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Uji Potensi Ekstrak Daun Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Dalam Sediaan Salep Jerawat Untuk Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Cutibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus aureus Evha Astaviana MS; Ulfayani Mayasari; Rasyidah Rasyidah
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 2 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i2.1145

Abstract

Introduction: Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive bacteria that serve as the primary etiological agents in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics and their associated side effects have driven the development of alternative therapies based on natural products. Patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) are known to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial potential; however, studies on the formulation of their topical preparations remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of patchouli leaf extract in ointment formulations against C. acnes and S. aureus, as well as to characterize the physical quality of the resulting preparations. Methods: Patchouli leaf extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Identification of chemical compounds was performed through phytochemical screening. Antibacterial activity testing of the extract and ointment preparations was conducted using the disc diffusion method against C. acnes and S. aureus at extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The ointment formulations were prepared using a PEG 400 and PEG 4000 base, followed by evaluation of their physical characteristics, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, adhesion, and irritation tests. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that patchouli leaf extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The inhibitory activity of the extract against both test bacteria increased with increasing concentration, with the highest inhibition zones observed at 30% concentration (19.85 mm against C. acnes and 19.23 mm against S. aureus). The ointment formulations at extract concentrations of 25% and 30% produced inhibition zones of 22.38 mm and 26.36 mm against C. acnes, and 24.10 mm and 27.46 mm against S. aureus, respectively. All physical quality parameters of the ointments (homogeneity, pH 5.96–6.41, spreadability 5 cm, viscosity 2,018–2,164 cps, adhesion 9–14 seconds) met the required standards and did not cause irritation. Conclusion: Patchouli leaf extract (P. cablin Benth.) ointment at concentrations of 25% and 30% demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against C. acnes and S. aureus, with physical characteristics that met quality standards. These findings indicate the potential development of patchouli leaf extract ointment as a natural topical alternative therapy for acne vulgaris.
Pengembangan Game Edukasi Genetic Match Berbasis Problem Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Materi Pewarisan Sifat (Hukum I Mendel) Cinta Salsabila Putri Harahap; Rasyidah
BIOEDUSAINS:Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains Vol. 9 No. 4 (2026): BIOEDUSAINS:Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains
Publisher : Institut Penelitian Matematika, Komputer, Keperawatan, Pendidikan dan Ekonomi (IPM2KPE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31539/v5aee784

Abstract

This study aimed to develop the Problem Based Learning (PBL)-based Genetic Match educational game as a learning medium for the topic of trait inheritance, particularly Mendel's First Law, and to determine its feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students' conceptual understanding at MA Darul Azhariyyun Medan. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE development model, consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. The research subjects were 20 twelfth-grade students of MA Darul Azhariyyun Medan in the 2025/2026 academic  year.  The  data collection instruments consisted of material and media expert validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and conceptual understanding tests in the form of pretest and posttest. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods through feasibility percentages, student responses, and N-Gain scores. The validation results showed that the Genetic Match educational game was categorized as highly valid based on material and media expert assessments. Student responses indicated that the developed media was practical for use in learning. Furthermore, the effectiveness test results based on N-Gain scores showed an increase in students' conceptual understanding in the high category. Therefore, the PBL-based Genetic Match educational game was declared valid, practical, and effective as a Biology learning medium for the topic of trait inheritance, particularly Mendel's First Law. Keywords: Educational Game, Genetic Match, Problem Based Learning, Research and Development, Trait Inheritance