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LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM Cymbopogon nardus AS OVIPOSITION DETERRENT AND OVICIDAL ACTIVITIES AGAINST Helicoverpa armigera Hubner ON CHILI PEPPER Setiawati, Wiwin; Murtiningsih, Rini; Hasyim, Ahsol
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 12, No 1 (2011): April 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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The fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is one of the key pests of chili pepper in Indonesia. Yield loss due to this insect pest may reach up to 60%. Chemical treatment for con-trolling this insect pest is ineffective and eventually leads to environmental pollution. More environmentally safe insecticides are developed based on natural plant ingredients as their active compound such as essential oils. This study aimed to assess the potential of citronella oil for managing H. armigera on chili pepper. The experiments were conducted at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute from April 2009 to March 2010 and in Cirebon, West Java from November 2009 to March 2010. A field experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and replicated five times. Citronella oil was extracted by steam distillation from Cymbo-pogonÂ nardus. The oil was then chemically characterized by using GC-MS and its efficacy (ovicidal and feeding deterrent) against H. armigera was tested both in laboratory and field conditions. The GC-MS result showed that major chemical compounds of the citronella oil used were citronella (35.97%), nerol (17.28%), citronellol (10.03%), geranyle acetate (4.44%), elemol (4.38%), limonene (3.98%), and citronnellyle acetate (3.51%). The laboratory experiment revealed that the highest concentration (4,000 ppm) of citronella oil reduced egg laying by 53-66%. Ovicidal activity was concentration dependent, and egg hatchability decreased by 15-95% compared to control. The field experiment showed that treatment of citronella oil at 2.0 mL L-1 significantly reduced fruit damage by H. armigera similar to the plots treated with spinosad at the recommended dose (60 g ai ha-1). Application of citronella oil significantly reduced fruit damage by 72% and increased quality of the chili pepper. Because oviposition and feeding deterrent properties are key factors in controlling the pest, therefore this study revealed that citronella oil has potential to be incorporated into the controlling program of H. armigera on chili pepper.

Penampilan Beberapa Klon Bawang Merah dan Hubungannya dengan Intensitas Serangan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Putrasamedja, Sartono; Setiawati, Wiwin; Lukman, L; Hasyim, Ahsol
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 22, No 4 (2012): Desember
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Perkembangan varietas-varietas bawang merah di suatu daerah ditentukan oleh keserasian dengan lingkungan, potensi hasil, toleransi terhadap serangan organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT), serta umur dan mutu hasil. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji penampilan beberapa klon bawang merah dan hubungannya dengan intensitas serangan OPT penting. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Brebes dan Tegal (Jawa Tengah) dari Bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2011. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah 10 klon bawang merah hasil silangan tahun 2004 dan 2005, serta dua varietas bawang merah sebagai pembanding (Bauji dan Bima Brebes). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dan diulang tiga kali. Parameter yang diamati ialah pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan jumlah anakan), hasil panen, dan serangan OPT penting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klon no. 2005/1 dapat beradaptasi dengan baik di Brebes dan Tegal, mampu menghasilkan produksi tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 9,95 dan 17,50 t/ha, mempunyai diameter umbi terbesar (1,87 dan 2,41 cm), bentuk umbi bulat, dan berwarna merah tua, sedangkan klon no. 2004/11 mempunyai pertumbuhan dan Â produktivitas yang tinggi, relatif toleran terhadap serangan Spodoptera exigua, Alternaria porri, dan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, diameter umbi (1,67 dan 1,96 cm), bentuk umbi bulat, Â dan berwarna merah tua, sedangkan klon no. 2004/10 dan no. 2005/19 sangat rentan terhadap serangan hama S. exigua, penyakit A. porri, dan C. gloeosporioides. Klon-klon yang mempunyai tingkat serangan rendah/toleran terhadap OPT merupakan klon harapan bawang merah toleran/tahan OPT. Namun demikian, penggunaan pestisida sesuai dengan konsep pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) masih tetap diperlukan terutama apabila serangan OPT tersebut mencapai ambang pengendalian yang ditetapkan.Â The development of shallots varieties in one location depends on the genetic adaptability, yield potential, Â tolerance to pest and diseases, harvest date, yield and quality. The aim of study was to evaluate 10 clones and two local clones as check, Bima Brebes and Bauji were conducted in Brebes and Tegal (Central Java) from June to September 2011. The trial were laid out in a completely randomized block design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters used for evaluating these clones were plant height, no. of sprout, Â no. of leaves, yield and pests and diseases incidence. The results showed that considering overall performance, clone no. 2005/1 gave the highest yield (9.95 and 17.50 t/ha), and diameter of bulb (1.87 and 2.41 cm) in Brebes and Tegal respectively, clone no. 2004/11 produced growth and good yield Â and showed tolerance to Spodoptera exigua, Alternaria porri, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, bulb diameter (1.67 and 1.96 cm) with dark red color, Â while clone no. 2004/10 and no. 2005/19 were identified as the most susceptible clones to S. exigua, A. porri, and C. gloeosporioides. This suggests that some of shallots clones could be good candidates for the new varieties of shallots. However, the use of pesticides in IPM concept were still needed especially if the incidence of pests and diseases reach the action threshold.

