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Amir Awaluddin
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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

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Response surface optimization of biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil (CPO) using CaO/silica gel heterogeneous catalyst based on blood cockle shell and coconut fiber Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Awaluddin, Amir; Mulyani, Yenni
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60855

Abstract

This study successfully synthesized a hybrid catalyst CaO-silica gel from environmentally friendly raw materials, CaO derived from blood clam shells and silica gel obtained from coconut fiber waste ash. The catalytic activity was evaluated in the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO). The CaO-Silica gel catalyst was synthesized by the wet impregnation method with variations of silica gel, namely 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET analysis. The results showed a decrease in CaO content with increasing silica gel concentration, while XRD analysis confirmed the presence of lime, portlandite, Ca₂SiO₄, and silica oxide minerals. The addition of silica gel reduced the crystal size and crystallinity and increased the surface area of the catalyst. Optimization of biodiesel production was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and catalyst loading. The highest biodiesel yield was obtained using 5% CaO/silica gel catalyst at a temperature of 65°C, a reaction time of 60 minutes, an oil-methanol molar ratio of 1:9, and a catalyst addition of 2%, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 99.52%. In addition, the methyl ester content reached 99.21% using a 10% CaO/silica gel catalyst. The resulting biodiesel met ASTM and EN standards, except for the acid value.
Co-Authors ', Itnawita ', Padil ', Wahyuni - Hafizhah -, Presetya - . Zulfan Adrianto Ahmad Adrianto Ahmad Afra Juwita Aisyah Fitrida Akmal Muchtar Aman Aman Aman Aman Amilia Linggawati Amiruddin, Erwin Amun Amri Anna Ridha Utami Arif Kurnia Auzar, Auzar Dian Anggraini Edy Saputra Edy Saputra Elis Damayanti Emrizal M. Tamboesai Emrizal Mahidin Tamboesai Endang Maya Sari Erwin Amiruddin Fachran Putra Deraf, Ivano Febrina, Wetri Fitrida, Aisyah Hadilala, Teguh P Hafizhah, - Halida Sophia Hartini Azhar Hasan Yilmas Ilahi, Aulia Nur Irawati Suherman Itnawita Itnawita ' M. Zulfikri Mokhamad Subkhan Monita Olivia Muhammad Rizki Muhdarina Muhdarina Muhdarina Mukhlis Mulyani, Yenni Muras , Yuharmen Nasution, Musyirna Nova Wahyu Pratiwi Nova Wahyu Pratiwi NOVA WAHYU PRATIWI, NOVA WAHYU Novianty, Riryn Nurhayati Nurhayati Nurhayati Pepi Helza Yanti Pepi Helza Yanti Prasetya, Prasetya Prawiranegara, Barata Aditya Presetya - - Rahmondia N. Setiadi Ramadhanti, Aulia Rizki Riska Anggraini Riska Anggraini, Riska Rita Marlina Rosa Murwindra, Rosa Rudi Rahmadi Saryono Saryono Saryono Saryono ' Saryono Saryono Saryono, M.Or. S.Pd. Jas. Setia Utama, Panca Silvera Devi Siregar, Siti Saidah Siregar, Siti Saidah Siregar, Sri Hilma Slamet Wahyuningsih Sri Nelvia Subkhan, Mokhamad Suci Apriani Suci Apriani Suryono Suryono Tengku Abu Hanifah Wahyu Pratiwi , Nova Wisnu Aditya Yilmas, Hasan Yuli Haryani Zuchra Helwani, Zuchra Zulfan Saam Auzar