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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 609 Documents
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Identification of Salmonella spp. Contamination in Gado-Gado Sold Around the Tadulako University Campus Pebi Angreni; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih; Mohammad Jamhari; Vita Indri Febriani; Abdul Ashari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.787-793

Abstract

Salmonella spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and are recognized as one of the major causes of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella spp. in gado-gado sold in the canteens of Tadulako University. This research employed a descriptive exploratory laboratory design. Samples were collected from five different canteens using a random sampling technique. Microbiological analyses were conducted through presumptive and confirmatory tests using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, cultivation on selective Salmonella–Shigella Agar (SSA), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). The MPN results showed an average value of 4,900 MPN/mL of sample, while the TPC reached 35,800/ml sample. These values indicate that the food product does not meet the microbiological safety standards established by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, as the TPC exceeds the maximum permissible limit of 104 CFU/mL.
The Increase of White Pulp Diameter of Rat Spleen After CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 Recombinant Protein Injection Risma Aulia Magdalena; Rosita Dewi; Irawan Fajar Kusuma; Sheilla Rachmania; Erma Sulistyaningsih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.663-667

Abstract

Exploring new protein targets for malaria vaccine development is essential in supporting malaria control strategies. One such candidate is the cysteine-rich interdomain region of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1). The spleen, as a lymphoid organ, plays a critical role in immune responses, where activation is indicated by increased white pulp diameter. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response in rats following CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 recombinant protein injection by measuring the spleen’s white pulp diameter. Twelve male rats were divided into two groups: a control group receiving 0.9% NaCl and a treatment group receiving 150 microgramof CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 protein. The recombinant protein was administered subcutaneously on days 0, 21, and 42. On day 56, the rats were euthanized, and their spleens were collected, processed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). White pulp diameters were measured microscopically (100×) using ImageJ software. The mean white pulp diameter was 22.590±3.986 micrometer in the control group and 36.607±6.739 ?m in the treatment group. Statistical analysis using the independent t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.003). These results suggest that CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 recombinant protein stimulates immune activity, as indicated by increased white pulp diameter in rat spleens.
In Silico Discovery of Potent LpxC-Binding Compounds from Paederia foetida (Daun Kentut) as Promising Candidates against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.749-755

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria necessitates the discovery of novel antibacterial agents targeting essential bacterial enzymes. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis enzyme LpxC represents a promising target due to its critical role in maintaining bacterial outer membrane integrity and its absence in mammalian cells. This study aimed to identify potential LpxC inhibitors derived from Paederia foetida (Daun Kentut) using an integrated in silico approach. Bioactive compounds reported from P. foetida were subjected to molecular docking against LpxC, followed by protein–ligand interaction analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, and ADMET prediction. Docking results revealed that several compounds exhibited strong binding affinity toward the LpxC active site, with PF-01 showing the most favorable binding energy (-9.2 kcal/mol) and stable zinc coordination. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the structural stability of the PF-01–LpxC complex, as indicated by low RMSD and RMSF values throughout 100 ns simulation. MM/PBSA analysis demonstrated that van der Waals and electrostatic interactions were the dominant contributors to binding stability. ADMET prediction suggested that while PF-01 showed slightly limited drug-likeness due to molecular size, it remained non-toxic and pharmacologically acceptable. Overall, this study provides molecular-level evidence supporting P.foetida as a promising natural source of LpxC-targeting compounds and proposes PF-01 as a potential lead candidate for further experimental validation against Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Investigation of the Anticancer Potential of Vernonia amygdalina Methanol Extract: A New Hope for MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Therapy Ivan Junius Mesak; Ardhi Broto Sumanto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.885-893

Abstract

MDA-MB-231 is a breast cancer cell line derived from metastatic adenocarcinoma and classified as a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. This breast cancer subtype is highly aggressive, has a high recurrence rate, and offers limited treatment options due to the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptor expression. Therefore, the development of advanced therapeutic strategies is urgently needed to inhibit the metastasis of TNBC cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the methanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic breast cancer therapy, with a focus on inducing cell death through apoptosis mechanisms. This study was an experimental research that began with the collection and identification of raw materials, followed by the preparation of simplicia, extraction processes, and phytochemical screening. Subsequently, cytotoxicity testing was conducted using the MTT assay, cell cycle analysis was performed using the PI-staining assay, and apoptosis was assessed using the Annexin V/PI-staining assay, all of which were analyzed through flow cytometry. The methanol extract of V. amygdalina demonstrated a moderate cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 109.36 µg/mL. The extract induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner, indicating its ability to reduce cell viability by inhibiting DNA replication. In the apoptosis assay, the highest percentage of cell death (3.12%) was observed at the concentration of 54.5 µg/mL, suggesting that this dose produced the strongest apoptotic response among the treatments tested. The methanol extract of V. amygdalina leaves shows potential as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic breast cancer. The extract can induce cancer cell death through apoptosis, indicating its promise for further development as a supportive anticancer therapy.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Papilio polytes Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene Andi Nurjannah; Lestari MP Alibasyah; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Yulia Windarsih; Amalia Buntu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.705-713

