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Implementasi Pretreatment Ekstraksi Lipid untuk Produksi Biodiesel Nannochloropsis sp. yang Dikultivasi dalam Media Limbah Budidaya Vaname Rusydi, Rachmawati; Alfaini, Momika; Ayuzar, Eva; Hartami, Prama; Salamah, Salamah; Muliani, Muliani; Khalil, Munawwar; Febri, Suri Purnama
Jurnal Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika Vol 8 No 1 (2024): Jurnal Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika
Publisher : Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Samudra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33059/jisa.v8i1.10831

Abstract

Nannochloropsis sp. is the green colored microalgae with its round shape of cell. This microalgae has lipids of 28,7% by dry weight, especially unsaturated fatty acids which can be transesterified to produce methyl ester and be a potential as biodiesel feedstock. The content of biodiesel Nannochloropsis sp. reaches 80% of dry weight and has the sama characteristics as vegetable oil. In the lipid extraction process many problems were found, one of which was the cell wall of Nannochloropsis sp. which prevents the lipid from being extracted. This research was carried out on 10 December 2022-28 February 2023 at the Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Laboratory aquaculture study program, faculty of agrigulture, Malikussaleh University, Chemical Technology Laboratory at Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic and at The Environmental Quality Testing Engineering Laboratory At Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. This study used a laboratory experimental method using a Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A Control, treatment B Heating, treatment C Osmotic shock and treatment D Homogenizer. Based on statistical analysis of the F test (ANOVA) showed that the percentage of lipid from the application of pretreatment gave significantly different resulst to the percentage of lipid from the application of pretreatment. The highest lipid was found in treatment B which was 21,14% and the lowest lipid was in treatment C which was 12,51%. The highest lipid producer from the application of pretreatment is using the heating method. Biodiesel is obtained through a tranesterification process using methanol as a solvent and KOH catalyst.
Characteristics Nesting Ground of Turtle (Lepidochelys olivaceae) in Gampong Gelumpang Sulu Timur Dewantara Sub-district, North Aceh Regency Muliani, Muliani; Erlangga, Erlangga; Mutia, Mutia; Ayuzar, Eva; Mahdaliana, Mahdaliana
JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS Vol 8, No 2: Jurnal Pembelajaran Dan Biologi Nukleus Juli 2022
Publisher : Universitas Labuhanbatu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36987/jpbn.v8i2.2547

Abstract

One of the reptiles whose natural habitat is in the sea and has the ability to migrate very far is the turtle. Threats that endanger the turtle population, both directly and indirectly, come from natural sources and from human activities. The factors that influence turtle nesting ground were predators, sand grain size, substrate humidity, substrate temperature, beach width, coastal vegetation and beach slope. Humans as one of the predators of the availability of turtles in nature by taking turtle eggs. The aim of the study was to determine the nesting habitat characteristics of the Lekang turtle (Lepidochelys Olivaceae) in the coastal area of Gampong Geulumpang, East Sulu, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency. This research was carried out in November 2021, which took place on the coast of the village of Gelumpang, East Sulu, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency. In this study, observational data collection and biophysical measurements were set at 3 stations. Station 1 (Dusun Cot U Sibak), station 2 (Dusun Pasie Kuala), and station 3 (Dusun Teupin). The distance between stations in this study was ± 2 km. Data analysis was carried out by weight body and scoring methods. Based on the results of data analysis from three observation stations at turtle nesting locations from several parameters such as beach slope is 4.5-9.3%, beach width is 10.20 -22 meters, the sand temperature is 29-32 0C, humidity is 21-28%, the size of the sand grains is 0.15322-0.31601 mm, while the coastal vegetation is 16.7-49.4%, it is concluded that the three observation stations are in the very suitable category for turtle nesting locations
Implementation of Pretreatment in Lipid Extraction to Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis sp Cultivated in Vannamei Farming Wastewater Rusydi, Rachmawati; Alfaini, Momika; Ayuzar, Eva; Hartami, Prama; Salamah, Salamah; Muliani, Muliani; Khalil, Munawwar; Febri, Suri Purnama
Jurnal Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika Vol 8 No 1 (2024): Jurnal Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika
Publisher : Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Samudra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33059/jisa.v8i1.10905

