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Bangka strait salinity prediction using landsat 9 oli image data Khoirun Nisa; Harsono, Gentio; Martha, Sukendra; Waluyo, Dangan
Jurnal Mandiri IT Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): July: Computer Science and Field.
Publisher : Institute of Computer Science (IOCS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/mandiri.v14i1.447

Abstract

Salinity is an important parameter because it affects the environment, such as water quality, growth, and development of aquatic vegetation and various animal species. Conventional water quality monitoring is still ineffective, so it is necessary to utilize technology in monitoring water quality, including water Salinity is an important parameter because it affects the environment, such as water quality, growth, and development of aquatic vegetation and various animal species. Conventional water quality monitoring is still ineffective, so it is necessary to utilize technology in monitoring water quality, including water salinity. Utilization of remote sensing is often used to study salinity both on a small scale and a global scale. Therefore, the author conducted a study to predict salinity in the Bangka Strait using the RRS (Remote Sensing Reflectance) method. The data used are Landsat 9 OLI image data downloaded from the USGS website and in situ salinity data in the Bangka Strait sea. The Landsat 9 OLI image data used is level 2 Surface Reflectance (SR), which is ready for analysis without additional processing by the user. The data obtained were processed using multiple linear regression analysis with Rrs as the independent variable and in situ salinity as the dependent variable. Salinity prediction models are divided into three groups based on the image recording date, namely Rrs 1 for the Landsat 9 OLI image recording on May 9, 2024, Rrs 2 for July 28, 2024, and Rrs 3 for the image recording on September 28, 2023. Multiple linear regression analysis produces R² values for each model of 0.81662874, 0.8170285, and 0.8136894. These R² results indicate that the three models, Rrs 1, Rrs 2, and Rrs 3, are included in the very good criteria in predicting salinity. To choose the best of the three models, by considering the results of the validity test. The NMAE validity test for Rrs 1, Rrs 2, and Rrs 3 is 10.10152, 10.37618, and 8.88680. Meanwhile, the RMSE values are 2.41327, 2.41064, and 2.43253. Therefore, it can be determined that the Rrs 2 model is the best in predicting salinity because it has the highest R² value, namely 0.8170285, and the smallest RMSE, namely 2.41064.
Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Prediction Using Landsat 8 OLI Image Data in The Bangka Strait Waters with Five Prediction Model Combinations Nisa, Khoirun; Harsono, Gentio; Martha, Sukendra; Waluyo, Dangan
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1738

Abstract

Salinity is the most important parameter for controlling the biological components of ecosystems, seas, and estuaries, which also control the components that make up an ecosystem. Conventional water quality monitoring is considered inaccurate and inefficient in terms of energy and time. Therefore, research is needed to predict sea surface salinity as a type of water quality monitoring using remote sensing reflectance or Remote Sensing Reflectance (RRS) from Landsat imagery. The Landsat image data used is level 2 Surface Reflectance (SR), which is ready to use without additional processing by the user, whereas previous research required corrections to the image data to obtain Surface Reflectance image data. This study aims to determine the performance of the prediction model produced by using five combinations of Landsat image bands. The data used are Landsat 8 OLI image data (recording date 05 August 2024) downloaded from the USGS website and in situ salinity data in the Bangka Strait sea (09 March 2025), as many as 5 samples that can be used. The obtained data were processed using multiple linear regression analysis with Rrs as the independent variable and in situ salinity as the dependent variable. The salinity prediction model consisted of five band combinations. The analysis produced R² values for each model combination of 0.8166287408, 0.935603228, 0.820745745, 0.869209652, and 0.574027060. The RMSE validity tests for combination 1, combination 2, combination 3, combination 4, and combination 5 were 2.41327, 1.43012, 2.38602, 2.03811, and 3.67817. Then for the NMAE value, namely 10.10152205%, 5.32713015%, 9.58011308%, 8.8868031%, and 14.51012574%. The combination rankings that have the best prediction performance are combination 2, combination 4, combination 3, combination 1, and combination 5. So the best model in predicting seawater salinity is the combination of the 2 prediction models, with its constituent band components being band 1, band 2, and band 4.
Oceanographic Characteristics in the Three International Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs) Region: Implications for Underwater Acoustics System Putra, I Wayan Sumardana Eka; Atmadipoera, Agus Saleh; Manik, Henry Munandar; Harsono, Gentio; Purwandana , Adi
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Publisher : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v17i2.56045