Efikasi dan Persistensi Minyak Serai sebagai Biopestisida terhadap Helicoverpa armigera Hubn. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Hasyim, Ahsol; Setiawati, Wiwin; Murtiningsih, R; Sofiari, Eri
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 4 (2010): Desember 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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ABSTRAK. Helicoverpa armigera merupakan hama penting pada tanaman cabai merah. Kehilangan hasil akibat seranganH. armigera dapat mencapai 60%. Pengendalian yang umum dilakukan adalah menggunakan insektisida secara intensif,yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh berbagai konsentrasiminyak serai terhadap aktivitas biologi larva H. armigera. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Rumah KasaBalai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang dari bulan Juni sampai Desember 2009 pada suhu 27Â±20C dan kelembaban75-80%. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam empat tahap kegiatan, yaitu pengaruh minyak serai terhadap: (1) repelensi larvaH. armigera instar II, (2) indeks nutrisi larva H. armigera instar III, (3) toksisitas larva H. armigera instar I, II, dan III,serta (4) persistensi minyak serai dalam pakan H. armigera dan pengaruhnya terhadap mortalitas larva H. armigerainstar III. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok yang terdiri atas enam perlakuan dengan empatulangan. Penelitian menggunakan metode pencelupan (dipping methods). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minyakserai dapat digunakan sebagai penolak larva H. armigera instar II, dengan tingkat repelensi kelas II (20-40%) dan kelasIII (40-60%). Aplikasi minyak serai pada konsentrasi 3.000-5.000 ppm dalam pakan dapat menurunkan laju konsumsirelatif, laju pertumbuhan relatif, efisiensi konversi makanan yang dicerna dan yang dimakan, serta dapat menghambatmakan larva H. armigera sebesar 50%. Penggunaan minyak serai dapat menurunkan bobot pupa H. armigera jantandan betina. Nilai LC50 untuk larva H. armigera instar I, II, dan III berturut-turut ialah 12.795,45, 8.327,42, dan 3.324,89ppm, sedang nilai LC95 untuk larva H. armigera instar I, II, dan III berturut-turut sebesar 10.564,59, 12.535,12, dan4.725,30 ppm. Residu minyak serai dalam pakan H. armigera hanya berkisar antara 1- 4 hari setelah pemaparan ataupada 5 HSP toksisitas menurun drastis. Minyak serai sebagai insektisida nabati mempunyai tingkat persistensi yangrelatif rendah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, minyak serai dapat digunakan sebagai insektisida yang potensialuntuk dikembangkan secara komersial dan ramah lingkungan dalam rangka pengendalian H. armigera.ABSTRACT. Hasyim, A., W. Setiawati, R. Murtiningsih, and E. Sofiari. 2010. Efficacy and Persistence of CitronellaOil as A Biopesticide Against Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.. The fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) is one ofthe key pests of chili pepper in Indonesia. Yield loss due to this insect pest is up to 60%. The chemical treatment forcontrolling this insect pest is ineffective and eventually leads to environmental pollution. Studies were conducted toassess the biological activity of citronella oil against tomato fruit worm, H. armigera from June to December 2009 atthe Laboratory and the Screenhouse at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute. All the bioassays were conducted undercontrolled environmental conditions (27Â± 20C and 75-80% RH). Four bioassay steps were performed, i.e the effectof citronella oil on percentage repellency of second instar larvae of H. armigera, the antifeedant effect of citronellaoil against third instar larvae of H. armigera, toxicity of citronella oil on first, second, and third instar larvae of H.armigera and persistence of citronella oil and is effect of mortality of H. armigera. The results indicated that citronellaoil significantly repellened to second larvae of H. armigera with the repellency level of relative lowest II (20-40%) andIII (40-60%). Applications of citronella oil at 3,000 until 5,000 ppm concentrations reduced the food consumptionindex, growth rate, approximate digestability, efficiency of conversion of digested food and feeding deterrent was reducedby 50%. Citronella oil significantly decreased the growth and the development of both pupal male and female