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SKOR POLA PANGAN HARAPAN DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK USIA 0,5 – 12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA Yekti Widodo; Sandjaja Sandjaja; Fitrah Ernawati
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) Vol. 40 No. 2 (2017)
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v40i2.7939.63-75

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesia is still high compared to its neighbouring countries. The causes are quantity and quality of dietary intakes that can be assesed by dietary recall and desirable dietary pattern (DDP) respectively. The objective was to measure DDP and its association with nutritional status of 0,5-12-year-old Indonesian children. Data was obtained from SEANUTS Indonesia's research covering 3.600 children in 48 districts. Trained nutritionists collected food intakes and dietary pattern by 1x24 hour dietary recall. Nutrient intakes and DDP were calculated by food composition tables and 9 food groups respectively. DDP score were categorized into lowest (score <55), low (55-70), medium (71-84), and high (>85). Weight, length/height were measured by digital weight scale and length measuring board/microtoise. World Health Organization (WHO) child standard was used to calculate W/A, H/A, W/H Z-scores. Analysis was done to measure DDP and its association with nutritional status. The result showed that DDP child 0,5-1,9 years was 48,7 point, DDP child 2,0-5,9 years was 54,7 point, DD child 6,0-12,9 years was 48,8 point. The overall DDP was 49,9 point, far below the maximum value 100 point. DDP was higher among older age, urban areas, higher father education, and higher socioeconomic status. The risk of stunted was higher in low DDP (OR = 1,24; 95% CI 1,15-1,732) and underweight (OR = 1,27; 95% CI 1,16-1,38) but no risk for wasted. The conclusion DDP of Indonesian children was still low and it was associated significantly with stunting and underweight. ABSTRAK Prevalensi kekurangan gizi di Indonesia masih tinggi dibandingkan negara tetangga, penyebab adalah kuantitas dan kualitas asupan makanan, yang dapat dinilai dari konsumsinya dalam bentuk kualitas dan keragamannya. Penelitian bertujuan mengukur skor pola pangan harapan (PPH) dan hubungannya dengan status gizi anak usia 0,5-1,6 tahun, 2,0-5,9 tahun, dan 6,0-12,9 tahun di Indonesia. Data diperoleh dari penelitian SEANUTS Indonesia yang mencakup 3.600 anak di 48 kabupaten. Data asupan makanan dikumpulkan dengan cara recall 1x24 jam oleh ahli gizi yang terlatih. Asupan zat gizi dihitung menurut tabel komposisi bahan makanan dan skor PPH berdasarkan sembilan kelompok bahan makanan. Skor PPH dikategorikan sangat rendah (< 55), rendah (55-70), cukup (71-84), dan tinggi (>85). Berat badan diukur dengan timbangan digital dan panjang atau tinggi badan diukur dengan papan panjang badan atau microtoise. Status gizi anak dinilai berdasarkan Z-score indeks BB/U, TB/U BB/TB standar WHO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor PPH konsumsi anak umur 0,5-1,9 tahun adalah 48,7, umur 2,0-5,9 tahun 54,7, dan umur 6,0-12,9 tahun 48,8. Secara keseluruhan skor PPH anak umur 0,5-12,9 tahun hanya 49,9 masih jauh di bawah skor ideal (100). Skor PPH cenderung lebih tinggi pada anak yang tinggal di perkotaan, tingkat pendidikan ibu lebih tinggi, dan status sosial ekonomi lebih tinggi. Anak dengan skor PPH rendah mempunyai risiko mengalami stunting dengan OR = 1,24; 95% CI 1,15-1,32 dan mengalami underweight dengan OR = 1,27; 95% CI 1,16-1,38, tetapi tidak menunjukkan berisiko wasting. Dimpulankan bahwa skor PPH anak Indonesia masih rendah dan berhubungan nyata dengan risiko stunting dan underweight.

PERUBAHAN POLA KONSUMSI PANGAN KELUARGA PADA SEBELUM DAN SEWAKTU KRISIS EKONOMI Yayah K. Husaini; Yekti Widodo; Agus Triwinarto; Salimar Salimar
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) JILID 23 (2000)
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v0i0.1488.