Abstract

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research The IASL-1 entry portal in the southern and northern regions shows the emergent SOFAR channels. The shadow zone and the existence of a SOFAR deep sound channel in the IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes can be triggered by the emergent “saddle” SVP pattern.  The variability seasonally and interannually due to variations in seawater properties stratification plays an important role in SOFAR channel appearances in IASLs. The diverse oceanographic characteristics of IASLs necessitate the implementation of sustainable marine geospatial data. Abstract Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) is responsible for the three international sea lanes, known as Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (IASLs), which allowed ships to navigate across territorial waters between Pacific and Indian Oceans and vice versa. Gaining knowledge about the distinct oceanographic characteristics of the three IASLs can offer valuable insight into maritime safety and sustainable marine resource management. Therefore, this research aims to review oceanographic characteristics in IASLs regions from available previous research to provide a comprehensive insight into the processes and dynamical oceanography in IASLs region as well as determine the implications for underwater acoustic patterns. The results showed that IASL-1 route is characterized by a shallow shelf passage with homogeneous sound velocity profile (SVP), which has a deep and narrow entry portal in the southern and northern Sound Fixing and Ranging Channel (SOFAR) channels. Seasonal reversal monsoonal wind-driven current dominates the circulation. IASL-2 and IASL-3 routes transported a deep and narrow passage with complexity of seaair interactions that vary on seasonal and interannual time scales. These IASLs were established with the saddle SVP, which trigger the shadow zone and the existence of SOFAR deep sound channel with seasonal and interannual variations in seawater properties stratification. The diverse oceanographic characteristics discussed significantly influence the underwater object detection equipment, the planning time, and the strategies for underwater defense systems. Due to the implications, it is necessary to use marine geospatial database, which may be adopted to facilitate policy-making, providing approximations for marine activities and management along IASLs.
Water Mass and Indirect Estimation of Turbulent Mixing Based on Observational CTD Yoyo Data in Flores Sea Waters, Indonesia Harsono, Gentio; Yuliardi, Amir Yarkhasy; Wirasatriya , Anindya; Purwanto, Budi; Cabral, Mario
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Publisher : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v17i2.70809

Abstract

Graphical Abstract   Highlight Research Three distinct water layers were identified: surface (0-50 m), thermocline (50-180 m), and deep (>180 m). The thermocline layer is the most stable, with high Brunt-Väisälä frequency and low Thorpe displacement values. The highest energy dissipation rates were observed in the thermocline layer. Vertical diffusivity values were highest in the thermocline layer and decreased with depth.     Abstract The Flores Sea is on the western ITF trajectory connecting the Pacific and Indian oceans. Identification and quantification of turbulent mixing of water masses in the Flores Sea are essential for analyzing large-scale ocean circulation processes, including the circulation of the Indonesian ocean interior. However, direct estimations of turbulent mixing in the Flores Sea as a part of the ITF are underestimated. This research aims to determine water conditions, stratification, and water mass structures. This research used data obtained from the CTD instrument applying a Yoyo casting method deployed in March − April 2023. On the other hand, the Thorpe method was used to estimate turbulent vertical mixing based on the values ​​of energy dissipation and vertical diffusivity. The waters are stratified into three layers, mixed layer (1−50 m), thermocline layer (50−180 m), and deep layer (180−500 m). The CTD data showed the presence of a stable thermocline layer dominated by ITF water masses carrying water masses from the Pacific Ocean (North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW)) from the western ITF path. The energy dissipation value obtained at the study site was about 3.36E-07 W Kg-1 and the vertical diffusivity value was approximately 5.25E-05 m2s-1. The thermocline layer showed a large energy dissipation value which was strongly associated with the friction of the ITF, suggesting that turbulent mixing in this region is primarily driven by the interaction of ITF water masses with the surrounding environment.
Respon Suhu Permukaan Laut (SPL) Terhadap ENSO di Perairan Masalembo Periode 2010-2019 Wangdiarta, Fressan Patrick; Wirasatriya, Anindya; Harsono, Gentio
Indonesian Journal of Oceanography Vol 6, No 1 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Oceanography
Publisher : University of Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijoce.v6i1.17944

