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Efek Kombinasi Fraksi Akuades, Metanol, dan Etil Asetat Senyawa Fenolik Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dengan Amoxicillin atau Chloramphenicol terhadap Daya Hambat pada Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Isna Aulia Zamzamy; Arif Yahya; Rio Risandiansyah
Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Vol 10 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine)

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ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Kombinasi herbal-antibiotik adalah salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi infeksi. Ekstrak kasar meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) yang diduga mengandung fenolik diketahui dapat meningkatkan efektivitas antibiotik pada bakteri S. aureus, sehingga berpotensi digunakan sebagai ajuvan terhadap antibiotik. Namun, isolasi kelompok senyawa fenolik tersebut belum dilakukan. Penelitian ini melakukan fraksinasi ekstrak fenolik dari meniran dan melihat interaksi kombinasi dengan Amoxicillin dan Chloramphenicol terhadap bakteri S. aureus.Metode: Isolasi fenolik meniran melalui maserasi menggunakan metanol, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan ekstraksi cair-cair dengan heksana dan mengumpulkan residunya. Residu diuapkan pada 55oC lalu dioven sampai menjadi pasta. Hasil ekstraksi difraksinasi dengan dilarutkan menggunakan akuades, metanol, dan etil asetat untuk mendapatkan tiga fraksi. Kemurnian dari hasil fraksi tersebut dilakukan uji fitokimia secara kualitatif. Untuk mengukur daya hambat terhadap S. aureus dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Sedangkan interaksi diukur dengan metode AZDAST (Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Sinergism Test).Hasil: Isolasi fenolik dari meniran menunjukkan adanya senyawa fenolik dan tidak terdeteksi kelompok senyawa lain yang diuji (alkaloid, terpenoid, dan steroid). Setelah fraksinasi, fenolik ditemukan pada fraksi akuades dan metanol, namun tidak ditemukan pada fraksi etil asetat. Uji daya hambat tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri pada semua fraksi dengan konsentrasi 1000 ppm (0­±0 mm). Penambahan fraksi akuades (F1), metanol (F2), etil asetat (F3) dengan Amoxicillin menunjukkan diameter zona hambat sebesar 18,45±0,80; 17,89±2,62; 17,62±3,10. Sedangkan dengan Chloramphenicol sebesar 31,33±0,58; 29,58±0,54; 26,24±1,49. Zona hambat Amoxicillin adalah 19,54±0,81 dan pada Chloramphenicol adalah 28,16±1,59. Kesimpulan: Interaksi fraksi akuades dari ekstrak fenolik dengan Chloramphenicol menunjukkan interaksi potensiasi.Kata Kunci: Fenolik Phyllanthus niruri L., Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol, Staphylococcus aureus.
EFEK PAPARAN JAMU TAPAK LIMAN (Elephantopus scaber L.) PADA EFEKTIVITAS KLORAMFENIKOL TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus Nina Oktavia; Zainul Fadli; Rio Risandiansyah
Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Vol 10 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine)

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ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Tanaman tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) diketahui memiliki aktifitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Kombinasi ekstrak  tapak liman dengan kloramfenikol didapatkan hasil antagonis dan not distinguisable. Namun, belum diketahui apakah hasil yang sama akan didapatkan bila menggunakan jamu yang terjual secara bebas dan dapat dikonsumsi langsung oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui interaksi kombinasi jamu tapak liman dengan kloramfenikol terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Metode: Dilakukan pengujian fitokimia untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aktif jamu tapak liman. Untuk mengetahui daya hambat dilakukan pengukuran zone of inhibition antara kombinasi tapak liman dan kloramfenikol, dengan konsentrasi jamu tapak liman sesuai dengan dosis tinggi dan dosis rendah dari dosis yang dianjurkan. Dilakukan pengukuran zona bening untuk mengetahui daya hambat antibiotik menggunakan jangka sorong. Interaksi antibiotik dengan jamu tapak liman diinterpretasikan menggunakan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergsm Test (AZDAST) dan berdasarkan data statistik (p<0.05).Hasil: Kombinasi jamu tapak liman konsentrasi 166,67 ppm dengan antibiotik kloramfenikol dosis 30 µg menghasilkan ZOI 14,78 ± 0,61 mm lebih besar dibandingkan konsentrasi 83,33 ppm yang menghasilkan ZOI 14,20 ± 0,14 mm. Interaksi kombinasi jamu tapak liman pada konsentrasi 166,67 ppm dan 83,33 ppm dengan antibiotik kloramfenikol dosis 30 µg tidak dapat dibedakan (not distinguishable).Kesimpulan: Interaksi kombinasi jamu tapak liman konsentrasi 166,67 ppm dan 83,33 ppm dengan antibiotik kloramfenikol 30µg tidak dapat dibedakan (not distinguishable). Kata Kunci: Elephantopus scaber L., Kloramfenikol, Kombinasi Herbal dan Antibiotik, Zone of inhibition.
INTERAKSI OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri L.) DENGAN AMOKSISILIN TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN Staphylococcus aureus Faiqo Nabila; Noer Aini; Rio Risandiansyah
Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Vol 10 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine)

