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All Journal Jurna lAntropologi Indonesia Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya Humaniora Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Sentris Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara Islam Realitas: Journal of Islamic and Social Studies HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia International Review of Humanities Studies Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities Polit Journal LingLit Journal
Zeffry Alkatiri
Department Of History, Faculty Of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Social Sciences Other

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Interactive Propaganda, Digital Militarism, and the Representation of Muslims in War Video Games Adhitya Maheswara; Zeffry Alkatiri; Agus Setiawan
Islam Realitas: Journal of Islamic and Social Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30983/islam_realitas.v12i1.11100

Abstract

This article examines how digital militarism shapes representations of Muslims, Arabs, and the Middle East in war video games. Using a qualitative approach combining textual, representational, and gameplay analysis, the study examines Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 1 & 2 (2007, 2009), Medal of Honor (2010), and Six Days in Fallujah (2023). Drawing primarily on Stuart Hall’s theory of representation, complemented by concepts of procedural rhetoric and player agency, the analysis focuses on visual environments, character portrayals, narratives, spatial representations, player roles, objectives, and enemy classifications. The findings show that these games reproduce recurring distinctions between legitimate Western military forces and threatening Muslim, Arab, or Middle Eastern actors and spaces, while presenting military intervention as an intelligible response to insecurity and conflict. The study argues that war video games operate as forms of interactive propaganda, in which geopolitical meanings are communicated not only through images and narratives but also through the rules and actions required of players. By conceptualizing interactive propaganda as the incorporation of ideological meanings into playable systems, this study extends existing discussions of Muslim representation beyond visual stereotyping toward the procedural and participatory dimensions of digital militarism
Co-Authors Ade Ariyani Sari Fajarwati Adhitya Maheswara Adrianus L. G. Waworuntu Agus Setiawan Aji Wibowo, FX. Catur Satria Andoni, Yudhi Arju Susanto Aviandy, Mochamad Aziz Rahimy Bahren Umar Siregar Fabianus H Koesoemadinata FX. Catur Satria Aji Wibowo Gani, Fuad Israr, Israr Ivan Luttfy Chateriyan Iwan Gunawan Iwan Gunawan KRESNO YULIANTO Muhammad Gibran Humam Fadlurrahman Muhammad Syafiq Reynaldo de Archellie Rozanna Mulyani Setiawan, Hawe Waworuntu, Adrianus L. G. Waworuntu, Adrianus L. G. Yogi Susatyo