Abstract

Nannochloropsis sp. is the green colored microalgae with its round shape of cell. This microalgae has lipids of 28,7% by dry weight, especially unsaturated fatty acids which can be transesterified to produce methyl ester and be a potential as biodiesel feedstock. The content of biodiesel Nannochloropsis sp. reaches 80% of dry weight and has the sama characteristics as vegetable oil. In the lipid extraction process many problems were found, one of which was the cell wall of Nannochloropsis sp. which prevents the lipid from being extracted. This research was carried out on 10 December 2022-28 February 2023 at the Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Laboratory aquaculture study program, faculty of agrigulture, Malikussaleh University, Chemical Technology Laboratory at Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic and at The Environmental Quality Testing Engineering Laboratory At Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. This study used a laboratory experimental method using a Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A Control, treatment B Heating, treatment C Osmotic shock, and treatment D Homogenizer. Based on statistical analysis of the F test (ANOVA) showed that the percentage of lipid from the application of pretreatment gave significantly different resulst to the percentage of lipid from the application of pretreatment. The highest lipid was found in treatment B which was 21,14% and the lowest lipid was in treatment C which was 12,51%. The highest lipid producer from the application of pretreatment is using the heating method. Biodiesel is obtained through a tranesterification process using methanol as a solvent and KOH catalyst.
FOOD SECURITY UNDERSTANDING COLLABORATION AT MEURAH MULIA POLICE STATION, NORTH ACEH DISTRICT Nugrahawati, Anis; Yanto, Nopri; Sari, Cut Rozana; Muktitama, Asih Makarti; Ayuzar, Eva; Rinaldi, Rinaldi
ABDIMU: Jurnal Pengabdian Muhammadiyah Vol 3, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37598/abdimu.v3i1.1972

Abstract

Ketersediaan pangan sangat penting bagi kelangsungan hidup manusia. Masalah ketahanan, kedaulatan, dan kemandirian pangan terkait aspek kedaulatan pangan, Indonesia sejatinya telah memiliki kedaulatan pangan yang kuat. Hanya saja, masih lemah pada aspek kemandirian pangan dan ketahanan pangan. Kemandirian pangan dalam rumah tangga dapat terwujud apabila dimanfaatkannya lahan pekarangan rumah. Melalui pendampingan pemahaman ketahanan pangan di wilayah  Polsek  Meurah mulia, diharapkan  dapat bermanfaat sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan keluarga, pengalaman diperoleh masyarakat baik dalam aspek ilmu dan bahan pangan yang bernilai gizi dan ekonomi tinggi. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produktifitas dan pemanfaatan lahan pekarang Polsek meurah Muliah dengan salah satu tanaman pangan yaitu tanaman brokoli. Kegiatan pengabdian dilakukan di lingkungan Polsek Meurah Muliah pada bulan Januari 2023. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan secara langsung di lingkungan Polsek Meurah Mulia Kabupaten Aceh Utara. kolaborasi pemahaman ketahanan pangan telah terlaksana dengan baik, lancar dan terstruktur. Kegiatan pengabdian ini terdiri dari dua tahapan kegiatan yaitu pemaparan materi dan praktek langsung di lahan pekarangan. Peserta  sangat  antusias  dan  berperan  aktif  ketika  mengikuti  seluruh  rangkaian kegiatan pengabdian
DATA PROCESSING TRAINING USING MICROSOFT EXCEL FOR STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, MALIKUSSALEH UNIVERSITY Rusydi, Rachmawati; Mainisa, Mainisa; Mahdaliana, Mahdaliana; Hatta, Muhammad; Ayuzar, Eva; Salamah, Salamah
ABDIMU: Jurnal Pengabdian Muhammadiyah Vol 3, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37598/abdimu.v3i2.1711