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ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) memiliki senyawa aktif yang bersifat antibiotik dari golongan flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, dan saponin serta tersedia dalam bentuk Obat Herbal Terstandarisasi (OHT). Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan interaksi sinergistik antara ekstrak metanolik meniran dengan amoksisilin terhadap bakteri S.aureus, namun kombinasi OHT meniran dengan amoksisilin terhadap S.aureus belum ada sehingga perlu diteliti.Metode: Penelitian ekperimental in vitro dengan tujuh kali pengulangan dalam dua waktu berbeda. Kandungan bahan dalam OHT meniran diukur dengan metode fitokimia. Efek antibiotik diuji dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer dan jenis interaksi antar kelompok dinilai dengan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST). Hasil dianalisa dengan  One-way ANOVA dan p <0.05 dianggap signifikan.Hasil: Uji fitokimia larutan OHT menunjukkan adanya senyawa flavonoid, tannin, phenolic, dan saponin. Pada OHT meniran tidak didapatkan zona bening pada S. aureus. Kombinasi amoksisilin dengan OHT meniran konsentrasi 220, 440, dan 880 ppm menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 28.96±1.48; 31.42±2.07 dan 26.39±0.64 mm, sedangkan pada amoksisilin tunggal adalah 27.84±1.91, dan amoksisilin double disk 28.07±0.44. Hal ini menunjukkan peningkatan secara signifikan pada konsentrasi 440 ppm, dan penurunan signifikan daya hambat pada dosis konsentrasi 880 ppm.Kesimpulan: Interaksi OHT meniran dengan amoksisilin not distinguishable pada 220 ppm, potensiasi pada 440 ppm, dan antagonis pada 880 ppm.Kata Kunci: Phyllanthus niruri L., Amoksisilin, OHT, AZDAST, Hasil interaksi.
KAEMPFEROL-3-O-SAMBUBIOSIDE DARI BUNGA Hibiscus sabdariffa MAMPU MENGHAMBAT PROTEIN BINDING GALACTOSE (LecA) DAN TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR (LasR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa : STUDI IN SILICO Iqbal Ismail Mochsen; Yoni Rina Bintari; Rio Risandiansyah
Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Vol 10 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine)

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ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Infeksi nosokomial karena P. aeruginosa terjadi akibat pembentukan adhesi dan biofilm yang diperantarai protein binding galactose (LecA) dan transcriptional activator LasR. Senyawa aktif bunga H. Sabdariffa dapat berperan sebagai anti-biofilm, namun mekanisme anti-adhesi dan anti-biofilm pada P. aeruginosa belum diketahui sehingga studi ini perlu dilakukan. Metode: Penelitian komputasi In Silico dengan Molecular Docking (AutoDock Vina) dilakukan pada protein LecA (5D21) dan LasR (4NG2) dengan GalAxG3PS dan ZINC00011544 sebagai kontrol. Sebanyak 21 senyawa aktif bunga H. sabdariffa ditambatkan dan dievaluasi efektifitas ikatan dibanding kontrol dengan menilai energi ikatan bebas (∆G) dan residu asam amino. Selain itu juga diprediksi sifat fisikokimia dan farmakokinetik dengan Lipinski Rule Of Five dan ADMET. Hasil: Senyawa terbaik dilihat berdasarkan energi ikatan bebas dan kesamaan interaksi dengan kontrol. Senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai anti-adhesi terhadap protein LecA yaitu Tiliroiside (∆G -6.9 kkal/mol, 25%), Kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside (∆G -6.7 kkal/mol, 37,5%), dan 4-Caffeoylquinic acid (∆ -6,1 kkal/mol, 25%) sedangkan yang berpotensi sebagai anti-biofilm terhadap LasR protein yaitu Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (∆G -8.4 kkal/mol, 44%), Quercetin-3-rutinoside (∆G -8.3 kkal/mol, 55%), dan Kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside (∆G -7,7 kkal/mol, 22%). Hal ini menunjukan bahwa turunan kaempferol dapat menghambat adhesi dan biofilm. Kesimpulan: Senyawa aktif Kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside pada bunga H. sabdariffa mempunyai potensi sebagai anti-adhesi dan anti biofilm pada protein lecA dan LasR. Kata Kunci : LecA; LasR; GalAxG3PS; ZINC00011544
PAPARAN MERKURI (Hg) PADA Staphylococcus aureus MENYEBABKAN PEMANJANGAN FASE LAG TANPA PENURUNAN SENSITIVITAS ANTIBIOTIK Yulia Resty; Rio Risandiansyah; Sasi Purwanti
Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Vol 10 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine)