Abstract

Perairan Masalembo secara geografis terletak di antara Pulau Kalimantan, Pulau Jawa, dan Pulau Sulawesi. Kondisi perairan perairan Masalembo dapat dipengaruhi oleh variabilitas iklim, salah satunya ENSO. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk melakukan analisis spasial-temporal pengaruh ENSO terhadap SPL perairan Masalembo menggunakan metode analisis EOF, serta pengaruhnya terhadap angin dan arus permukaan laut. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan pendekatan deskriptif-kuantitatif, dengan metode analisis Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) pada data deret waktu selama 10 tahun dari tahun 2010-2019. Data yang digunakan yaitu data observasi SPL harian OSTIA dengan resolusi spasial 0.05°x0.05°, data angin ASCAT, dan data arus permukaan reanalysis. Pola spasial-temporal SPL diperoleh dalam lima mode EOF dengan total persentase varian sebesar 95.07%. Pada mode-1 menunjukkan pengaruh paling besar dengan persentase varian sebesar 87.96%. Dari mode-1 yang dibandingkan dengan indeks ONI, dapat terlihat pengaruh ENSO pada perairan Masalembo. Secara temporal, PC-1 dan ONI memperlihatkan pada tahun 2010-2012 dan 2017-2018 terjadi fase La-Nina, sedangkan pada tahun 2015-2016 terjadi fase El-Nino. Saat El-Nino, kecepatan angin musim timur akan mengalami penguatan. Sedangkan saat La-Nina kecepatan angin musim barat akan mengalami penguatan. Angin yang mengalami penguatan (pelemahan) akan mempengaruhi kecepatan arus permukaan laut, dimana pada saat kecepatan angin menguat (melemah), kecepatan arus permukaan akan menguat (melemah).
Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Patterns in Arafura Waters Using Google Earth Engine (GEE) for Early Detection of Environmental Threats Sadewa, Annisa Harum; Harsono, Gentio; Prihanto, Yosef; Haloho, Luwis Surani
Formosa Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 11 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/fjst.v3i11.12164

Abstract

Global warming that is happening today can result in an increase in sea surface temperatures. High sea surface temperatures can potentially disrupt the stability of ecosystems in Arafuru Waters. The waters of Arafuru are located in the south of Papua and border the country of Australia. This study aims to analyze the increase in sea surface temperature in waters using a satellite image processing method with Google Earth Engine (gee) software in a span of one year in 2021. The results obtained in this study are that the sea surface temperature value is around 28-300C which is in the medium category according to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. In this study, it is expected to be able to deal with environmental threats caused by rising sea surface temperatures, especially marine life.
Application of Weather Modification Technology for Wetting Peatlands as a Mitigation Measure for Forest and Land Fires in South Kalimantan Province Fitriano, Lutfi; Poniman, Aris; Harsono, Gentio
Formosa Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 11 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/fjst.v3i11.12220

Abstract

Weather Modification Operation (WMO) was conducted in South Kalimantan Province from July 29 to August 9, 2024, to support the wetting of peatland as a measure to mitigate forest and land fires. (karhutla). This operation was carried out by inserting superfine powder NaCl seeding material, which was sown into the clouds using the TNI AU's Casa 212-200 aircraft. Global and local weather factors were taken into account in determining the timing and location of seeding. El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) factors that were in the neutral phase as well as warm sea surface temperatures (+0.5°C to +2.0°C) around the waters of South Kalimantan contributed to the success of this operation. In the implementation of OMC, analysis of air humidity in the 925 to 500 mb layer showed the potential for convective cloud growth in most of the target areas, although humidity decreased on several days in certain layers. The implementation of the operation successfully increased rainfall in the target area, with rain intensity varying between 0 to 40 mm per day during the OMC period, resulting in significant wetting of peatland and an increase in groundwater table height (TMAT) at critical locations. The contribution of OMC successfully reduced the risk of forest and land fires by decreasing the number of hotspots in the priority peatland areas of South Kalimantan. In line with the Indonesian government's climate change mitigation strategy, we expect the long-term impact of this activity to reduce the intensity of forest and land fires and carbon emissions from peatlands in this area.
Studi Pendahuluan Pengaruh Arus Laut Musiman terhadap Waktu Tempuh Kapal Melalui Perairan Selat Lombok: Preliminary Study of The Influence of Seasonal Ocean Currents on Vessel Travel Time Through The Waters of The Lombok Strait Akbar, Harun I.; Harsono, Gentio; Sutejo, Bayu; Pianto, Teguh A.; Rudiastuti, Aninda W.; Ambarwulan, Wiwin; Sumargana, Lena; Priyadi, Hari; Hudayat, Nurul; Sugama, Agus Y.
Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia Vol 5 No 2 (2023): Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Hidro-Oseanografi TNI Angkatan Laut

