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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 705 Documents
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Biological Determinants of Memory Performance In Qur’an Memorizers: Evidence from Cathecol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) Gene Expression And Protein Levels Rosdianah Rahim; Suryani As’ad; Veni Hadju; Saidah Syamsuddin; Muhammad Hatta; Nadyah Haruna; Syatirah Jalaluddin; Yessy Kurniati
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1373-1380

Abstract

Memory performance during adolescence is a key aspect of cognitive development and is strongly influenced by dopaminergic regulation in the prefrontal cortex. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) plays a critical role in modulating dopamine availability and cognitive function. This study examined the relationships between age, COMT gene expression, COMT protein levels, and memory performance among adolescents engaged in structured memorization activities. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied involving male adolescent participants. Memory performance was assessed using a standardized psychometric test, while COMT gene expression and protein levels were measured using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and correlation tests. The results demonstrated a significant negative association between age and memory performance within the adolescent range. In contrast, COMT gene expression and protein levels showed strong positive correlations with memory performance, indicating that higher molecular regulation of dopamine was associated with superior cognitive outcomes. Memorization duration and quantity were not significantly related to memory performance. These findings support dopamine-based models of cognitive regulation and highlight the importance of molecular biomarkers in understanding adolescent memory development. The study contributes to developmental cognitive research by emphasizing biologically informed approaches and provides a foundation for future longitudinal investigations.
Fermentation Characteristics and Bioactive Properties of Kombucha Senna alexandrina Mill. Leaves Oktira Roka Aji; Diah Asta Putri; Alya Firli Refanza Putri; Nabela Dwi Wahyu Nurvi Fibriyanti; Siti Nurhasanah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1329-1336

Abstract

Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and is widely recognized for its functional properties. This study investigated the fermentation characteristics, bioactive properties, antibacterial activity, ethanol content, and sensory attributes of kombucha produced from senna leaves (Senna alexandrina Mill.) during different fermentation periods (0, 4, 8, and 12 days). Physicochemical parameters including pH, optical density, SCOBY biomass, reducing sugar, and total titratable acidity were monitored, while bioactive properties were evaluated through total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (IC50). Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, ethanol content, and sensory characteristics were also analyzed. The results showed that fermentation significantly decreased pH while increasing total titratable acidity, optical density, and SCOBY biomass, indicating active microbial metabolism. Total phenolic content increased during fermentation from 96.80 to 119.56 µg GAE/mL, accompanied by a substantial improvement in antioxidant activity as indicated by decreasing IC50 values. Antibacterial activity against E. coli was absent in the unfermented sample but emerged after fermentation. Ethanol concentration increased gradually but remained very low (0.0141% at day 12), well below regulatory limits for non-alcoholic and halal beverages. Sensory evaluation showed that fermentation time influenced taste and aroma, while color remained relatively stable. Overall, the findings demonstrate that senna leaves can serve as a suitable herbal substrate for kombucha fermentation and contribute to the development of functional fermented beverages with enhanced bioactive properties.
Enhancing Galactomannan Recovery from Coconut Meat: Impact of Autoclaving Pretreatment in a High-Shear Compartment Reactor System Arief Rakhman Affandi; Sinta Dewi; Iffah Muflihati; Rini Umiyati
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1381-1389

Abstract

Galactomannan in coconut meat is tightly bound within its fiber matrix, limiting extraction efficiency. Autoclave pretreatment, combining heat, pressure, and moisture, can loosen this structure and improve galactomannan release. This study examined the effects of autoclaving temperature (100°C–130°C) and water addition (0–45%) on the physical and chemical properties of grated coconut prior to extraction. This study examined the effect of autoclaving temperature on the physicochemical properties and extraction yield of galactomannan. Four pretreatment temperatures were evaluated: 100, 110, 120, and 130 °C. The 100°C treatment produced the highest yield (8.45%), swelling power (8.67%), color values (L* = 53.44, a* = 5.48, b* = 9.09), and reducing sugar content (18.03%). Statistical analysis confirmed that autoclaving temperature significantly influenced extraction yield. Overall, 100°C was identified as the optimal pretreatment condition for enhancing galactomannan extraction from coconut meat.
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Supplementation on Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) Contents of Crackers as a Nutritious Snack Desi Desi; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Masrianih Masrianih; Musdalifah Nurdin; Raya Agni; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1337-1344