of H.armigera. The percentage of mortality rate varied significantly among the H. armigera larvae tested and the values ofLC50 for first, second, and third larvae instar of H. armigera were 12,795.45, 8,327.42, and 3,324.89 ppm, respectively.Meanwhile LC95 value at the first, second, and third larvae instar of H. armigera were 10,564.59, 12,535.12, and 4,725.30ppm, respectively. Residual activity of citronella oil were found to be moderately toxic to H. armigera. The residueof citronella on food H. armigera was about 1-4 days after treatment. However, toxicity decreased significantly after5 days. These results clearly showed that citronella oil was not persistent to the environment due to its volatile nature.These results suggested that the application of citronella oil is potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach forthe control of the agricultural pests H. armigera.

Kajian Teknis dan Ekonomis Sistem Tanam Dua Varietas Cabai Merah di Dataran Tinggi Soetiarsi, Thomas Agus; Setiawati, Wiwin
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 3 (2010): September 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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ABSTRAK. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji kelayakan teknis dan ekonomis sistem tanam monokultur dan tumpangsaridua varietas cabai merah di dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian TanamanSayuran Lembang, dari bulan September 2006 sampai dengan Februari 2007. Penelitian menggunakan perlakuanyang terdiri atas dua faktor, yaitu varietas cabai merah (Hot Chili dan Tanjung-2) dan sistem tanam (monokulturcabai merah dan tumpangsari cabai merah + kubis), seluas 2.500 m2/perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwasistem tanam tumpangsari antara cabai merah dengan kubis tidak memengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman cabai merah.Organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) yang menyerang pertanaman cabai merah selama percobaan berlangsungadalah gangsir, trips, kutukebul, kutudaun, layu bakteri, dan antraknos. Varietas Tanjung-2 terbukti relatif lebih tahanterhadap serangan OPT dibandingkan dengan varietas Hot Chili, serta mampu menekan kerusakan tanaman hingga50%. Secara teknis, hasil produksi varietas Tanjung-2 (monokultur dan tumpangari) lebih rendah dibanding HotChili. Secara ekonomis, penggunaan varietas Hot Chili yang ditumpangsarikan dengan kubis adalah yang palingmenguntungkan, dengan tingkat pengembalian marjinal yang lebih besar dari satu (>1) dan paling tinggi (458,95%)di antara perlakuan yang lain. Dengan diperolehnya teknologi sistem tanam cabai merah spesifik lokasi dataran tinggiyang secara teknis dapat diterapkan dan secara ekonomis menguntungkan, maka secara sosial akan mempunyaipeluang tinggi untuk diadopsi oleh petani.ABSTRACT. Soetiarso, T. A. and W. Setiawati. 2010. Technical and Economical Studies on Two Hot PepperVarieties Planting Systems in Highland Areas. The research was conducted to assess the technical and economicalfeasibility of two hot pepper varieties planting systems i.e. monoculture and intercropping in highland areas. It wascarried out in IVEGRIâs experimental garden from September 2006 to February 2007. The treatments used in theresearch consisted of two factors. The first factor was hot pepper varieties (Hot Chili and Tanjung-2) and the secondone was planting systems (monoculture of hot pepper and intercropping of hot pepper + cabbage). The results showedthat hot pepper intercropped with cabbage did not affect the growth of hot pepper. Some important pests and diseasesattacking hot pepper were crickets, thrips, bemisia, myzus, bacterial wilt, and anthracnose. Tanjung-2 was relativelymore resistant to pests and diseases than Hot Chili, and reduces of plant damage up to 50%. Agronomically, the yieldof Tanjung-2 as monocropped or intercropped was lower than Hot Chili. Compared to the other treatments, the use ofHot Chili variety intercropped with cabbage was the most profitable option economically. The marginal returns forthis option was greater than one (>1) and the highest (458.95%). The results suggest that the specifically-designedhighland hot pepper planting systems was not only technically feasible, but also economically viable. Hence, it hasgreat potential to be socially accepted and adopted by farmers as the end-users.

