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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
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Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 576 Documents
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The Combined Effect of Birthing Ball Therapy and Birthing Yoga on Maternal Outcomes in Normal Delivery Katili, Dwi Nur Octaviani; Melani, Nour Arriza Dwi; Utiarahman, Alya Agustina
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.421-431

Abstract

Childbirth is a physiological process that can be accompanied by pain, anxiety, and varying duration of labor. When pain is not managed well, with high anxiety and too long labor duration, it can increase the risk of complications for the mother and baby, resulting in an increased risk of labor with medical procedures and labor trauma for the mother. One of the complementary therapies that can overcome these problems is the use of birthing balls and labor yoga. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the combination of birthing balls and labor yoga on labor outcomes (labor pain, anxiety levels and labor duration). The research method used was Quashi Experiment with a Non-Equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research subjects were mothers giving birth in the delivery room of RSIA Siti Khadijah, Gorontalo City with a purposive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that the total sample obtained was 50 mothers giving birth consisting of 25 respondents in the intervention group and 25 respondents in the control group. Data analysis used the T Test on the variables of Labor Pain and Anxiety Level and the Man-Whitney Test on the variable of labor duration. The results of this study indicate that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga has a distinct impact on labor outcomes. The greatest impact was seen on the psychological aspect, with a significant reduction in anxiety (p < 0.01), while the effects on labor pain and duration were more clinical-descriptive in nature without statistical significance (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga predominantly affects the psychological aspect, while still contributing to expediting labor progress descriptively.
Analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Contamination in Snacks and Food Handlers of Elementary School Children in West Bekasi Ekasari, Afrinia; Sartika, Arindah Nur; Inggraini, Maulin; Anindita, Reza
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.373-377

Abstract

Food safety is a preventive measure against the risk of disease caused by microorganisms, chemicals, and physical materials that can contaminate food. Salmonella sp. and E. coli is a common food poisoning agent found in school snacks. Elementary school students are a vulnerable group to microbial contamination due to their frequent snacking habits. Therefore, this study aims to analyze E. coli and Salmonella sp. contamination in school snacks in the West Bekasi school area, Bekasi City. The research design of this study was a laboratory-based experiment. Data collection method: Data was collected from three different locations: SDN Bintara 1, SDN Jakasampurna 1 and SDN Kotabaru 3. Snack food testing was carried out using TPC testing, to determine the presence of E. coli contamination using EMBA media and Salmonella sp. using SSA media. The result of TPC is above 71,4% of school children’s snacks are classified as unsafe only 4 types of food are classified as safe, namely onigiri, papeda, cilor, and meatballs on skewers. There are 2 foods that grow in EMBA media, namely udang rambutan and cibay, it is possible that both foods are contaminated with E. coli.
Immuno-Impaired Expression of Synaptophysin, GFAP and Nissl Substances in the Cerebral Cortex of Diabetic Wistar Rats; Evaluation of Andrographis Paniculata Effects Onanuga, Ismail Olasile; Folarin, Royhan Olamide; Muniru, Elijah Taiwo; Ibrahim, Ridwan Babatunde; Usman, Ibe Michael; Jegede, Ayoola Isaac; Azu, Onyemaechi Okpara; Obaya, Temidire Odunayo; Kehinde, Moses Oluwasegun
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.465-474

Abstract

Diabetic hyperglycemia is associated with severe complications, including neuropathy and cognitive impairment. This study examines the neuroprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) on the cerebrum cortex of alloxan-nicotinamide-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (A–E), each with seven rats. Diabetic hyperglycemia was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) followed by alloxan (120 mg/kg). Treatment included Andrographis paniculata, metformin and a combination of both. Untreated diabetic hyperglycemia resulted in significant cerebral damage, indicated by weight loss, decreased brain weight, and neuronal degradation. Andrographis paniculata treatment provided partial neuroprotection. Metformin demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects by reducing hyperglycemia, preventing weight loss, and preserving neuronal structure. Combination therapy suggested potential synergistic effects, showing improvements in blood glucose, body weight, brain weight, cerebral morphology, and histochemistry. Increased synaptophysin expression and reduced astrocyte activation via GFAP expression were observed with combination therapy. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Andrographis paniculata, alone or combined with metformin, in managing hyperglycemic neuropathies.
Identification of Lichen Based on Substrate in Bale Village, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency Adrian, Adrian; Lilies, Lilies; Alibasyah, Lestari MP; Bustamin, Bustamin; Zainal, Syech; Nurdin, Musdalifah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.605-611