Abstract

Moringa oleifera leaf flour is recognized as a local food ingredient rich in essential minerals, particularly magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), which play important roles in various physiological functions of the human body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation on the magnesium and potassium contents of crackers. The research employed an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation, with two replications for each treatment. Magnesium and potassium contents were quantitatively determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf flour tended to increase the magnesium and potassium contents of the crackers, with magnesium levels ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 mg/g and potassium levels ranging from 0.79 to 1.93 mg/g. However, statistical analysis revealed that the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf flour did not significantly affect magnesium content (p = 0.377), whereas it had a significant effect on potassium content (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that magnesium and potassium responded differently to the fortification process. Therefore, Moringa oleifera leaf flour demonstrates considerable potential as a fortification ingredient, particularly for enhancing potassium content in crackers as a nutritious snack alternative.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as Prehabilitation for Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Within-Patient Case Series Nita Damayanti; Whida Rahmawati; Rina Puspasari Suryana; Jeremmy Sebastian
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1391-1397

Abstract

Quadriceps muscle strength loss after total knee arthroplasty remains a major barrier that impairs functional recovery. Pre-operative rehabilitation has been proposed to enhance this problem, yet existing evidence is inconsistent. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation may offer a feasible option for patients limited by pre-operative pain. This pilot study explored the feasibility and observed recovery trends of a structured NMES-based prehabilitation program before the second TKA in staged bilateral cases. Seven female patients undergoing staged bilateral TKA participated in this prospective within-patient comparative case series. Each patient served as their own control. The first TKA received standard post-operative rehabilitation only, while the in-contralateral knee received a 10-week NMES prehabilitation program before the second TKA. Outcomes included pain intensity (VAS), knee range of motion (ROM), quadriceps muscle strength (MMT), and functional performance (TUG, 6 MWT) were tracked descriptively at baseline, 3,6,12 weeks and 12 months post-operative. Given the pilot nature, data are presented descriptively with individual trajectories. Results showed that from 12 months on prehabilitation knee demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements over postoperative rehabilitation, showed lower pain score, greater knee flexion ROM (112.14 vs 109.29), and quadriceps strength was higher (MMT 4.57 vs 3.57). Six of seven participants showed consistent within-trajectories favoring prehabilitation. The protocol was well-tolerated without adverse events. In this small exploratory pilot case series study, NMES-based prehabilitation before the second TKA was feasible and was associated with a more favorable recovery pattern within the same patients at 12 months. While causal conclusions cannot be made, the within-patient design helps limit inter-individual variability and support further research in larger controlled trials of prehabilitation in TKA recovery.
The Potential of Food Waste-Derived Organic Fertilizer Produced Using Biopore Technology on the Growth of Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) Aulia Putri Ramadhani; I Nengah Kundera; Manap Trianto; Lilies Tangge; Yulia Windarsih; Amalia Buntu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1345-1351

Abstract

Food-wasting behavior contributes significantly to the increasing volume of household organic waste, which has the potential to pollute the environment if not managed properly. This study aimed to describe the potential of food waste processed using the biopore technique as an organic fertilizer for the growth of spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) and to determine the optimal application concentration that promotes the best plant growth. This study employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Five concentrations of biopore organic fertilizer were tested with four replications: P0 (control/no fertilizer), P1 (25 g), P2 (50 g), P3 (100 g), and P4 (150 g). The observed parameters included plant height (cm), number of leaves, and leaf area (cm2), which were measured periodically for four weeks after planting (WAP). The collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of biopore organic fertilizer derived from food waste had a significant effect on all growth parameters evaluated. Based on the post hoc analysis, treatment P4 (150 g/L concentration, equivalent to 15%) consistently produced the best growth performance. At the end of the observation period (4 WAP), P4 resulted in an average plant height of 13.23 cm, an average of 8 leaves per plant, and a leaf area of 6.10 cm2. These values were significantly higher than those of the control group (P0) and the other lower-concentration treatments. In conclusion, food waste decomposed through biopore holes has considerable potential to be utilized as an agronomically valuable organic fertilizer. A concentration of 15% (P4) is recommended as the most effective formulation for sustainably promoting the growth of Amaranthus hybridus L. plants.
Starch Composition and Glycemic Load of Teo Tuber Flour (Tacca leontopetaloides) Using a Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Animal Model Vrilianika Vrilianika; Margaretha Solang; Muhammad Isra; Djuna Lamondo; Zuliyanto Zakaria
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1423-1429

