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All Journal Dharmakarya : Jurnal Aplikasi Ipteks Untuk Masyarakat Dentino: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran Jurnal Sistem Kesehatan Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Jurnal EduHealth
Anggun Rafisa
Universitas Padjadjaran
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Economics, Econometrics & Finance Engineering Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Veterinary

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Dental Biofilm Formation: A Scoping Review Febriane Balafif, Felisha; Anggun Rafisa; Faisal Kuswandani; Nuroh Najmi
Jurnal EduHealth Vol. 16 No. 03 (2025): Jurnal EduHealt, Edition July - September , 2025
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Abstract

Dental biofilm is a structured microbial community that adheres to the tooth surface and becomes embedded within a self-produced extracellular matrix. This matrix, rich in polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, enables microorganisms to survive environmental stresses and contributes to the onset of oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis. The purpose of this scoping review is to determine current knowledge the dental biofilm formation. The articles published from 2020 until 2025 were searched for using the keywords: "dental and biofilm and formation" in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar databases. Using PRISMA-Scr, existing articles were chosen based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were five articles found that were suitable for review. The data presented in the article vary according to the study's location, purpose, method, and samples. The major classes of extracellular polymeric substances that form the matrix are common to most biofilms and comprise carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and cell wall polymers, such as peptidoglycans and lipids. Several unique resistance mechanisms make biofilms particularly tough to manage. Biofilm bacteria employ multiple defense mechanisms, such as capsule protection, efflux pumps, membrane modifications, genetic adaptations, quorum sensing, metabolic dormancy, and stress responses, making them highly resistant to treatment and contributing to persistent infections.
Effectiveness of Vitamin C Supplementation in Periodontal Therapy Rafisa, Anggun; Sovira, Gita Dwi Jiwanda
Jurnal EduHealth Vol. 16 No. 03 (2025): Jurnal EduHealt, Edition July - September , 2025
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition initiated by microbial dysbiosis and driven by host immune responses, notably the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to tissue damage. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a potent antioxidant, plays a role in collagen synthesis and immune regulation. Several studies have proposed vitamin C as an adjunct in periodontal therapy, yet its effectiveness remains unclear. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on clinical periodontal parameters in patients with periodontal disease. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2015 and June 2025. Included studies investigated vitamin C supplementation in patients with periodontal disease without systemic conditions, pregnancy, lactation, or medication use. Studies involving vitamin C in combination with other nutrients without a separate vitamin C-only group were excluded. Data extraction and analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. Four RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Significant clinical improvements were observed in periodontal parameters following non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). However, the addition of vitamin C supplementation alone did not consistently provide significant improvements beyond NSPT alone. One study showed greater improvements when vitamin C was combined with melatonin, and another suggested potential benefits from guava—a natural source of vitamin C and polyphenols—over synthetic vitamin C. Current evidence suggests that while vitamin C supplementation may offer modest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, it does not consistently enhance clinical outcomes in periodontal therapy when used alone.
Non-Invasive Immunological Monitoring Using Saliva in Dental and Oral Health Research Najmi, Nuroh; Kuswandani , Faisal; Rafisa, Anggun; Febriane Balafif, Felisa
Jurnal EduHealth Vol. 16 No. 03 (2025): Jurnal EduHealt, Edition July - September , 2025
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Saliva plays vital roles in oral and systemic health and is emerging as a valuable tool in biomedical research. It contains bioactive components such as cytokines, enzymes, and immunoglobulins that reflect immune status, making it a promising non-invasive diagnostic fluid. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar Science Direct (2015–2025) with keywords related to saliva, immunological markers, and oral health. Studies included were original research on human subjects. Articles were screened following PRISMA guidelines. Salivary biomarkers such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A/F, IFN-γ, CRP, calprotectin, IP-10, MCP-1, NT-proBNP, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and sTNFRII have been linked to oral cancer, periodontitis, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections. Studies showed that these markers reflect both local inflammation and systemic immune responses. Saliva captures immune activity through pathways like Th17, TNF, and JAK/STAT signaling. Its non-invasive nature, molecular stability, and compatibility with modern analysis techniques (e.g., transcriptomics and proteomics) make it ideal for monitoring disease progression and immune function. The presence of stable biomarkers like cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and cardiovascular indicators in saliva supports its diagnostic relevance.Saliva offers a practical, non-invasive approach to immunological monitoring. With proven biomarkers for various diseases, it holds strong potential for future diagnostic and research applications.
Impact of high- and low-glycemic index diets on salivary insulin and cortisol: a scoping review Fairuz, Anargya Alfa; Tjahajawati, Sri; Rafisa, Anggun
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 37, No 1 (2025): April 2025 (Supplements 1)
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol37no1.57871