Keragaan Pertumbuhan, Kualitas Buah, dan Kelayakan Finansial Dua Varietas Cabai Merah Soetiarso, Thomas Agus; Setiawati, Wiwin; Musaddad, Darkam
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 21, No 1 (2011): Maret 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Cabai merah merupakan komoditas unggulan yang banyak diusahakan petani karena memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Namun demikian, dalam pengusahaannya masih ditemui berbagai kendala, baik kendala teknis maupun ekonomis. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji keragaan pertumbuhan, kualitas buah, dan kelayakan finansial dua varietas cabai merah (Hot Chili dan Tanjung-2). Penelitian dilaksanakan di lokasi pengembangan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT) cabai merah, yaitu di Desa Kawali Mukti, Kecamatan Kawali, Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat dari bulan Maret-September 2007. Penelitian dilaksanakan tanpa menggunakan rancangan dan ulangan, dengan luasan 2.500 m2 per perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu penggunaan varietas cabai merah (Hot Chili dan Tanjung-2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Hot Chili menunjukkan pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman dan lebar kanopi, serta produktivitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Tanjung-2. Tingkat kematangan buah Tanjung-2 lebih serempak, waktu panen lebih singkat (10 kali), serta buahnya berwarna merah lebih menarik bila dibuat pasta. Tanjung-2 relatif toleran terhadap serangan trips (Thrips parvispinus), kutudaun (Myzus persicae), dan kutukebul (Bemisia tabaci), namun lebih rentan terhadap penyakit busuk batang (Phytophthora capsici) dan layu bakteri (Ralstonia solanacearum). Dari segi kualitas, dengan ukuran panjang dan diameter buah yang hampir sama, bobot buah Tanjung-2 lebih ringan (8,75 g) dibandingkan dengan Hot Chili (14,02 g), tekstur buah yang lebih lembek (agak lentur) dapat menekan kerusakan selama transportasi, serta lebih mudah untuk digerus. Kadar air buah Tanjung-2 lebih rendah, sehinggaÂ menjadi lebih kental bila dibuat pasta. Secara teknis, produksi Tanjung-2 lebih rendah dibanding Hot Chili. Penggunaan Hot Chili lebih menguntungkan dengan memberikan tingkat pengembalian marjinal sebesar 165,76% dibandingkan dengan Tanjung-2. Produktivitas bukan satu-satunya faktor pendorong adopsi teknologi. Dua faktor lain yang menjadi pertimbangan petani di Kawali-Ciamis dalam mengadopsi teknologi cabai yaitu ketersediaan modal kerja dan umurÂ panen tanaman.Hot pepper is a priority vegetable crop that is widely grown by farmers because of its high economic value. However, they are some challenging technical and economical constraints that are still being problem forÂ hot pepper growers. The objective of this study was to assess growth performance, fruit quality and financial feasibility of two hot pepper varieties i.e. Hot Chili and Tanjung-2. The study was conducted in the development area of hot pepper integrated crop management (ICM), Kawali Mukti Village, Kawali Sub-district, Ciamis District of West Java Province, from March to September 2007. This study was an on-farm research without using an experimental design or replication. Each variety was grown on the farm size of 2,500 m2. Results show that Hot Chili has higher plant height, wider canopy and higher yield than Tanjung-2 . However, Tanjung-2 showed more simultaneous fruit maturity, less number of harvests (10 times), andÂ had more attractive fruit color, especially for chili paste. This variety was also relatively tolerant to thrips (Thrips parvispinus), aphid (Myzus persicae), and white flies (Bemisia tabaci), but more susceptible to stem rot (Phytophthora capsici) and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum). In terms of fruit quality, with similar fruit length and diameter, Tanjung-2, had a lighter weight (8.75 g) than Hot Chili (14.02 g) and also softer texture that may reduce fruit damage during transportation and be easier to process. Water content of Tanjung-2 was lower, hence it was thickened more easily if used for paste. Agronomically, the yield of Tanjung-2 was lower than Hot Chili. The use of Hot Chili, however, was more profitable than Tanjung-2, because it exhibited higher marginal rate of return (165.76 %). Yield was not the only factor affecting farmers in technology adoption. Two other factors that had important roles in influencing farmers in Kawali-Ciamis in adopting hot pepper technologies were working capital availability, and plant age (time needed from planting to harvesting).

