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Hedging against giants: Indonesia's strategy towards India and China in the Indian Ocean Munabari, Fahlesa; Bulani, Diandri Filani; Ihsan, Rizky; Larasati, Nadia Utami
Jurnal Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review Vol 6, No 3 (2021): Indonesia and Asia
Publisher : Political Science Program, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ipsr.v6i3.31548

China’s growing military and economic influence in the Indian Ocean has posed security challenges to India as a regional power in the region. As the two countries are competing over hegemony in the ocean, tensions grow and unavoidably create security uncertainties between countries in the region. Located strategically along major sea lanes connecting East Asia and South Asia, Indonesia has a strong interest in keeping the Indian Ocean safe and secure. However, the enduring India-China rivalry in the Indian Ocean has posed a threat not only to the Indonesia’s interest, but also the regional peace and security. This article analyzes how Indonesia as a middle power responds to these security uncertainties through hedging. This strategy is primarily aimed at mitigating risks Indonesia faces amid escalating tensions in the Indian Ocean. It is also geared towards avoiding conflict with target states —India and China. The article opens with an overview of the dynamics of India-China rivalry in the Indian Ocean. It then examines Indonesia’s hedging strategy towards India and China. It argues that Indonesia prefers to strengthen bilateral relations with India and China through increased cooperation in the maritime sector as part of this strategy. It demonstrates that while the Indonesia-India’s increased maritime cooperation is forged in the area of defense and security, Indonesia enhances engagement with China in the area of economic and infrastructure development.

Ideologi dan Strategi Gerakan Filantropi Islam: Studi Kasus Hilal Merah Indonesia Fahlesa Munabari
Sospol : Jurnal Sosial Politik Vol. 7 No. 1 (2021): Januari-Juni
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/sospol.v7i1.14821

This article discusses the emergence, activities, and the ways in which Hilal Merah Indonesia (HILMI) mobilizes its resources. HILMI is the autonomous philanthropic division of Front Pembela Islam (FPI) whose activities are focused on delivering humanitarian assistance to beneficiaries ranging from those suffering from natural disasters to those living in severe poverty. A growing body of literature has investigated faith-based organizations that provide humanitarian services in Indonesia such as Dompet Dhuafa, Muhammadiyah (Lazismu), as well as Nahdlatul Ulama’s (Lazisnu). However, little attention has been paid to the social and humanitarian activities of Islamic radical movements in the country, such as the FPI. This article aims to address this literature gap. It used a case study approach to obtain primary data as well as a comprehensive understanding of HILMI. The primary data collection was carried out through field observations which were mostly carried out at the HILMI secretariat office in the Kalibata area, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta. Interviews were conducted with key HILMI informants and a number of FPI officials. This study also used secondary data such as scholarly literature and news articles. The article opens up with the genesis and resource mobilization strategy of FPI. Through the lens of social movement theory, it then analyzes the emergence and resource mobilization strategy of HILMI. It demonstrates how the informal, loose, and flexible structure and culture of its parent organization, FPI, is reflected in the ways in which HILMI engages in the provision of humanitarian assistance in the country.

Prison Overcrowding: Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia’s Draft Criminal Code and Its Consequences on Correctional System Nadia Utami Larasati; Fahlesa Munabari; Untung Sumarwan
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture Vol 6 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of law Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/UJLC.2021.v06.i01.p03

Imprisonment is often the most preferred choice of punishment in the eyes of law enforcement officers. As a result, prison overcrowding is inevitable and leads to the emergence of various problems in prisons. The discourse of alternative sentencing has recently gained increasing prominence in the Indonesian public with a view to addressing such problems amid the ongoing review of the Draft Criminal Code (Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/ RKUHP). This article aims to analyze alternative sentencing in the form of community service and probation penalties. It discusses the role and strategic measures taken by the Indonesian correctional system related to the performance of community correctional counselors in order to prepare for the implementation of alternative sentencing in the future. Employing a qualitative method, this study shows that alternative sentencing is principally in line with the concept of social reintegration and the philosophy of the current Indonesian Correctional Institution (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan). The correctional system in the country has also begun to take strategic measures to respond to the future implementation of the alternative sentencing in the RKUHP by means of updating the legal framework and improving infrastructure as well as the quality of human resources in accordance with the framework of community-based corrections.