Abstract

Introduction: Saliva is a complex biological fluid secreted by the body and has components that act as biomarkers indicating various health conditions. Recent studies have shown inconsistencies between the glycemic index (GI) and components in saliva, especially insulin and cortisol. This study aims to map the relationship between glycemic index diets (high and low) and salivary insulin and cortisol levels. Method: This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with searches conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2012 to 2023. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) framework was used for study identification and article writing. Results: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from each article. This scoping review involved 282 healthy individuals (141 males and 141 females) aged 9–55 years, with only one study focused on the pediatric population. One study examined cortisol and insulin levels together; while the remaining eight studies investigated them separately. Conclusions: This review highlights a complex interplay between GI diets and salivary biomarkers, particularly insulin and cortisol. While high-GI diets may influence salivary insulin, their impact on cortisol appears less consistent. These findings suggest that salivary biomarkers could serve as non-invasive tools for monitoring dietary impacts on metabolic and stress-related health. Further research is needed to address limitations such as population diversity, dietary standardization, and confounding factors to enhance clinical and dietary applications.
Salivary glucose levels and estimation of food intake in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Tjahajawati, Sri; Chandra, Angievel; Rafisa, Anggun
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 58 No. 4 (2025): December
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i4.p336-341

Abstract

Background: Saliva, an easily collectible organic fluid, offers a noninvasive means for multiple samplings to determine salivary glucose levels, comparable to blood and potentially helpful in diagnosing and monitoring type 2 diabetes mellitus. Purpose: This research was carried out to determine the value of salivary glucose levels and food intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This research utilized a descriptive quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The study population comprised type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Bandung and Jatinangor. The samples, consisting of 27 individuals from each group—type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy participants—were collected through purposive sampling. Saliva was collected using the spitting method and measured to determine salivary glucose levels (mg/dL). Food intake per day (in grams) was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and converted using NutriSurvey 2007. Results: Among the 27 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, salivary glucose levels were found to be ≥2 mg/dL (mean 23.47 mg/dL), whereas in the healthy group, 5 participants (18.5%) exhibited salivary glucose levels <2 mg/dL (mean 8.29 mg/dL). Most type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy participants reported food intake below the Indonesian dietary recommendations. Conclusion: In our limited sample, salivary glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were higher compared to healthy participants. Energy intake in both groups showed similar results. Salivary glucose levels and BMI exhibited a correlation, though notably weak in this study.
Co-Authors Ahmad Yani ahmad yani Asty Samiaty Setiawan Asty Samiaty Setiawan, Asty Samiaty Balafif, Felisha Balafif, Felisha Febriane Chandra, Angievel Cucu Zubaedah Cucu Zubaedah Dewi Marhaeni Diah Herawati Fairuz, Anargya Alfa Faisal Kuswandani Faisal Kuswandani Falisha Febriane Balafif Farhani, Dahlia Salsa Febriane Balafif, Felisa Febriane Balafif, Felisha Felisha Febriane Balafif Gilang Yubiliana Gilang Yubiliana, Gilang Gita Dwi Jiwanda Sovira Kuswandani , Faisal Mochammad Rodian Nabila Anisha Nani Murniati Nuroh Najmi Nuroh Najmi Nuroh Najmi Rasmi Rikmasari Rosita Aisyah Sri Tjahajawati Sri Tjahajawati Sri Tjahajawati Sri Tjahajawati, Sri