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ABSTRAK Pendahuluan : Merkuri (Hg) adalah salah satu logam berat yang banyak digunakan secara legal maupun illegal pada berbagai industri salah satunya adalah industri kosmetik (Skincare). Penggunaan Hg pada kulit dalam jangka panjang dikhawatirkan dapat mempengaruhi salah satu normal flora di kulit yaitu Staphylococcus aureu. Staphylococcus aureus yang bertahan hidup dibawah paparan Hg akan beradaptasi dan berpotensi menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi pada antibiotik. Penelitian ini akan melihat pengaruh paparan Hg pada kurva pertumbuhan dan sensitivitas antibiotik bakteri Staphyloccus aureus. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan metode in vitro dengan melakukan pemaparan 7 dosis logam berat Hg 0,05 ppm, 0,1 ppm, 0,2 ppm, 0.4ppm, 0,8 ppm, 1,6 ppm dan 3,2 ppm pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Kemudian dilihat kurva pertumbuhannya melalui absorbansinya dengan spektrofotometri selama 24 jam dan menghitung nilai Lag Extention (LE) dengan membagi waktu fase lag kontrol dan fase lag perlakuan. Pada bakteri dengan pemanjangan fase lag dilakukan uji sensitivitas dengan metode disc-diffusion terhadap Amoxicillin, Kloramfenikol, Tetrasiklin, Meropenem dan Trimetropim. Uji statistik data menggunakan aplikasi R Studio Studio 1.2.5033 dengan uji Kruskal wallis Hasil : Paparan Hg dengan dosis 0.05 ppm, 0.1 ppm dan 0.2 ppm menyebabkan pemanjangan fase lag dengan nilai LE 1,6, 2,3 dan 3. Sedangkan paparan Hg pada dosis lainnya tidak menunjukan adanya pertumbuhan. Uji sensitivitas melalui zona inhibisi pada 5 antibiotik yaitu Amoxicillin, Kloramfenikol, Tetrasiklin, Meropenem dan Trimetoprim tidak didapatkan penurunan sensitivitas secara signifikan (p<0.05). Kesimpulan : Paparan Hg dosis 0,05 ppm, 0,1 ppm dan 0,2 ppm pada bakteri S. aureus menyebabkan pemanjangan fase lag namun tidak terdapat penurunan sensitivitas. Kata kunci : Merkuri, Resistensi antibiotik, Staphylococcus aureus, Fase Lag
In Silico Study to Assess Antibacterial Activity from Cladophora Sp. on Peptide Deformylase: Molecular Docking Approach Yoni Rina Bintari; Rio Risandiansyah
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 2 No. 1 (2019): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v2i1.717