CHANGES OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERN BEFORE AND DURING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS.Background: It is generally agreed that the economic crisis has an impact on food insecurity and malnutrition. People's ability to secure an adequate diet during the crisis in Indonesia would have been declined, however, data are not adequately available.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude of the impact of the crisis on household food consumption in three rural areas: Cianjur (West Java), South Lampung (Lampung) and Tanah Datar (West Sumatera).Method: The study on food consumption had been conducted in 1993/1994 (before crisis), and a similar study was repeated in 1999 during the peak of the crisis in the same areas. A total of 346 households in the three areas were surveyed. The food consumption was recorded using a 24- hour method; knowledge and attitudes on foods were collected by interview. Information on socio-cultural and tradition surrounding foods use were also gathered. The consumption of foods as part of the five groups (staples, plant and animal protein resources, vegetables, fruits, and milk) were examined, and ranked their frequencies of consumption and their contribution to each food groups. This would allow us to make comparison on household consumption patterns in the three different areas at before and during the peak of the crisis.Results: Rice was eaten two or three times a day and there was no significant changes in the frequency of consumption of rice during the crisis. Noodes and flours were eaten less frequent, but com and cassava were increased during the crisis. Although during the crisis there was a decrease in the consumption of meat, but not the case for fresh fish, salted fish, eggs, tofu and tempeh. People's have had switched the consumption pattern more on less expensive foods. People's in Tanah Datar (West Sumatera) was apparently better in coping mechanism as the response to the crisis than the other two areas. In Tanah Datar, diet was likely more diversified, perhaps even better than the situation at before crisis.Conclusions: The results suggest that the effects of the economc crisis on household food consumption were varied, depend on the nature (land) and environment, level of education, pattern of employment and socio-cultural in each areas.Key Words: economic crisis, consumption pattern, diet, coping mechanism

STRATEGI BARU PENYULUHAN GIZI-KESEHATAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERILAKU SEHAT IBU SELAMA HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI Jajah K. Husaini; Yekti Widodo; Salimar Salimar
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) JILID 24 (2001)
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v0i0.1501.

A New Strategy of Nutrition Education In Improving Health Behaviour of Pregnant and Lactating Women.Background: The new health paradigm of the year 2010 is emphasizing on preventive and promotive measures through the improvement of health behavior of the population. On the same time, the economic crisis has worsened the nutritional status, particularly for pregnant and lactating women, leading to increase of malnutrition and mortality among infants and women. Programs in improving health behavior, particularly in many nutrition programs, have poorly designed and poorly implemented at grass root levels and therefore may not assess nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice prroperty, with the consequence that the results may have little meanings.Objective: The aim of the study was to examine model of empowering pregnant and lactating women through, the improvement of heatlh and nutriton behavior by using the method of Women's Contact. Women's Contact or Kontak Ibu was a trained person who always give services to pregnant and lactating women, including midwives, traditional birth attendants, community volunteers, such as ceders, etc.Methods: The study areas were located in Bogor and Tangerang Districts. In the treatment group areas 21 Kontak Ibu were trained for 2 days in improving their skills in nutrition and heatlh education and supervised. In the control group areas 20 Kontak Ibu were trained for 1 day and Without supervised during the 4 months of intervention period. The material of nutrition and heatlh education developed by the previous study, was provided for all Kontak Ibu. In the treatment area 80 women (40 pregnant and 40 lactating) received the services given by Kontak Ibu. The same number and proportion of women also received the services in control areas.Results: The performance of Kontak Ibu in the treatment areas generally better than in the control areas in term of the frequency of giving education, number of women receiving services, referral forms completed, and number of targeted women visited. The women who improved their practices in solving the problem of morning sickness and low appetite for pregnant women, and problem of eating and diarrhea for infants were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the treatment than in the control group. Other practices, such as solving problem of headache, edema, vances. fever, etc. were improved in both groups.Conclusion: It is found in both group the new service strategy using method of Kontak Ibu changed several behaviors among women in communites. The changes in the experiment group were more remarkable than in the control group.Suggestion: The strategies of Kontak Ibu services changed behavior of both the service providers ard the women seeking services. It is therefore likely that application of the model Kontak Ibu services could be implemented in the existing nutrition improvement programs.Key words: nutrition education, behavior, pregnant and lactating women, women's contract

STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRAKTIK PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF Yekti Widodo; Heryudarini Harahap; Sri Muljati; Agus Triwinarto
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) Vol. 26 No. 1 (2003)
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v26i1.1428.