Pengaruh Pemupukan dan Tumpangsari antara Tomat dan Kubis terhadap Populasi Bemisia tabaci dan Insiden Penyakit Virus Kuning pada Tanaman Tomat Setiawati, Wiwin; Gunaeni, Neni; Subhan, -; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 21, No 2 (2011): JUNI 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Pola tanam sayuran secara tumpang sari telah dimanfaatkan secara meluas di sentra-sentra produksiÂ sayuran di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemupukan dan tumpangsari antara tomat dan kubis terhadap populasi Bemisia tabaci dan serangan penyakit virus kuning yang disebabkan oleh virus gemini pada tanaman tomat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang (1.250 dpl.) dari bulan Juni sampai dengan Oktober 2008. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok pola faktorial dengan empat ulangan. Dua faktor perlakuan yang diuji, yaitu (1) dosis pupuk (N 180 kg/ha + P2O5 150 kg/ha + K2O 100 kg/ha,Â N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2OÂ 145 kg /ha, sertaÂ N 210 kg/ha + P2O5 183,125 kg/ha + K2O 181,25 kg/ha) dan (2) cara tanam (monokultur tomat dan tumpangsari tomat dengan kubis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan dosis pupuk yang tinggi dan tanaman tomat yang ditanam secara monokultur dapat meningkatkan populasi kutukebul dan serangan penyakit virus kuning dibandingkan dengan dosis pupuk yang lebih rendah. Penggunaan dosis pupuk yang tinggi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan produksi tomat. Penggunaan dosis pupuk N 168 kg/ha + P2O5Â 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg/ha dan tumpangsari tomat dengan kubis dapat direkomendasikan sebagai komponen teknologi PHT untuk pengelolaan hama B. tabaci dan penyakit virus kuning pada tanaman tomat.The intercropping planting technique is widely implemented in vegetable production centers in Indonesia. The research on the application of different doses of fertilizers (N, P, and K) and the planting technique of tomato and cabbageÂ on B. tabaci and the yellow disease caused by gemini virus was carried out at the IndonesianÂ Vegetables Research Institute from June to October 2008. The objective was to determine the effect of different doses of fertilizers (N, P, and K) and tomato-cabbage intercropping on the population densities of B. tabaci and incidence of gemini virus on tomato.Â A factorial randomized block design with two factors and four replication was used in the experiment. Two treatments factor were tested i.e.Â (1) different doses of fertilizers (N 180 kg/ha + P2O5 150 kg/ha + K2O 100 kg/ha,Â N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha +Â K2O 145 kg/ha, andÂ N 210 kg /ha +Â P2O5 183,125 kg/ha + K2O 181,25 kg/ha), and (2) planting techniques (monoculture and tomato-cabbage intercropping). The result indicated that heigher doses of fertilizers resulted in higher population of whitefly per leaf and yellow virus symptoms on tomato compared to lower doses. Higher amounts of fertilizers did not significantly affect tomato yield. It is suggested that the dose ofÂ N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg/ha, and the tomato-cabbage intercropping technique can be incorporated into the IPM program, especially for the management ofÂ whitefly and gemini virus on tomato.