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Increasing antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria is a severe problem in the world. Therefore, there is a need to identify new drugs from natural products and also new drug targets. Cladophora sp. is a marine organism which is known to have bioactive compounds and a potential antibacterial. On the other hand, Peptide Deformylase (PDf) may prove to be a novel drug target since it is crucial for native peptide functioning in most pathogenic bacteria. This study screens for PDf inhibition activity of compounds from Cladophora sp. using molecular docking approach and screening the binding affinity of bioactive compounds against the peptide receptor PDf using Pyrex Autodock Vina software. Docking results were stored and visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio and PyMOL ligand. Ligands were obtained from previous literature in PubChem, and receptor peptide PDf from pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID:1N5N), Escherichia coli (PDB ID:1BSK), Enterococcus faecium (PDB ID:3G6N) and Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID:1LQW), was obtained from the peptide data bank. The results of this screening show with ligand the highest binding affinity against PDf of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecium, and S. aureus is stearic acid (-5.9 kcal/mol), eicosapentaenoic acid (-6.6 kcal/mol), stearic acid (-5.8 kcal/mol), and stearic acid (-6.2 kcal/mol) respectively. The binding of natural compounds from Cladophora sp. with PDf models may provide a new drug with a different drug target for antibacterial potential.
Academic Readiness and Its Impact on Medical Students’ Performance: A Critical Analysis in The Context of Covid-19 Pandemic Firmansyah, Marindra; Putri, Amanita Dias Ezha; Anisa, Rizki; Risandiansyah, Rio
Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education Vol 13, No 4 (2024): December
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpki.98602

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Background: Student academic achievement in the first semester tends to be low and will increase the following semester. Many factors, including academic readiness, can influence this. Students have a diverse academic readiness, whereas a higher level of academic readiness would result in higher academic achievement. Previous research stated several factors shaped academic achievement in offline learning; however, online learning needs further exploration.Aims: Researchers aimed to discover the factors of academic readiness that affect students' academic achievement in online learning models during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. All dimensions were measured using a validated Academic Readiness Questioner direct translation questionnaire and using secondary data. Partial Least Squares with Structural Equation Model techniques using the Smart-PLS version 3.0 application were employed for data analysis.Result: This study produced an excellent, robust model with a GoF value > 0.36. Path analysis shows that all O-samples are positive with t statistics > 1.97, so these factors significantly positively affect academic readiness, except for the reading behavior dimension. Academic achievement is influenced by academic readiness, with R2=15.4%.Conclusion: Students' academic readiness positively and significantly affects academic achievement. Student academic readiness during online learning is shaped by achievement motivation orientation, goal orientation, integrated support, learning efficacy, M-score, social and economic conditions, number of credits, and reading behavior.
A Method to Quantify Biofilms in Object Glass Using ImageJ Heru, Arief; Hakim, Reza; Primadita, Hanggia; Risandiansyah, Rio
International Journal of Health Engineering and Technology Vol. 4 No. 5 (2026): IJHESS JANUARY 2026
Publisher : CV. AFDIFAL MAJU BERKAH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55227/ijhet.v4i5.507

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One method to observe biofilms is by inoculating bacteria on glass slides and observed for the presence of large structures (microcolonies) and small structures (clusters, aggregates, or single cells) under a microscope. Analysis of these structures using image processing software may provide a method to quantify biofilm production and degradation in glass slides. In this study, we use ImageJ to quantify the number and area percentage of microbial structures observable on a slide. This study is an experimental in vitro study. Biofilm production was done by submerging slides in petri dishes filled with Brain Heart Infusion with 2% sucrose (w/v) and inoculating it with bacteria. The petri dishes were incubated undisturbed for 48 hours at 37°C (n=3). Afterwards, the slides were removed and submerged in distilled water (Group 1) or detergent (Group 2) for 5 minutes before staining with 0.1% crystal violet and rewashed. The slides were then observed under a light microscope at 1000x and images from five fields of view were collected. ImageJ was then used to count the number of microcolonies (>15.000 μm2), aggregate cells (200 – 14.999 μm2), and single cells or cell clusters (1 – 199 μm2), and their area percentage. Welch’s T-Test was performed using JASP version 0.18.3. Observation of slides shows microcolonies to be formed in Group 1, and no or little in Group 2. Based on ImageJ calculation, slides treated with distilled water had a biofilm consisting of an average 4.60 ± 2.41 microcolony number and an average percentage area of 39.97 ± 9.99%, 120.47 ± 32.31 (8.96 ± 3.19%) cell aggregates, and 415.06 ± 139.85 (1.39 ± 0.33%) single cells and cell clusters. Detergent application possibly showed biofilm breakdown, with a significant (p<0.001) reduction in microcolony percentage area to up to 99% (0.33 ± 0.68% remaining) and increased single cell number and percentage area to 1,754.93 ± 689.52 (5.27 ± 0.49%). ImageJ can be a valuable tool to quantify biofilm production in glass slides based on the number and percentage area of microcolonies, cell aggregates, and single cells or cell clusters.
A A Method to Quantify Biofilms in Object Glass Using ImageJ Wicaksono, Arief Heru; Risandiansyah, Rio; Hakim, Reza; Syarieb, Ahmad Akbar; Kurniawati, Annisa; Shafira , Iftah Ghina; Maulani , Maghfirah Nur; Primadita, Hanggia
Scientific Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): SCIENA Volume V No 2, March 2026
Publisher : CV. AKBAR PUTRA MANDIRI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56260/sciena.v5i2.330