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62703/jhi.v5i2.25

Abstract

Pemantauan karakteristik air laut di Selat Lombok sangat penting karena merupakan jalur pelayaran yang sibuk. Sejak 1 Juli 2020, Indonesia berwenang mengatur alur pelayaran menggunakan Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi iklim di Selat Lombok, diantaranya adalah angin muson yang menyebabkan kecepatan dan arah arus berbeda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik arus di Selat Lombok, menganalisis data Automatic Identification System (AIS) di kawasan tersebut, dan menganalisis pengaruh arus laut terhadap kecepatan dan arah kapal. Data arus laut yang bersumber dari Marine Copernicus dengan periode satu tahun (Oktober 2020 – September 2021) digunakan untuk menganalisis pola dan karakteristik arus. Data kecepatan dan jenis kapal diperoleh dengan menggunakan data AIS yang bersumber dari vessel finder. Dilakukan analisis overlay data arus dan lalu lintas laut, kemudian geovisualisasi data diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan software ODV. Sedangkan simulasi data kapal dan arus menggunakan Statfit dan Promodel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pergerakan arus sangat dipengaruhi oleh periode monsun, dimana kecepatan arus yang kuat terjadi pada musim barat dengan periode yang lebih singkat dibandingkan musim lainnya. Kecepatan dan arah arus mempunyai peranan dalam mengubah kecepatan kapal, yang kemudian dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam menentukan jadwal dan rute kapal demi alasan keamanan dan keselamatan transportasi.
Pemetaan Kriteria Upwelling di Wilayah Kepulauan Karimata Menggunakan Parameter Suhu Permukaan Laut dan Klorofil-A pada Bulan Mei 2023: Mapping of Upwelling Criteria in The Karimata Islands Region using Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyl-A Parameters in May 2023 Utama, Alifka F.; Maulana, Arif; Alfany, Dini; Dharma, Candrasa Surya; Harsono, Gentio
Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia Vol 5 No 2 (2023): Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Hidro-Oseanografi TNI Angkatan Laut

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62703/jhi.v5i2.26

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Perairan Karimata merupakan perairan tropis yang berada dalam wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Sehingga dengan adanya sinar matahari sepanjang tahun, produktivitas penghasil organisme di perairan tersebut dapat terus berlanjut. Produktivitas yang berkelanjutan dengan memproduksi organisme di perairan menyediakan sumber makanan bagi ikan dan organisme lainnya. Perairan Karimata mempunyai potensi sebagai daerah upwelling. Dengan memetakan sebaran wilayah upwelling tentunya memberikan jalan bagi para pelaku sektor perikanan responsif laut untuk mengidentifikasi wilayah yang potensial sebagai daerah penangkapan ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan kriteria upwelling di Wilayah Kepulauan Karimata pada bulan Mei 2023 dengan menggunakan parameter suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a untuk mengidentifikasi dan memetakan wilayah upwelling beserta kriterianya. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif eksploratif dengan menggunakan variabel suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a yang diolah melalui metode overlay pada perangkat lunak. Sebaran wilayah upwelling diperoleh dengan kriteria upwelling sangat kuat, upwelling kuat, upwelling sedang, dan upwelling lemah. Berdasarkan hasil pemetaan, wilayah yang dekat dengan daratan mempunyai kriteria upwelling yang sangat kuat sehingga menunjukkan tingkat produktivitas air yang sangat tinggi dibandingkan wilayah lain dalam pemetaan.
Variasi Waktu Iklim Perairan Utara Papua Menggunakan Analisis Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF): Time Variation of Papua's Northern Water Climate using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis Patrick W., Fressan; Purwanto, Budi; Harsono, Gentio; Kunarso, Kunarso; Malik, Kurnia
Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia Vol 4 No 1 (2022): Jurnal Hidrografi Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Hidro-Oseanografi TNI Angkatan Laut

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62703/jhi.v4i1.29

Abstract

Perairan khatulistiwa Pasifik Barat diketahui memiliki karakter oseanografi yang sangat dinamis. Perairan kawasan ini merupakan tempat berkumpulnya massa air yang berasal dari belahan bumi selatan dan belahan bumi utara Samudera Pasifik. Hal ini dipengaruhi langsung oleh beberapa fenomena iklim yang terjadi seperti ENSO, MJO, pola angin muson, dan lain sebagainya. Analisis EOF merupakan metode untuk menentukan pola dominan yang ditentukan oleh data dan berkembang dalam ruang dan waktu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui fenomena yang terjadi di Perairan Utara Papua selama 10 tahun terakhir. Data angin diunduh dari situs web https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets menggunakan citra satelit Sentinel 5. Data terkini diunduh dari situs web https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/ dengan resolusi spasial 0,25° x 0,25°. Data klorofil diunduh melalui website https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/ dengan resolusi 0,25° x 0,25°. Analisis EOF dilakukan terhadap parameter kondisi perairan Papua Utara dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman FERRET yang terbagi menjadi 3 jenis yaitu analisis EOF Space, EOF Stat, dan EOF Tfunc. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perairan utara Papua jika dilihat dari kondisi parameter perairan seperti angin, arus permukaan, dan klorofil, fenomena iklim yang terjadi adalah peristiwa ENSO, angin muson, dan fenomena MJO. Fenomena tersebut dapat mempengaruhi arus permukaan, angin, dan kadar klorofil di perairan utara Papua. Dengan adanya fenomena iklim tersebut, maka kondisi cuaca dan iklim di perairan utara Papua akan berbeda dengan cuaca di perairan lainnya.