DARI SYARIAH KE KHILAFAH: IDEOLOGI DAN WACANA FORUM UMAT ISLAM Fahlesa Munabari
Transnasional Vol 10, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Budi Luhur

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Since the collapse of the authoritarian Suharto regime in 1998, Indonesia has witnessed an escalation in the activism of Islamic revivalist movements whose goals revolve around the implementation of sharia and the re-establishment of the caliphate. Some of these movements, including HTI (the Liberation Party of Indonesia), FPI (Islamic Defenders Front), and FUI (Forum of Islamic Community), remain active today. While much has been written about HTI and FPI, very little attention has been paid to FUI. Since its emergence in 2005, FUI has played an active role in public activism. This article examines the ideologies and discourses of FUI as it engages in a contestation of meaning in the country’s contemporary socio-political milieu. The article opens with a discussion on the ideologies and discourses of HTI and FPI, since they have contributed to the social construction of FUI’s ideologies and discourses. It argues that HTI has bequeathed a legacy of immense influence on the way in which FUI develops its frames of protest. However, this influence is in no way left intact and undisturbed. Rather, it is negotiated, and the existence of FPI is believed to have affected the extent to which FUI shapes its framing processes.

Kebijakan Keamanan Energi Tiongkok di Afrika pada Periode Xi Jinping (2013-2019) Nur Ulfa Rosinawati; Fahlesa Munabari
Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Vol 5 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi Tiongkok dalam mengamankan kebutuhan minyaknya di Afrika di bawah pemerintahan Presiden Xi Jinping. Pertumbuhan ekonomi Tiongkok yang cepat telah mendorong negara ini untuk merumuskan kebijakan keamanan energinya yang efektif serta langkah-langkah kebijakan luar negeri di negara-negara mitra Afrika dengan maksud untuk mengamankan pasokan minyaknya secara berkelanjutan guna memenuhi permintaan minyak domestiknya. Namun, investasi besar-besaran Tiongkok di sektor minyak di Afrika, di masa lalu, telah disambut dengan protes dari masyarakat dan pemerintah negara-negara Afrika yang menuntut kerja sama dengan Tiongkok yang lebih setara dan adil serta transfer teknologi, khususnya di sektor minyak. Hal ini terjadi khususnya selama periode pemerintah Presiden Hu Jintao sebelumnya (2003-2013). Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif, penelitian ini mengkaji langkah-langkah kebijakan luar negeri pemeritah Presiden Xi Jinping untuk mengamankan pasokan minyak di Afrika dan membandingkan langkah-langkah ini dengan yang diterapkan oleh periode pemerintahan Hu Jintao sebelumnya. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah Tiongkok di bawah Presiden Xi Jinping mereformasi pendekatan kebijakan luar negerinya ke Afrika serta memberikan negara-negara mitranya di benua tersebut dengan peningkatan bantuan asing yang signifikan dan merevisi kerangka kerja sama Tiongkok-Afrika dalam Forum Kerjasama Cina-Afrika (COFAC) untuk memfasilitasi pemahaman yang lebih baik, saling menghormati, dan kerja sama yang komprehensif antara Tiongkok dan Afrika.

Islamic Revivalism in Indonesia: The Caliphate, Sharia, NKRI, Democracy, and the Nation-State Munabari, Fahlesa; Larasati, Nadia Utami; Ihsan, Rizky
Jurnal Politik Vol. 5, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This research examines Indonesian Islamic revivalist movements’ perspectives on the concepts of the nation-state and democracy. The Islamic revivalist movements studied in this research include Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Following the fall of the authoritarian Suharto’s regime in 1998, Indonesia witnessed an escalation of Islamic activism whose goals revolve around the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law) and, to a certain extent, the reestablishment of a caliphate (transnational Islamic state). To this end, revivalist movements have been staging frequent mass protests, mainly addressing Indonesian government policies that are deemed un-Islamic. Some of the protests have ended violently, which implies that their Sharia and Islamic state goals have become a source of conflict in Indonesian society. This research suggests that this violent activism stems from different versions of the concept of the nationstate and democracy, which disagree with broadly accepted definitions. This research was conducted against this backdrop to analyze each movements’ perspectives on the concept of nation-state and democracy and argues that, despite each movement advocating the implementation of Sharia, their understandings of the concepts of the nation-state and democracy differ.