Abstract

  Background: Direct microscopic observation of biofilms is done by observing for the presence of biofilm under a microscope. However, this method is qualitative and not quantitative. Analysis of these biofilm structures using image processing software may provide a method to quantify biofilm production and degradation in glass slides. Objective: To quantify the number and area percentage of microbial structures observable on a slide. This study is an experimental in vitro study. Methods: Biofilm production was done by submerging slides in petri dishes filled with Brain Heart Infusion with 2% sucrose (w/v) and inoculating it with Staphylococcus aureus. The petri dishes were incubated undisturbed for 48 hours at 37°C (n=3).The slides were then submerged in distilled water (Group 1) or detergent (Group 2) for 5 minutes before staining with 0.1% crystal violet and observed under a light microscope at 1000x. Images from five fields of view were collected. ImageJ was then used to count the number of microcolonies, aggregate cells, and single cells or cell clusters, based on size, and their respective area percentage. Welch’s T-Test was performed using JASP version 0.18.3. Results: Direct observation of slides shows that microcolonies and cell clusters to be formed in Group 1, and none or little in Group 2, indicating differences in biofilm formation on Group 1 vs Group 2.Based on ImageJ calculation, control slides had an average percentage area for microcolonies, cell agregates, and single cells or clusters of 39.97 ± 9.99%, 8.96 ± 3.19%, and 1.39 ± 0.33%, respectively. Treatment with detergent significantly reduced percentages of microcolonies to 0.33 ± 0.68%, but increased single cell area to 5.27 ± 0.49%. Conclusion: ImageJ can be a valuable tool to quantify biofilm production in glass slides based on the number and percentage area of microcolonies, cell aggregates, and single cells or cell clusters.
Comparison of DNA Extraction Methods Between Conventional, Kit, Alkali and Buffer-Only for PCR Amplification on Raw and Boiled Bovine and Porcine Meat Yahya, Arif; Firmansyah, Marindra; Arlisyah, Annisa; Risandiansyah, Rio
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 7 No. 2 (2017)
Publisher : Graduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1176.347 KB) | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2017.007.02.09

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Detection of porcine contamination in food material by employing PCR techniques is integral in halal food confirmation. However, PCR is both costly and laborious, particularly in DNA isolation method. This study explores several different methods in DNA extraction for PCR amplification in bovine and porcine raw and boiled meat samples. Four methods for DNA extraction (conventional PCI method, DNA isolation kit, alkaline-based method, and a DNA lysis buffer-only from the same kit) was employed followed by PCR using primers from previous studies and compared for DNA quality and quantity (in six replicates) and PCR amplification on the best three DNA samples. This study shows that in all samples, the conventional method had the best DNA yield based on nanodrop measurement, followed by an alkali-based method, buffer-only method, and DNA isolation kit. Each method except lysis-buffer only had at least one sample with good DNA quality. Conventional and isolation kit showed reliable positive PCR detection for all porcine and bovine samples (92% positive). Using the alkaline-lysis method, DNA was amplified reliably on boiled meat samples (83% positive). Lysis-buffer-only method did not show consistent PCR amplification on the samples used (50% positive). The conclusion was that conventional PCI method and DNA isolation kit showed high reliability in PCR amplification of bovine and porcine meats, both raw and boiled. While high DNA yield was obtained using the alkaline-lysis method, PCR amplification was only successful on boiled samples. Lysis-buffer only method yielded in poor DNA quality and was not able to result in reliable DNA amplification.Keywords: DNA extraction methods, halal, Porcine food contaminants.