Pengkajian Ex Ante Manfaat Potensial Adopsi Varietas Unggul Bawang Merah di Indonesia diyoga, witono; Soetiarso, Thomas Agus; Ameriana, Mieke; Setiawati, Wiwin
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 19, No 3 (2009): September 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan April-November 2006 dan ditujukan untuk melakukan simulasibesaran serta distribusi surplus ekonomik yang merupakan dampak potensial introduksi varietas unggul bawang merahdi Indonesia. Studi ini memanfaatkan teknik analisis surplus ekonomik berdasarkan asumsi sistem perekonomiantertutup dan produk tunggal bawang merah yang bersifat homogen. Perubahan teknologi yang diakibatkan olehintroduksi varietas unggul bawang merah dapat meningkatkan total dan domestik surplus sebagai konsekuensi daripeningkatan reduksi biaya dan produktivitas. Peningkatan produktivitas akan meningkatkan manfaat penggunaanteknologi varietas unggul bawang merah searah dengan dampak peningkatan reduksi biaya input per hektar. Hasilanalisis mengindikasikan bahwa inovasi varietas unggul baru ke dalam subsektor bawang merah Indonesia memilikipotensi dampak yang tinggi terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat. Semua skenario yang disimulasikan untukvarietas unggul bawang merah menghasilkan manfaat ekonomis tinggi. Skenario terburuk (P8) menghasilkan manfaatnasional sebesar Rp. 4,9 milyar, sedangkan skenario terbaik (P5) menghasilkan manfaat nasional sebesar Rp. 631,4milyar. Petani bawang merah masih tetap dapat memperoleh keuntungan walaupun harga satuan luarannya lebih rendah,karena teknologi baru (varietas unggul) akan meningkatkan produksi yang dapat dipasarkan dan menurunkan biayaproduksi. Tingkat adopsi varietas unggul baru bawang merah akan berpengaruh besar terhadap besaran manfaat danpada gilirannya akan bergantung pula kepada premium benih yang harus dibayar petani. Untuk petani atau perusahaanbenih, keuntungan akan meningkat sejalan dengan semakin tingginya mark-up benih dalam kondisi tertentu, tetapijuga akan menurun jika tingkat adopsinya lebih rendah. Dengan demikian, ada semacam economic trade-off antaramark-up benih dengan tingkat adopsi.ABSTRACT. Adiyoga, W., T. A. Soetiarso, M. Ameriana, and W. Setiawati. 2009. Ex-ante Assessment of PotentialBenefits for Adopting a New High Yielding Shallots Variety in Indonesia. The study carried out in April-November2006 was aimed to simulate the size and distribution of the economic surplus generated by the introduction and adoptionof new high yielding shallots variety in Indonesia. This study employed the economic surplus technique assumingthe existence of a closed economy, and dealt with a single homogeneous good. Technological change brought by theintroduction of high yielding shallots variety increased the total and domestic surplus change as a consequence ofincreases in cost reduction and yield. Increases in yield per hectare increased the benefits of the high yielding shallotsvariety technology in the same direction as increases in the cost reduction in input per hectare. The results indicatedthat high yielding variety innovations applied to Indonesiaâs agricultural sector had a potential positive economicimpact and increased the societyâs economic welfare. All the scenarios simulated for the high yielding shallots varietyincreased the domestic economic surplus. The worst scenario (P8) produced national benefits of Rp. 4.9 billion, whilefor the best scenario (P5), the national benefits were Rp. 631.4 billion. Shallot farmers would gain more profit evenwithout raising the output price, because the technology would increase the marketable yield and lower productioncosts. The extent of adoption of the shallots variety would largely influence the magnitude of the domestic benefitsand depend among other factors on the seed premium farmers had to pay. For the seed grower/company, profits mightincrease with higher seed mark-up under certain conditions, but through lower adoption rates they might also decrease.There was therefore an economic trade-off between the seed mark-up and the adoption rates

Kompatibilitas Minyak Serai dengan Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus untuk Pengendalian Vektor Penyakit Virus Kuning Setiawati, Wiwin; Murtiningsih, Rini
