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Journal : Makara Journal of Science

A Comparison of Unconventional Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods used for Flavonoids Rahmawati, Istiqomah; Azizi, Daffa Hafiziaulhaq; Wibowo, Jihan Nafila; Reza, Muhammad; Fachri, Boy Arief; Palupi, Bekti; Rizkiana, Meta Fitri; Amini, Helda Wika; Ramadana, Ifan; Setiawan, Felix Arie
Makara Journal of Science
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L.) are a rich source of flavonoids, which are natural antioxidants known for their health benefits. This study investigated the use of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted ex-traction (UAE) to extract the maximum flavonoids and antioxidants from cocoa pods. MAE and UAE are efficient and sustainable methods for extracting bioactive compounds like flavonoids and antioxidants from cocoa pods, offer-ing faster extraction, reduced solvent use, and better compound preservation compared to conventional methods. These technologies unlock the untapped potential of cocoa pods for applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuti-cals. The effects of extraction time (2–10 min), microwave power (100–300 W), and the ratio of cocoa husk powder to solvent (0.02–0.06 g/mL) were evaluated for MAE. Meanwhile, for UAE, different temperatures (30–50 °C), times (10–30 min), and powers (16–48 W) were studied. The Design-Expert® software with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a Box-Behnken Design was utilized to analyze the effects of a combination of these parameters. The re-sults showed that extraction time, microwave power, and the ratio of cocoa husk powder–solvent significantly affected the total flavonoid yield and antioxidant capacity. The highest total flavonoid yield obtained by the MAE method (123.07 ppm) was at an extraction time of 10 min, cocoa husk–solvent ratio of 0.06 mg/mL, and microwave power of 300 W. The extract obtained by the MAE method showed an excellent antioxidant capacity of 43.49 mg/mL GAEAC, and a robust antioxidant activity indicated by an IC50 value of 42.19. Conversely, the highest total flavonoid yield of the UAE method (8.45 mg/mL GAEAC) was achieved at 30 min, 40 °C, and 40 W. The extract from the UAE method demonstrated a better antioxidant capacity (7.51 mg/mL GAEAC) and antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 23.46) than that from the MAE technique
Co-Authors Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah Adrian, Febri Afred, Merymistika Yufrani Afwal, Diza Raudhatul Ahmad Syuhri Aini, Dwi Intan Noer Ainia, Hilda Huril Akbar Anugrah Ikhsani Akmal, Gavinda Tsubutul Al Fajri, Maktum Muharja Alex Ttesa Elsyamba Alfinaini, Nur Aini Dwi Alfinaini Alifia Rahma Putri Neysella Anggraini, Ranita Anggi Annisa, Yasmin Ansori Ansori Ardila Dwi Tresna Ari Susanti Arief Budiman Aris Zainul Muttaqin Asshofy , Muhammad Agil Atiqa Rahmawati Atiqa Rahmawati Azizi, Daffa Hafiziaulhaq Azzahrah, Anak Agung Nabilla Badril Azhar Badril Azhar Bekti Palupi Bimo Bayu Aji Buana, Nayyara Aida Danang Muharyanto Dianavita Fatimah Digdo Listyadi, Digdo Dihayat, Icha Shofia Dini Rahmawaty Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Putri Doddy Parningotan Elisah, Nor Elsyamba, Alex Ttesa Erna Subroto Farwah, Zilma Aliyah Fatimah, Dianavita Felix Arie Setiawan Firmansyah, Muhammad Sahrul Ghina Shofiah Adibah Khoirunnisa Gregah Pangayoman Hartanto P Habibatul Inayah Harti Arini Helda Wika Amini Helda Wika Amini Heni Pujiastuti Herdianto, Dimas Nur Hidayat, Debby Aurellia I Made Arimbawa Indrayani, Lilin Intan Hardiatama Istiqomah Rahmawati Istiqomah Rahmawati Kristianta, Franciscus Xaverius Lailatul Fatma Lestari, Afrila Tutut Dwijati Lukman Nulhakim Lumbantoruan, Sri Lestari M Edoward Ramadhan M Nurkoyim Kustanto M Yuda Pratama Maharani, Regita Gustiayu Pramisti Mahfud Mahfud Mahfud Mahfud Mahros Darsin Maktum Muharja Maulida Septiyana Meta Fitri Rizkiana Mizanurafi’ Ghifarhadi Prasiefa Mochamad Edoward Ramadhan Mohammad Nor Muhammad Reza Muhammad Reza Muharja, Maktum Mukhammad Fauzi Nabilah Lu’aili Fauziah Nadia Ayumna Fa’iqoh Naraismanti, Nirina Indi Nikita Meidi Nova Chintya Kurniawati Nova Chintya Kurniawati Nugraha, Briantara Agung Nugroho, Yeremia Prasetya Nur Karima Nur Karima Nurkoyim Kustanto Nurtsulutsiyah Nurtsulutsiyah Nurtsulutsiyah Nurtsulutsiyah Nurtsulutsiyah, Nurtsulutsiyah Permatasari, Ocita Galuh Pradipta, Shima Nuril Pratama, Ilyas Arya Pratamai Shelli Pravitasiwi, Nanda Tricya Julia Purimahua, Amanda Augre Maharani Puspita Sari Putri, Navisa Ayudia Putri, Salsabila Ananda R Rochmadi Rahman, Agus Ramadana, Ifan Ratnasonia, Samantha Githa Ratri Sekaringgalih Regita Gustiayu Pramisti Maharani Renald Rochman Mauludy Reswara Musyafa Rizalluddin, Muhammad Rizki Abdus Syatar Rizki Fitria Darmayanti Rizki Fitria Darmayanti Rizky Pratama, Reinaldi Rumaisha-Zuhriansyah, Rayya Safira Nur Oktavia Salsabila, Putri Ayu Santoso Mulyadi Sa’roni, Achmad Septianti, Kiki Shabrina, Nadhilah Sholeha, Irdatus Slamet Pujianto Suryagama, Muhammad Nabil Sutarsi, Suratsi Syatar, Rizki Abdus Tri Elok Setya Megasari Udroto, Firsta Retnaningtyas Uzinuzulla, Yunita Virda Wardani, Salza Belila Kusuma Wardhani, Maharani Tri Watiningsih, Lusi Karlina Wibowo, Jihan Nafila Wiwik Pratiwi Yakub Hendrikson Manurung Zuhriah Mumtazah