Islamic Revivalism in Indonesia: The Caliphate, Sharia, NKRI, Democracy, and the Nation-State Munabari, Fahlesa; Larasati, Nadia Utami; Ihsan, Rizky; Nurhadiyanto, Lucky
Jurnal Politik Vol. 5, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

This research examines Indonesian Islamic revivalist movements’ perspectives on the concepts of the nation-state and democracy. The Islamic revivalist movements studied in this research include Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Following the fall of the authoritarian Suharto’s regime in 1998, Indonesia witnessed an escalation of Islamic activism whose goals revolve around the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law) and, to a certain extent, the reestablishment of a caliphate (transnational Islamic state). To this end, revivalist movements have been staging frequent mass protests, mainly addressing Indonesian government policies that are deemed un-Islamic. Some of the protests have ended violently, which implies that their Sharia and Islamic state goals have become a source of conflict in Indonesian society. This research suggests that this violent activism stems from different versions of the concept of the nationstate and democracy, which disagree with broadly accepted definitions. This research was conducted against this backdrop to analyze each movements’ perspectives on the concept of nation-state and democracy and argues that, despite each movement advocating the implementation of Sharia, their understandings of the concepts of the nation-state and democracy differ.

The Repatriation of Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Indonesia: Its Dilemma and Debates Siti Rachma; Muhammad A.S. Hikam; Fahlesa Munabari
Deviance Jurnal kriminologi Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Budi Luhur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36080/djk.1834

ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) has expanded its movement to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia which once got attacked by terrorist as the country becomes terrorists’ preferred place to travel and execute their plans in conflict zones. To tackle this problem, Indonesian government had issued a policy to avoid negative implications upon the return of Indonesian nationals linked to terrorism from abroad (Foreign Terrorist Fighters or FTF). The government was considering whether or not to repatriate FTF since this plan remains a debatable issue in Indonesia. The government was concerned with the possibility of them recruiting new members. On the other side, humanity becomes the opposite reason leading to the acceptance of the extremist repatriation policy. Due to the urgency of the rampant terrorist threats and the consequences, the Indonesian government has decided to implement the repatriation policy. The government ended up refusing the repatriation of Indonesian nationals linked to terrorism abroad to protect the national security. This article elaborates the radicalization mechanism, terrorist recruitment process based on the national security theory. This study also explains the urgent situation and condition that made the government apply refusal against repatriation. There are still considerable challenges regarding the repatriation policy that need to be addressed such as relevant infrastructure and effective regulations.

The Joint Efforts of Indonesian and Australian Governments in Countering Terrorism: Intelligence Cooperation Nibras Khairunnisa Ramadhani; Muhammad Hikam; Fahlesa Munabari
Deviance Jurnal kriminologi Vol 5, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Budi Luhur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36080/djk.2105

Terrorism has become a global threat particularly since the 9/11 September tragedy. In Indonesia, acts of terrorism have become a great concern among many stakeholders of the Indonesian government particularly in the aftermath of the Bali Bombing incidents in the beginning of 2000s. The incidents took many lives, and many of them were Australian citizens. As a result, Australia offered Indonesia assistance in the form of cooperation in a variety of areas, including infrastructure and forensics training for police officers. This article aims to analyze the depth and dynamics of Indonesia – Australia intelligence cooperation that contribute to reduce the acts of terrorism in Indonesia. Employing the perspectives of international cooperation and human security, the article argues that the primary driving factor that facilitates Indonesia and Australia cooperation in the areas of counterterrorism and intelligence that the countries face the same terrorism threats that, if not anticipated comprehensively, would endanger the security stability in respective countries and in the Asia-Pacific region.

Blockchain Technology: Cyber Security Strategy in Post-2007 Cyber-Attacks Estonia Dita Aulia Salma; Fahlesa Munabari
Deviance Jurnal kriminologi Vol 7, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Budi Luhur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36080/djk.2412

This article analyzes how blockchain technology became one of Estonia's cybersecurity strategies after cyberattacks against Estonia that occurred in 2007. As a result of these attacks, Estonia was able to significantly strengthen its cybersecurity. Using offensive and defensive perspectives, the article analyzes Estonia's steps to deal with cyberattacks in 2007 and the strategies used as anticipatory measures in preventing similar attacks in the future. This article also analyzes the use of blockchain technology in Estonia after the cyber-attacks in 2007. This article argues that the use of blockchain technology has not only strengthened Estonia's cybersecurity, but also been a counterbalance to the power of cybersecurity for Estonia's European neighbors, including Russia.

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