Abstract

Lichens are associations between fungi and photosynthetic symbionts, such as algae or cyanobacteria, that form stable and specialized thallus structures. The fungi that predominantly compose the lichen body belong to the Ascomycetes, while the algal partners contribute to the overall structure. This association enhances the ability of both fungi and algae to survive in suboptimal environmental conditions because the thallus structure, physiology, and chemical synthesis of lichens differ from those of the individual fungi or algae that constitute them. Lichens are lower plants that occur in various habitats worldwide and dominate terrestrial ecosystems, covering approximately 8% of the Earth’s land surface. Globally, around 20,000 lichen species have been reported, whereas in Indonesia, 595 species or about 3% of the world’s total have been documented. This study aimed to identify lichen species based on their substrates in the Bale Village area, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency. The sampling method used was the exploration method. Lichen samples were collected from various substrates, followed by direct macroscopic observations to identify the species obtained. Research sites were determined using purposive sampling, selected based on the environmental conditions and the diversity of substrates where lichens grow. Three locations were designated as research stations: Station 1 (residential area), Station 2 (forest and river area, partly used as a tourist site), and Station 3 (forest area and local plantations). The results of this study identified 10 lichen species belonging to 5 families and found on 3 types of substrates. Environmental parameter measurements at the research sites showed an average temperature of 27.66°C, air humidity of 66%, and light intensity of 828.66 cd. These values indicate warm, humid conditions with moderate to highlight intensity conditions generally optimal for the growth and development of lichens.
The Potential of Bean Extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) Based on Haemagglutination Yarta, Muhammad Zelizar; Kurnia, Jessy Gre dini; Febrianto, Shafiy Dwi; Leramau, Treticha Kaa; Kwarta, Cityta Putri
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.561-568

Abstract

Blood typing is a crucial procedure in healthcare,but dependence on expensive an difficult-to-acces imported reagents is a constraint, especially in 3T (underdeveloped, frontier, and othermost) areas. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bean seed extract (Phaseolus vulgaris), as a local natural resource, to be used as an alternative reagent candidate in ABO blood group screening through in vitro haemagglutination testing. The research method involved several stages, namely the extractionof lectin from bean seed using a 0.9% physiological NaCl solution, the preparation of a 5% erythrocytre suspention form donors with blood group A, B, AB, and O and microscope agglutination tests at various extract ratios and dilution titres. Validation was performed by comparing the agglutination results with commercial anti-A and anti-B reagents. Data were analysed qualitatively descriptively and quantitatively using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn nonparametric tests. The results showed that the bean lectin extract successfully agglutinated blood group A, B, and AB erythrocytes specifically, while showing no reaction to blood group O. The strongest and most stable agglutination reaction was observed at a mixture ratio of extract and NaCl of 2:4 and 2:6. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in agglutination scores between blood group O and blood groups A, B, and AB (p < 0.05), which confirms the specificity of the lectin reaction. The validation test also showed agglutination patterns consistent with commercial reagents. In conclusion, broad bean seed extract has great potential to be developed as an economical, easily accessible, and effective natural agglutination reagent for ABO blood group screening, thus providing an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of conventional reagents in healthcare facilities.
The Effect of Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir) Stem Extract on Spermatozoa Viability In Vitro Permatasari, Silvani; Artika, Fitha Nadia; Handayani, Septi; Widayati, Ratna; Trinovita, Elsa
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.513-518

Abstract

The prevalence process impairs sperm biochemistry and function by generating high levels of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) and damaging sperm cells. In addition, ROS imbalance leads to decreased sperm viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. The administration of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) is stated to maintain sperm quality. In vitro sperm viability tests have not been widely conducted. This study aims to determine the effect of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) on sperm viability in vitro. This research is experimental research, the type of design used is posttest only with control group design. The sample was determined by consecutive sampling and the samples taken were 15. The statistical test using LSD Post-Hoc test obtained between groups there were significant differences with p <0.05. The compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) are terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids. Viability of spermatozoa increased significantly from the concentration of 50ng/mL with a percentage of 74.13%, 100ng/mL by 83.00%, 500ng/mL by 87.60% and 1000ng/mL by 91.27%. The ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) can affect the viability of spermatozoa in vitro.
Application of Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion for Spherical Crystallization of Atorvastatin with HPMC E50 Indra, Indra; Tika, Ria Marliana; Wulandari, Winda Trisna
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.%p

