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Journal : Science and Technology Indonesia

Relation Between the First Zagreb and Greatest Common Divisor Degree Energies of Commuting Graph for Dihedral Groups Romdhini, Mamika Ujianita; Nawawi, Athirah
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.1-8

Abstract

The commuting graph for a finite group G, ΓG, has a set of vertices G \ Z(G), where Z(G) is the center of G, and vp,vq ∈ G \ Z(G) in which vp ≠ vq , are adjacent whenever vpvq = vqvp. The entries of the first Zagreb matrix (Z1) of ΓG are either the summation of the degrees of two adjacent vertices, or zero for non-adjacent vertices and also for the diagonal entries. Meanwhile, the entries of the greatest common divisor degree matrix (GCDD) of ΓG are the greatest common divisor of the degrees of two adjacent vertices and zero otherwise. The Z1-energy is determined by the sum of absolute eigenvalues of the corresponding Z1-matrix, whereas GCDD-energy is the sum of absolute eigenvalues of the GCDD-matrix. In this study, we find the spectral radius and the energies of ΓG for dihedral groups of order 2n, D2n, associated with Z1- and GCDD-matrices. It is found that Z1-energy is equal to twice GCDD-energy, whereas GCDD-energy is similar to maximum and minimum degree energies that were reported earlier in previous literature.
Transmission-Based Energies of Prime Coprime Graph for Integers Modulo Group Romdhini, Mamika Ujianita; Abdurahim; Maharani, Andika Ellena Saufika Hakim; Kamali, Siti Raudhatul
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.3.759-765

Abstract

Graphs are an excellent instrument that provides an algebraic structure for visualizing and interpreting molecule structures and characteristics. As a result, the problem statement arises regarding how we can interpret graphs with eigenvalues concerning their corresponding matrices. Such questions can be answered by studying spectral graph theory. This research focuses on graphs whose vertex sets are group elements in which the structure of ℤn groups and the definition of a prime coprime graph serve as the foundation for the graph building used in this study. The matrix construction of the graph is based on transmission-based matrices including Weiner-Hosoya and distance signless Laplacian matrices. Research methods include investigating the transmission properties and formulation of the characteristic equation using block matrices. The results obtained are a comprehensive analysis of eigenvalues, spectrum, and spectral radius leading to the prime coprime graph energy for ℤn groups corresponding to both matrices.
Delta Degree-Based Indices of Prime Coprime Graph for Integers Modulo Group Abdurahim; Romdhini, Mamika Ujianita; Qudsi, Jihadil; Al-Sharqi, Faisal; Rodzi, Zahari Md.
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.10-18

Abstract

Research on prime coprime graphs of finite groups has largely focused on structural properties, spectra, and classical topological indices, with limited attention given to delta degree-based indices. To address this gap, this study investigates delta degree-based topological indices of the prime coprime graph constructed on the group of integers modulo n, Zn. In this graph, the vertices correspond to the elements of Zn, and two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if the greatest common divisor of their orders is either 1 or a prime number. In the present work, the focus lies on computing and analyzing several delta degree-based topological indices that are obtained by incorporating the concept of delta degree into classical topological indices, including the delta first Zagreb index, the delta second Zagreb index, the delta hyper Zagreb index, and the delta forgotten index. The methodology involves deriving formulas for these delta-based indices for various values of n, supported by systematic computations and data tabulation. Beyond purely algebraic computation, statistical tools are employed to investigate the relationships between different indices. In particular, a comparative distribution analysis is conducted to determine whether pairs of indices exhibit similar patterns of variability using the Levene test.