STRATEGY TO IMPROVEMENT EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING COVERAGEBackground: Exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia not yet gratified, ranging from 3,6% up to 27,5%. Therefore require to be developed a promotion strategy to motivate the exclusive breastfeeding, by entangling target of besides mother with given by a complete information about exclusive breastfeeding. Objectlves: Knowing exclusive breastfeeding promotion impact to coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This research represent the research observational, with kohort design. Sampel research is all pregnancy women which old age its pregnancy have entered the third trimester. All sampel research given the counselling with interpersonal communication and non-formal condition and also the discussion with husband, parent, grandmother. At this research the strategy counselling to motivate the exclusive breastfeeding by giving information about exclusive breastfeeding, creating condition and environment supporting, improving husband involvement, other family member, traditional birth attendant, cadre, and rural midwife (bidan di desa) and also lessen the negative consequence, like busy, baby rewel, and insufficient breastfeeding. Counselling conducted by special worker which have been trained, since the pregnant women in third trimester until the baby 4 month ages. Results: Total sampel in this research is 221 all family have been given the motivation for the pracllcaly of exclusive breastfeeding. From 221 sampel gave the motivation 110 sampel (49,8%) earning given exclusive breastfeeding during 4 month, while 111 sampel (50,2%) cannot given exclusive breastfeeding because some reason among other things: husband, arent, and or parent in law not support, feel too busy, child need the practice eat, fear later child become difficult eat. This applying counselling strategy can motivate the mother to give the exclusive breastfeeding during 4 month reach 49,8%. This matter indicate that this strategy is good enough to increase exclusive breastfeeding coverage. Conclusions: Counselling strategy with infonnal communications and while non-formal condition and given the complete information and also to combining discussion with the counselling target, is good enough to motivate and look after the exclusive breastfeeding gift behavior. Recommendations: Applying of strategy counselling in order to exclusive breastfeeding promotion need the commitment all of health worker to support and also have to entangle the husband, parent, parent in law, and traditional birth attendant as counselling target. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, counselling exclusive, breastfeeding improvement

PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM REHABILITASI ANAK BALITA KURANG GIZI MELALUI ‘PROGRAM EDUKASI DAN REHABILITASI GIZI’ (PERGIZI) (COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN REHABILITATION OF MALNUTRITION UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN THROUGH THE ‘NUTRITION EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION Yekti Widodo; Sri Muljati; salimar Salimar
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) Vol. 35 No. 2 (2012)
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v35i2.3382.136-149