Abstract

Poor solubility and inadequate flowability of active pharmaceutical ingredients are significant challenges in developing solid oral dosage forms, particularly for BCS Class II drugs such as atorvastatin calcium. This study aimed to improve the micromeritic and dissolution properties of atorvastatin through spherical crystallization using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion. Methanol was used as a good solvent, dichloromethane as a bridging liquid, water as a poor solvent, and HPMC E50 as a polymeric stabilizer. Spherical agglomerates were prepared and characterized for morphology (SEM); crystallinity (DSC and PXRD); chemical compatibility (FTIR); micromeritic parameters; and dissolution performance. The crystallization process transformed irregular atorvastatin crystals into smooth spherical agglomerates with significantly enhanced flow properties, as evidenced by increased flow rate and improved angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index. FTIR analysis confirmed no chemical interaction with HPMC, while PXRD and DSC indicated reduced crystallinity. Dissolution studies showed spherical atorvastatin exhibited superior release, reaching over 80% in 30 minutes, compared with 51% for raw atorvastatin. In conclusion, spherical crystallization effectively improved the physicochemical and micromeritic properties of atorvastatin calcium, offering a promising approach for enhancing its manufacturability and oral bioavailability.
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanol Extracts of the Fruit and Leaves of Scaevola taccada (Geartn.) Roxb Nasution, Hasbi Assidiqi; Indriaty, Indriaty; Marjanah, Marjanah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.613-621

Abstract

The mangrove plant Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb is known to have potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds that act as antioxidants. The presence of antioxidant compounds can control ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and RNS (Reactive Nitrogen Species), which trigger oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of methanol extracts from the fruits and leaves of Scaevola taccada originating from the coastal area of Sikara-kara Village, Mandailing Natal Regency. This study is an experimental study conducted in vitro in a laboratory. The extraction process was performed using the maceration method with 80% methanol as the solvent. Total phenolic compounds were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard, while total flavonoids were measured using the aluminum chloride method with quercetin as the standard. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method, with the results expressed as IC50 values. The findings indicated that the leaf extract possessed elevated concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids relative to the fruit extract, with a total phenolic content of 68.896 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 103.612 mg QE/g extract. The fruit extract exhibited a total phenolic value of 43.916 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid value of 11.287 mg QE/g extract. Leaf extract exhibits superior antioxidant activity, evidenced by an IC50 value of 52.832 ppm, in contrast to 342.386 ppm for the fruit extract. This study shows that the leaves of Scaevola taccada have greater potential as a source of antioxidants than the fruit, thereby opening up opportunities for their use as raw materials in the production of herbal medicines.
Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) Based on Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 (ND2) Gene Winarti, Jihan; Budiarsa, I Made; Trianto, Manap; Kundera, I Nengah; Bialangi, Mursito S.; Ashari, Abdul
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.433-442

Abstract

Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high avian diversity, including the Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii). This species belongs to the family Megapodiidae and is distributed in the Philippines, parts of eastern Borneo, and several small islands in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii from Poat Island based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of the Philippine scrubfowl was isolated using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid), amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with primers L5145 (forward) and H6394 (reverse), and visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST for species confirmation, DnaSP v6.12.03 for genetic variation analysis, and MEGA 11 for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining methods. The results showed that the 1.072 base pair ND2 gene sequences generated three haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity value of 0.667 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00249. The nucleotide base composition of the ND2 gene was dominated by A+T (52.03%) compared to G+C (47.95%). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using both methods produced consistent topologies, in which all Megapodius cumingii samples from Poat Island formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support, indicating strong and stable genetic relationships.
Antioxidant Activity of n-Hexane Subfraction of Buas-Buas Leaf (Premna serratifolia L.) by DPPH Method Iftinan, Darin; Isnindar, Isnindar; Luliana, Sri
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.569-573

Abstract

Buas-buas (Premna serratifolia L.) is a plant traditionally used as medicine and widely grown in West Kalimantan with various species. There are many benefits of buas-buas plants as medicine, one of which is as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the percent inhibition value that describes the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and n-hexane subfraction of buas-buas leaves. The n-hexane fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with separatory funnel from ethanol extract and the fraction was isolated by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123 was assessed using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123, had antioxidant activity with percent inhibition values of 57.946; 53.078; 52.652; 48.706; 49.745; 50.490; and 50.639%, respectively, which indicated that each sample had good antioxidant activity, except for subfractions C2 and C3.

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