas with limited access to healthcare. In Aceh Province, it is a leading cause of medical visits among children under five. Reliance on traditional herbal medicine persists due to limited access to conventional drugs and concerns over the side effects of synthetic antidiarrheals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the secondary metabolite profile and antidiarrheal activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume (jernang fruit) as a potential Indonesian herbal medicine. Dried fruits of D. draco were macerated using 70% ethanol, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LCMS-QTOF) analysis for secondary metabolite identification. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in vivo using male mice induced with castor oil. Parameters assessed included diarrhea onset time, fecal frequency, fecal weight, and fecal consistency. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the simplicia was conducted in accordance with the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia standards. The simplicia met pharmacopeial standards with a high ethanol-soluble extract content. LC-MS/QTOF analysis identified flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, alkaloids, and sphingolipids. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly delayed diarrhea onset and reduced fecal frequency and weight in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose (100 mg/kg body weight) showing the strongest effect, although lower than loperamide. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. draco fruit exhibits significant antidiarrheal activity and contains diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, supporting its potential development as a safe, locally sourced herbal antidiarrheal agent.

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