Abstract

Papilio polytes is a butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae and is endemic to Sulawesi. The evolutionary relationships of this species were investigated through phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA, specifically the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) region, which was subsequently reconstructed into a phylogenetic tree. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of P. polytes collected from Bakubakulu Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, in relation to other members of the genus Papilio from different regions. Specimens of P. polytes were collected using a roaming (exploratory) method, followed by DNA isolation, DNA amplification, sequencing, electrophoresis, and bioinformatics analyses using GeneStudio, DNASTAR, MESQUITE, and MEGA 11. The phylogenetic tree analyses using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods revealed clear evolutionary relationships. Papilio polytes from Central Sulawesi showed a closer genetic relationship with P. polytes from other regions and clustered within the same clade, whereas other species formed separate clades. Genetic distance analysis based on the COI gene indicated that P. polytes from Central Sulawesi exhibited a genetic distance of 0.00% among individuals, suggesting very high genetic similarity within the population. The genetic distance between P. polytes from Central Sulawesi and P. polytes populations from other regions was relatively low, ranging from 0.00% to 3.86%, while the distance to the outgroup species Eurytides marcellus and Battus polydamas was much higher, ranging from 13.15% to 16.25%. These findings indicate that the phylogenetic relationships among P. polytes populations are very close and consistent.
Refuge as a Tool for Pollinator Conservation: Enhancing Biodiversity in RGL (Rimau Gerga Lebong) Citrus Orchards Yunita Fera Rahmawati; Yuris Setyadin; Budi Purwantiningsih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.833-843

Abstract

The RGL (Rimau Gerga Lebong) citrus orchard in Malang Regency, East Java (7°55'12“ S; 112°33'45” E) was the location for this study, which focused on the problem of declining pollinator populations in fruit cultivation areas. The study aimed to analyze pollinator diversity in three types of flowering plants sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), marigolds (Tagetes erecta), and wild cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) grown around citrus orchards, while evaluating their contribution to agroecosystem stability within the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Field observations were conducted from June to December 2024 using a combination of visual censuses and sweep net methods along 100 m × 2 m transects. From the observation results, 29 pollinator species from 10 families were identified, with Apidae as the dominant group that was consistently present in all treatments. These findings indicate that planting flowering plants around RGL orange orchards could support the recovery of pollinator communities while strengthening ecosystem services in integrated agricultural systems.Refuge planting increased species richness (R = 3.87 vs. 3.40 in controls) and total pollinator abundance, although the Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) in refuge areas (1.696) was lower than in controls (2.075), attributable to the disproportionate dominance of Amata huebneri. Sunflower refuge supported the highest pollinator diversity and abundance, marigold effectively attracted Syrphidae and Meliponini stingless bees, while wild cosmos enriched Lepidoptera and solitary bee composition. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis and PCA ordination confirmed that each refuge type produced distinct qualitative shifts in pollinator community structure. This study recommends implementing multispecies refuge systems combining all three plant species proportionally to prevent single-species dominance, broaden pollinator guild diversity, and optimize integrated pollination and biological control services in RGL citrus agroecosystems.
Identification of Escherichia coli in Ice Dawet Sold in the Palu City Area Yosphita Sevianti; I Nengah Kundera; Musdalifah Nurdin; Yulia Windarsih; Abdul Ashari; Mohammad Jamhari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.795-801

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae found in the human body and is used as an indicator of hygiene in water, food, or beverages. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of E. coli in ice dawet sold in the Palu City area. This study used a descriptive-exploratory design with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) medium. Samples were collected from five locations in the Palu City area using simple random sampling. Based on the results, the Most Probable Number (MPN) test produced an average value of 18.700 MPN/mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count (TPC) test showed an average value of 26.800 CFU/mL of sample, indicating that the samples did not meet the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) under the Ministry of Health, which states that the maximum allowable microbial contamination in beverages is 0/100 mL. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. The results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar biochemical test were positive, indicating biochemical characteristics consistent with E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.
Isolation, Characterization, and Antibiogram Profile of Fungi from Spoilt Bread Aishatu Suleiman; AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka; Raymond Istifanus
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.669-677