Abstract

Teo tuber flour (Tacca leontopetaloides) is a local carbohydrate source with potential to be developed as a functional food. However, information about its starch composition and glycemic load is still limited, even though these two parameters are important in determining blood glucose response after consumption as well as the carbohydrate quality of a food. This study aims to determine the amylose and amylopectin content of teo tuber flour and evaluate its glycemic load using male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach and a laboratory experimental design. Analysis of amylose and amylopectin content was done using spectrophotometry with the DNS method and an amylose standard curve. Glycemic load was determined by measuring the rats’ blood glucose response after giving them teo tuber flour porridge and pure glucose, then calculated using the Incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC) method. Research results show that teo yam flour contains 15.727% amylose and 64.389% amylopectin, meaning its starch composition is dominated by amylopectin. Rats fed with teo yam flour porridge showed lower and more stable blood glucose responses compared to rats given pure glucose. The glycemic load value of teo yam flour is 17, which falls into the medium category. These findings suggest that teo yam flour has the potential to be developed as a functional food that can help maintain stable blood glucose levels. Further research is needed to explore starch modification techniques that can reduce glycemic response and enhance its health benefits.
Analysis of Vitamin C Content in Ruku-Ruku (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) Leaves Salbia Salbia; Fatmah Dhafir; Abdul Ashari; Musdalifah Nurdin; Amalia Buntu; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1475-1480

Abstract

Ruku-ruku (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is widely recognized as a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. The leaves are the most commonly utilized part of the plant, particularly for treating various health conditions such as fever, cough, joint and nerve pain, oral ulcers, tinea versicolor, nausea, and vomiting. Ruku-ruku leaves contain various essential nutrients, including calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin C. This study aimed to determine the vitamin C content of ruku-ruku leaves. The research employed a quantitative descriptive method using the iodimetric titration technique. The samples consisted of young, mature, and old leaves collected from Tulo Village, Sigi Regency, Indonesia. Vitamin C content was measured with three replications for each sample. The results showed that the highest vitamin C content was found in young leaves, with an average value of 70.89 mg/100 g, followed by mature leaves at 54.18 mg/100 g and old leaves at 33.80 mg/100 g. Differences in vitamin C content were influenced by the level of leaf maturity, with younger leaves containing higher concentrations of vitamin C than older leaves.
Modulatory Effects of Plant-Derived Stem Cell on Olanzapine-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Male Wistar Rats Ifedolapo Adesola Adejumo; Oluwakemi T. Oyelowo; Austen U. Amaefule; Nafisah O. Ibrahim; Mofiyinfoluwa A. Sanni Adeniyi; Ibrahim A. Oreagba; Esther O. Agbaje
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1431-1438

Abstract

Olanzapine-induced testicular dysfunction contributes to male infertility by disrupting steroidogenesis, energy metabolism, and oxidative balance. Plant-derived stem cells (PDSC), with antioxidant and regenerative properties, may offer protection against such drug-induced reproductive toxicity. To evaluate the modulatory effects of PDSC on testicular reproductive parameters in olanzapine-induced spermatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10) and treated orally for 28 days. Group I received distilled water, Group II OLZ (10 mg/kg), and Groups III–V OLZ plus PDSC (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). Sperm parameters, reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone), oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage marker (8-OHdG), testicular biochemical indices, and steroidogenic enzyme activities were evaluated. OLZ significantly reduced testosterone, testicular glycogen and cholesterol, normal sperm morphology, and 17betha-HSD activity, while increasing FSH, LH, MDA, and sperm motility. PDSC produced dose-dependent improvements, increasing testosterone, glycogen levels, and 17betha-HSD activity while reducing gonadotropins, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, particularly at 200 mg/kg. However, PDSC did not restore testicular cholesterol or zinc levels and was associated with reduced 3betha-HSD activity. PDSC mitigates olanzapine-induced reproductive toxicity through antioxidant, DNA-protective, and steroidogenic mechanisms, highlighting its potential for managing male reproductive dysfunction.
Phanerogamae Species in The Post-Liquefaction Area of Balaroa Subdistrict, Palu City Gina Rizkyta Aulia; Astija Astija; Hayyatun Mawaddah; Lestari M.P. Alibasyah; Aan Febriawan; Musdalifah Nurdin
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1481-1488

Abstract

Phanerogamae are classified as plants with the highest level of phylogenetic development because they produce seeds. Ontogenetically, seeds function as the generative reproductive structures of these plants, as their formation is preceded by sexual reproduction. This study aimed to identify and describe the morphological characteristics of Phanerogamae plants in the post-liquefaction area of Balaroa Subdistrict, Palu City. The research was motivated by the limited scientific information regarding plant species capable of growing and adapting to post-liquefaction environments. A descriptive-exploratory method was employed through direct field observations and morphological identification based on root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed characteristics. The results revealed the presence of 22 Phanerogamae species belonging to two classes and twelve orders, exhibiting diverse morphological characteristics and varying patterns of vegetation distribution. Several species were found to dominate specific areas according to habitat conditions, such as waterlogged zones and open lands formed after the disaster. The study concludes that the post-liquefaction area of Balaroa Subdistrict continues to support the growth of various Phanerogamae species that possess the capacity to adapt to environmental changes.

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