ABSTRACT Improving severe and moderate malnourished children should be implemented in a comprehensive program, as integration, sustainable, public private partnership through community empowerment. To know increase community participation in malnutrition children rehabilitation through Nutrition Education and Rehabilitation Program (PERGIZI). PERGIZI's intervention involves: health dan nutrition education, food supplementation (mothers cooked and gave their children eat together), health examination, medicinal therapy, micronutrient, and community participation. Community participation measured through energy, foodstuff or money contribution and engaged active in planning, management, monitoring, and give solution to performing PERGIZI. Intervention is done with by mother, cadre, and Puskesmas's health staff, up to 24 weeks, with activity frequency as much 30 times. Community participation in PERGIZI's management high enough, appear from present mother, cadre, and society leaders in rural community deliberation to planning activity and makes deal. Community participation up to observable performing in collaboration among mother with cadre and contribution as energy and money from mother. Nutritional status improved target PERGIZI makes a abode can keep despite ‘help’ is discontinued. That thing points out to mark sense mother skill and ability improving in nurses and feed child and empowerment effort begin to give positive result. PERGIZI can help to improving child nutritional status and increases optimalisasi tacling program success malnutrition children. Keywords: PERGIZI, community participation, malnutrition under-five children ABSTRAK Program penanggulangan anak balita gizi buruk dan gizi kurang harus dilakukan secara terpadu, berkelanjutan, bersinergi, melibatkan lintas program, serta berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam penanggulangan anak balita gizi buruk dan gizi kurang melalui ‘Program Edukasi dan Rehabilitasi Gizi’ (PERGIZI). Intervensi PERGIZI meliputi: edukasi gizi dan kesehatan, pemberian makanan tambahan (PMT) berupa nasi, lauk dan sayur yang dimasak dan dimakan bersama, pemeriksaan kesehatan dan pengobatan, pemberian sirop suplemen mineral zinc, serta penumbuhan partisipasi masyarakat. Partisipasi ibu balita serta masyarakat diukur melalui kontribusi tenaga, bahan makanan atau uang serta secara aktif terlibat dalam perencanaan, penyelenggaraan, pemantauan, dan pemecahan masalah selama pelaksanaan PERGIZI. Intervensi dilaksanakan bersama oleh ibu balita, kader, dan petugas kesehatan Puskesmas setempat selama 24 minggu, dengan frekuensi kegiatan sebanyak 30 kali. Partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan PERGIZI cukup tinggi, yang tampak dari kehadiran ibu balita, kader, dan tokoh masyarakat dalam musyawarah masyarakat desa untuk merencanakan kegiatan dan membuat kesepakatan. Partisipasi masyarakat selama pelaksanaan tampak dalam kerja sama antara ibu balita dengan kader serta kontribusi berupa tenaga dan uang dari ibu balita. Peningkatan status gizi anak balita tetap dapat dipertahankan meskipun ‘bantuan’ mulai dihentikan. Hal tersebut menunjukkan adanya peningkatan keterampilan dan kemampuan ibu dalam merawat anak balita dan memberinya makanan serta upaya pemberdayaan mulai memberikan hasil positif. PERGIZI dapat membantu menanggulangi anak balita gizi kurang dan gizi buruk dan meningkatkan optimalisasi keberhasilan program penanggulangan anak balita gizi buruk dan gizi kurang. [Penel Gizi Makan 2012, 35(2): 136-149] Kata kunci: PERGIZI, partisipasi masyarakat, anak balita gizi kurang, anak balita gizi buruk

SOSIODEMOGRAFI STUNTING PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA Sudikno sudikno; Yekti Widodo; Irlina Raswanti Irawan; Doddy Izwardy; Vivi Setiawaty; Budi Setyawati; Yunita Diana Sari; Dyah Santi Puspitasari; Feri Ahmadi; Rika Rachmawati; Amalia Safitri; Nurilah Amaliah; Prisca Petty Arfines; Bunga Christitha Rosha; Aditianti Aditianti; Elisa Diana Julianti; Joko Pambudi; Nuzuliyati Nurhidayati; Febriani Febriani
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) Vol. 44 No. 2 (2021): PGM VOL 44 NO 2 TAHUN 2021
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v44i2.4953

ABSTRACT The problem of stunting in children under five (0-59 months) is still a public health problem, especially in developing countries. This study aims to measure the prevalence of stunting and determine its sociodemography risk factors in Indonesia. This study was a nationwide survey in 514 districts consisting of 32,000 census blocks (320,000 households). The study design was cross-sectional. The population of this study was all families of children under five in all districts in Indonesia. The sample was households with children under five which were visited by Susenas (National Sociodemographic Survey) in March 2019. The data collected were the length/height of children under-five of age, gender, age (months), region (rural and urban), all provinces which were divided into 7 regions. (Java-Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Papua), and diarrhea. The results showed that the prevalence of stunting in children under five (0-59 months) was 27.6 percent. Multivariate regression analysis showed that children 12 month old and older, living in rural areas (AOR=1,444; 95% CI: 1,442-1,447), in the Nusa Tenggara region (AOR=1,874; 95% CI: 1,866-1,882), and suffering from diarrhea (AOR=1,409; 95%CI: 1,401-1,417) were more at risk of becoming stunted. ABSTRAK Masalah stunting pada balita (0-59 bulan) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat terutama di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi stunting dan faktor risiko stunting menurut sosiodemografi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan survei nasional di 514 kabupaten/kota yang terdiri dari 32.000 blok sensus (320.000 rumah tangga). Desain penelitian adalah cross-sectional. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah semua keluarga balita yang ada di seluruh kabupaten/ kota di Indonesia. Sampel adalah rumah tangga yang memiliki balita yang dikunjungi oleh Susenas Maret 2019. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah panjang/tinggi badan balita, jenis kelamin, umur (bulan), wilayah (perdesaan dan perkotaan), provinsi yang dibagi dalam 7 wilayah (Jawa bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Papua), dan penyakit diare pada balita. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi stunting pada balita (0-59 bulan) sebesar 27,6 persen. Analisis regresi multivariate menunjukkan bahwa balita yang berumur lebih dari 11 bulan, tinggal di perdesaan (AOR=1,444; 95% CI: 1,442-1,447), wilayah Nusa Tenggara (AOR=1,874; 95% CI: 1,866-1,882) dan yang menderita diare (AOR=1,409; 95%CI: 1,401-1,417) lebih berisiko untuk menjadi stunting. [Penel Gizi Makan 2021, 44(1):71-78]