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 21, No 4 (2011): DESEMBER 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Penggunaan insektisida kimia sintetis secara intensif di lapangan dapat mengurangi populasi musuh alami, sehingga mengakibatkan populasi hama meningkat. Bemisia tabaci merupakan salah satu hama penting pada tanaman cabai merah yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan langsung dengan cara menghisap cairan tanaman dan tidak langsung menularkan penyakit virus kuning. Cara pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan merupakan faktor penting dalam menekan kehilangan yang diakibatkan oleh serangan B. tabaci. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas insektisida nabati yang berasal dari minyak serai dengan predator Menochilus sexmaculatus dalam menekan populasi B. tabaci. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran mulai bulan Juni sampai dengan Desember 2009. Penelitian menggunakan metode pencelupan (dipping method)Â untuk kutukebul, film kering (dry film), dan odor effect untuk predator M. sexmaculatus. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan ialah enam konsentrasi minyak serai yaitu 5.000, 4.000, 3.000, 2.000, 1.000, dan 0 ppm sebagai kontrol. Untuk menentukan nilai LC50 dan LT50 digunakan analisis Probit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi minyak serai pada konsentrasi 2.000-5.000 ppm efektif menekan populasi nimfa B. tabaci instar I dan II, sedangkan untuk instar III dan IV pada konsentrasi 3.000-5.000 ppm dengan nilai penekanan sebesar 92-98% bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Nilai LC50 untuk nimfa B. tabaci instar I-IV berturut-turut sebesar 1.266,48, 1.755,81, 2.305,46, dan 2.343,59 ppm.Â Pada konsentrasi 2.000 ppm, LT50 minyak seraiÂ untuk nimfa B. tabaci ialah sekitar 2,95 hari setelah perlakuan. Minyak serai yang aman untuk larva predator M. sexmaculatus ialah pada konsentrasi 1.000 ppm bila diaplikasikan secara kontak dan 1.000-2.000 ppm bila diaplikasikan sebagai odor effect. Minyak serai pada konsentrasi 1.000-5.000 ppm aman terhadap imago M. sexmaculatus. Konsentrasi 2.000 ppm minyak serai merupakan konsentrasi yang sesuai diaplikasikan sebagai insektisida alami untuk pengendalian B. tabaci, aman dan kompatibel denganÂ predator M. sexmaculatus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa minyak serai dan M. sexmaculatus memiliki potensi dalam mengendalikan B. tabaci pada cabai.There is a tendency of diminishingÂ the number of natural enemies caused by utilization of non-selective insecticides that lead to serious consequences for pest population dynamics. Bemisia tabaci is an extremely polyphagous pest that causes direct damage and can act as a viral vector on hot peppers causing yellow virus disease. The activity of natural enemies can be exploited by employing propers conservation and augmentation techniques. Natural enemies might play roles to control ofÂ B. tabaci on hot peppers. The study was conducted in the Laboratory and Screenhouse of IVEGRI from June to December 2009. The objective of this study was to determine compatibility of citronella oil with M. sexmaculatus to control B. tabaci. Dipping methods, dry film, and odor effect were used in this study. Randomized completely block design with six treatments and four replications was used in this study. The treatments were citronella oils at different consentration 5,000, 4,000, 3,000, 2,000, 1,000, and 0 ppm as a control and stages of B. tabaci (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars) and M. sexmaculatus. Probit analysis was used to ditermine LC50 and LT50 value. The results indicated thatÂ citronella oils at concentration of 2,000-5,000 ppm was effective to control nymphs of B. tabaci at 1st and 2nd instar , while 3,000-5,000 ppm for 3rd and 4th instar. The first two nymphal stages were more susceptible to citronella oil compared to the third and fourth nymphal stage. LC50 value for first to fourth nymphal stage was 1,266.48; 1,755.81; 2,305.46, and 2,343.59 ppm respectively. The LT50 occurred at 2.95 days in all instar stages.Â Menochilus sexmaculatusÂ predators wereÂ highly susceptible to the essential oil vapours and the selective toxicity ratio varied depending on the methods and stages. Citronella oil at 1,000-2,000 ppm was compatible with M. sexmaculatus larvae on odor effect and 1,000 ppm on dry film method. Menochilus sexmaculatus adult more tolerant to citronella oil compared to larvae stage at concentration 1,000-5,000 ppm. Concentration 2,000 ppm of citronella oil was the appropriate concentration applied as bioinsecticide for B. tabaci, safety and compatibility for M. sexmaculatus. Based on the study known citronella oil and M. sexmaculatusÂ had potential to be incorporated in controlling B. tabaciÂ on hot peppers.