Abstract

AbstractBread is a staple food in Nigeria, but its high perishability due to fungal spoilage leads to significant economic waste and public health risks from potential mycotoxin production. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of fungi responsible for spoiling bread in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Twelve bread samples were collected from local vendors in Girei and Yola North. Fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and identified using a polyphasic approach combining morphological characteristics. An antifungal susceptibility test was performed using the agar dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against the isolates. The mycological analysis revealed a community dominated by Aspergillus sp., which was present in over 90% of viable samples. Rhizopus spp. were frequently isolated as secondary contaminants, while Mucor, Fusarium, and Penicillium species were less common. Quantification showed high fungal loads, ranging from 4.1 × 10? to 3.9 × 10? CFU/mL. The antifungal susceptibility profiles revealed widespread resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole among the isolates. Aspergillus and Rhizopus were resistant to both (>100% MIC), while Mucor was resistant to fluconazole. In contrast, ketoconazole was the most effective agent, with all tested genera showing sensitivity at concentrations between 20% and 80% MIC. The findings confirm the dominance of Aspergillus in bread spoilage within the study area and highlight a concerning level of resistance to common azole antifungals. The demonstrated efficacy of ketoconazole suggests it could be a viable alternative for preservation. This study provides critical data for developing targeted antifungal strategies and evidence-based policies to extend the shelf life of bread, reduce economic losses, and mitigate mycotoxin-related health risks for consumers in Nigeria.
Molecular Interaction Mapping of Paederia foetida Phytochemicals against NF-kB p65 Highlights Their Potential in Modulating Systemic Inflammation Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.757-762

Abstract

Systemic inflammation is a fundamental pathological process involved in the development of various chronic diseases, with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65 acting as a central transcriptional regulator of inflammatory responses. Paederia foetida L., commonly known as Daun Kentut, has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory medicinal plant; however, its molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular interactions between selected P. foetida phytochemicals and the NF-kB p65 protein using an in silico approach. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate binding affinity and interaction profiles of major phytochemical constituents, including flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. The docking results revealed that several compounds exhibited favorable binding energies and stable interaction patterns with key amino acid residues of NF-kB p65, such as Lys221, Arg246, Ser276, and Glu279. Among the tested compounds, quercetin and asperuloside demonstrated strong binding affinity and multiple hydrogen bonds within the transcriptionally active region of NF-kB p65. These interaction profiles were comparable to those of a reference inhibitor. The findings suggest that P. foetida phytochemicals have the potential to modulate NF-?B–mediated inflammatory signaling at the molecular level. This study provides mechanistic support for the traditional use of P. foetida as an anti-inflammatory agent and highlights its potential as a source of natural compounds for the development of inflammation-modulating therapeutics.
Antagonistic Ability and Fungicide Tolerance of Rhizosphere Actinomycetes from the Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Gorontalo Nazifah R Adam; Yuliana Retnowati; Abubakar Sidik Katili; Novri Youla Kandowangko; Wirnangsi D. Uno
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.895-905

Abstract

Actinomycetes show promise as biological control agents, reducing fungicide use in agriculture due to their bioactive compounds and ecological resilience. This study focused on the initial screening and ecological bioprospecting of actinomycetes from the Hungayono karst ecosystem in Gorontalo by determining their antagonistic activity against the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani, as well as their tolerance to the fungicides thiram and benomyl. Potential isolates were identified using molecular methods. Samples were collected from three locations. Rhizosphere soil samples were obtained from plant species: Alocasia macrorrhizos, Ficus microcarpa, and Acrostichum aureum L. Antagonistic activity against root-pathogenic fungi and tolerance to fungicides were used as initial screening criteria to assess their potential as biological control agents. This study successfully isolated 9 actinomycete isolates. The results showed that only 33% of the isolates exhibited inhibitory activity, with isolate RzAH-07 showing a moderate inhibition zone (5.22 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum and weak inhibition (4.18 mm) against Neocosmospora solani, while also demonstrating tolerance to the fungicide benomyl up to 1000 ppm. RzAH-07 was selected as the top candidate due to its two key advantages. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that RzAH-07 is closely related to the genus Streptomyces, with a similarity percentage ranging from 98.35% to 99.14% based on GenBank data.

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