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A Conceptual Summary of the Application of Free Modules in the Applied Mathematical Science Khairiah Rahmah Virda Sari; Sisilia Sylviani
Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (IdJAMS)
Publisher : PT Anugrah Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71385/idjams.v3i1.24

Abstract

Modules are one of the topics studied in algebra, furthermore there are free modules which are a subtopic of the module itself. This literature aims to find out the application of free modules in various branches of mathematics, both explicitly described and implicitly discussed in previous literatures. So that, this research used the Systematic Literature review to find the applications of module theory, especially the application of free modules in previous research. There are applications of free modules in various fields that are quite often discussed in system control theory, representation theory, cryptography, and mathematical physics. This research reveals that free modules not only play a role in pure algebra theory, but also have practical applications in various other sectors of science. This research is useful for future research to find out the application of modules, especially free modules, to research them in more depth.
Foundations of Krein Spaces and the Nonequivalence of Pythagorean Orthogonality Bagas Reynalda; Sisilia Sylviani; Anita Triska
Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (IdJAMS)
Publisher : PT Anugrah Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71385/idjams.v3i1.35

Abstract

This paper presents a fundamental analysis of the Krein Space, which is an indefinite generalization of the Hilbert Space. The Krein Space (K, [·,·]) is equipped with an indefinite inner product [·,·], which satisfies all the properties of a standard inner product except for positive definiteness. The absence of the positive definite property allows for the classification of elements based on their indefinite inner product with themselves into positive, negative, and neutral elements. The Krein space is formally defined through a canonical decomposition K = K+ [Å] K-, where K+ and K- are indefinitely orthogonal subspaces, both of which become Hilbert Spaces after adjusting the sign of their indefinite inner product. This decomposition induces a Canonical Symmetry Operator J, which allows the indefinite inner product to be related to a definite inner product <·,·> through the relation <x,y> = [J x, x].  This relationship defines the induced Hilbert Space norm ll · ll on K, where ll x ll2 = [J x, x]. The main focus of this paper is to demonstrate that indefinite orthogonality in Krein Space fundamentally differs from Hilbert Space orthogonality, particularly concerning the Nonequivalence of the Pythagorean orthogonality.