Pengaruh Tumpangsari Tomat dan Kubis terhadap Perkembangan Hama dan Hasil Subhan, -; Setiawati, Wiwin; Nurtika, Nunung
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 15, No 1 (2005): Maret 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hasil to tal tomat, kubis, serangan OPT, dan nilai kesetaraanlahan (NKL) dalam sistem tumpangsari tomat dan kubis. Tumpangsari yang dicoba adalah tomat monokultur, kubismonokultur, tumpangsari tomat + kubis, tumpangsari tomat + kubis + kubis + tomat, dan tumpangsari tomat + tomat +kubis + tomat + tomat. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah acak kelompok dan ulangan lima kali. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa tumpangsari antara tomat + tomat + kubis + tomat + tomat merupakan kombinasiterbaik dan dapat menekan populasi hama Plutella xylostella sebesar 97% dan Crocilodomia binotalis sebesar 76,2%.Secara kuantitatif produksi tomat maupun kubis yang ditanam sistem ganda (intercropping) lebih tinggi daripadaditanam secara tunggal. Sistem penanaman tomat dan kubis secara tumpangsari memberikan keuntungan karena nilaidari NKL > 1, keuntungan tertinggi diperoleh dari sistem tumpangsari tomat + kubis + kubis + tomat sebesar Rp44.420.000,-/ha.Ef fect of intercropping be tween to mato and cab -bage to pests de vel op ment and yield. The ob jec tives were to eval u ate the to tal yield of to mato, cab bage, and landequiv a lent ra tio in to mato and cab bage intercropping sys tem. Treat ments con sisted of mono cul ture of to mato and cab -bage; intercropping of to mato + cab bage; to mato + cab bage + cab bage + to mato; and to mato + to mato + cab bage + to -mato + to mato. Ran dom ized block de sign with five rep li ca tions was used. The re sult in di cated that intercroppingsys tem of to mato + to mato + cab bage + to mato + to mato was the best com bi na tion to re duce pop u la tion of Plutellaxylostella (97%) and Crocilodomia binotalis (76.2%). Quan ti ta tively, the pro duc tion of to mato and cab bageintercropping sys tem was higher than mono cul ture sys tem. Intercropping sys tem of to mato + cab bage + cab bage +to mato gave the high est profit about Rp. 44.420.000,- per hect are.

Peningkatan Efisiensi Pemupukan NPK dengan Memanfaatkan Bahan Organik terhadap Hasil Tomat Setiawati, Wiwin; Subhan, -; Nurtika, Nunung
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 15, No 2 (2005): Juni 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Cisurupan Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat pada tipe tanah andosol (1.100 m dpl.) pada bulan Juni-Nopember 2002. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pupuk organik dan dosis NPK baik terhadap pertumbuhan maupun hasil tanaman tomat. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan ulangan empat kali. Perlakuan terdiri dari dua faktor. Faktor pertama jenis pupuk NPK dan faktor kedua jenis bahan organik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara jenis pupuk NPK dan pupuk organik. Penambahan pupuk NPK (50 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, dan 75 kg K2O per hektar) dapat meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, dan bobot buah total per petak. Jenis pupuk NPK yang paling efisien terhadap hasil buah tanaman tomat varietas artaloka adalah 50 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, dan 75 kg K2O per hektar.Â Increasing NPK fertilizer efficiency through organic material utilization on yield of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Cisurupan Village, Garut, West Java on andosol soil type (1,100 m asl) from June to November 2002. The objective of the experiment were to study the influence of organic fertilizer and kind of NPK application on the growth and yield of tomato. Factorial formula of randomized block design with four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of first factor of NPK fertilizer and second factor was kinds of manure. In fact the results indicated that there was no interaction effect between application of organic fertilizers and NPK fertilizer on both of the growth and yield of tomato. The NPK (50 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, and 75 kg K2O) fertilizer was able to increase plant height, stem diameter, and total fruit weight per plot. The most efficient NPK fertilizer formulas on artaloka tomato yield per plant and total weight was 50 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, and 75 kg K2O per hectare.

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