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK KELUARGA DAN STATUS GIZI ANAK DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH DI KOTA BOGOR Dwi Anggraeni Puspitasari; Lilik Kustiyah; Cesilia Meti Dwiriani; Yekti Widodo
Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) Vol. 44 No. 2 (2021): PGM VOL 44 NO 2 TAHUN 2021
Publisher : Persagi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/pgm.v44i2.5520

ABSTRACT The incidence of stunting and delays in cognitive abilities is a problem that still occurs in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of family characteristics and subject characteristics on cognitive abilities in preschool children in the city of Bogor. This study uses a case-control design on some of the data from the Child Development Cohort (TKA) study located in the city of Bogor. The case group is preschool children with delayed cognitive development and the control group is preschool children with normal cognitive development. The number of subjects in this study was 84 children, consisting of 42 children in the case group and 42 children in the control group. The variables analyzed included family characteristics (parental education, parental occupation, and family size), subject characteristics (gender, anthropometry at birth, nutritional status at birth), health status, and the parenting environment, and children's cognitive development. The results of the analysis show that the increase in height of children 0-4 years has an effect on the cognitive development of preschool children. Children with height gain that is not in accordance with WHO standards are at risk of 4.1 times experiencing delayed cognitive development. In an effort to increase the growth and cognitive development of children, access to education and the provision of a good nurturing environment must be increased. Fulfilling the nutritional needs of preschool children that are appropriate so that children's height growth is optimal and providing good psychosocial parenting can optimize their cognitive development. In addition, the provision of stimulation according to the child's age is needed to support more optimal growth and development of children. ABSTRAK Kejadian stunting dan keterlambatan kemampuan kognitif merupakan masalah yang masih terjadi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik keluarga dan karakteristik subjek terhadap kemampuan kognitif pada anak usia prasekolah di Kota Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol pada sebagian data studi Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak (TKA) yang berlokasi di Kota Bogor. Kelompok kasus adalah anak prasekolah yang mengalami gangguan perkembangan kognitif terlambat dan kelompok kontrol yakni anak prasekolah dengan perkembangan kognitif normal. Jumlah subjek pada penelitian ini adalah 84 anak terdiri dari kelompok kasus 42 anak dan kelompok kontrol 42 anak. Variabel yang dianalisis meliputi karakteristik keluarga (pendidikan orangtua, pekerjaan orangtua, dan besar keluarga), karakteristik subjek (jenis kelamin, antropometeri saat lahir, status gizi saat lahir) status kesehatan, dan lingkungan pengasuhan, dan perkembangan kognitif anak. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pertambahan tinggi badan anak 0-4 tahun berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak prasekolah. Anak dengan pertambahan tinggi yang tidak sesuai dengan standar WHO berisiko 4,1 kali mengalami perkembanan kognitif yang terlambat. Sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kogntiif anak maka akses terhadap pendidikan dan pemberian lingkungan pengasuhan yang baik harus ditingkatkan. Pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi anak prasekolah yang sesuai agar pertumbuhan tinggi badan anak optimal dan dengan pemberian pola asuh psikososial yang baik dapat mengoptimalkan perkembangan kognitifnya. Selain itu, pemberian stimulasi yang sesuai dengan usia anak diperlukan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak yang lebih optimal. [Penel Gizi Makan 2021, 44(2):105-113]

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