Abstract

Data processing is part of the statistics used for drawing conclusions on the data analyzed using various statistical softwares. One of the softwares for simple data processing is Microsoft Excel. However, the use of Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis by students of the Agriculture Faculty, Malikussaleh University is not optimal compared to some other software. The purpose of this training activity is to provide data processing knowledge and skills to students of the Agriculture Faculty, Malikussaleh University using Microsoft Excel on data analysis. The community service activities were carried out at the Statistics Laboratory of the Agriculture Faculty, Malikussaleh University in March 2023. The method applied was training on data analysis through data analysis microsoft excel. Evaluation of community service activities was carried out through a survey using an online questionnaire on the Google form. Data processing training activities using Microsoft Excel for students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University provided increased knowledge and skills. Students assessed that the use of Microsoft Excel in data processing was important and necessary in addition to other software. Furthermore, the training activities were considered very good, in terms of delivery, materials, and discussion time.  Keywords: Data Processing; Microsoft Excel, Student, Agriculture
KARAKTERISASI LIPID HASIL KULTIVASI MASSAL Spirulina sp. DALAM MEDIA LIMBAH BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) Putri, Ricke Diana; Rusydi, Rachmawati; Ayuzar, Eva; Patmawati, Patmawati; Andriyono, Sapto
Journal of Aquatropica Asia Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Journal of Aquatropica Asia
Publisher : Program Studi Akuakultur, Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/qj9xrt11

Abstract

Microalgae is one of the microorganisms that has the potential as raw material in the development of research and technology to produce vegetable oil. Microalgae Spirulina sp. is a microalgae that has the potential to be used as a raw material for biodiesel, which has a fairly high lipid content when compared to other microalgae. However, to produce enough Spirulina sp. biomass, it is necessary to optimize the culture media.  One of the organic materials that can be used as Spirulina sp. culture media is vaname shrimp farming waste (Litopenaeus vannamei). This study aims to utilize vaname shrimp farming waste to minimize costs in mass-scale microalgae cultivation for daily lipid evaluation and biodiesel production. The method used in this study was laboratory experimental method, where observation and primary data collection were conducted on a mass scale. Based on the research results, the highest daily cultivation dry biomass of Spirulina sp. was found on day 4 (four) with a value of 2.29gr/L with a biomass percentage of 7.24%. The highest lipid extracted using soxhlet was on day 4 (four) with a lipid percentage value of 3.73% with a lipid percentage of 0.84% and the highest lipid productivity was also found on day 4 (four) with a value of 0.0854 gr/L. Mass cultivation biomass of Spirulina sp. obtained wet biomass of 13,760 g and dry biomass of 3,220 g. Lipid yield of Spirulina sp. in mass cultivation obtained a weight value of 163.74 g with a percentage of 5.09%. Biodiesel yield of Spirulina sp. in mass cultivation amounted to 101.225 g with a percentage of 61.82%. The quality of Spirulina sp. biodiesel consisted of 4 highest chemical compounds, namely Heptadecane (CAS) n-Heptadecane 41.35%, Hexadecanoid acid, methyl ester 13.03%, Isoppropyl Linoleate 8.91%, and 9,12-Octadecanoid acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 6.88%.
Pengaruh penambahan bahan pengencer sperma terhadap fertilitas spermatozoa ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) Hartami, Prama; Nur, Muhammad; Ayuzar, Eva
Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, Vol. 1: No. 1 (October, 2014)
Publisher : Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/aa.v1i1.298

Abstract

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 9 hari yang bertempat di Laboratorium Hatcheri dan Teknologi Budidaya Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh Utara,Propinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatahui pengaruh penambahan bahan pengencer sperma terhadap fertilitas spermatozoa ikan lele dumbo dan memperoleh jenis bahan pengencer yang terbaik dalam pemijahan ikan lele dumbo. Penelitian ini di gunakan metode eksperimen laboratorium yang di gunakan pola rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dengan 4 perlakuan 3 ulangan. Bahan uji yang digunakan adalah spermatozoa ikan lele dumbo, Ovaprim, Akuadest, Susu steril, Air kelapa muda, Larutan Infus/ NaCl. Parameter yang di ukur ialah daya fertilitas telur, derajat penetasan telur, kelangsungan hidup benih. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Aquades sebagai pengencer merupakan bahan yang terbaik dimana fertilitas didapatkan sebesar 98.33 %, derajat penetasan telur sebesar 77.28 %, tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva sebesar 93.44 %. Hasil uji analisis statistik untuk semua parameter uji menunjukkan F hitung > dari F Tabel untuk perlakuan Aquades sebagai bahan pengencer. Sementara itu, hasil pengukuran parameter kualitas air seperti suhu 26,07 - 28,15 0C dan pH air 8,67 - 8,95.This research was done for 9 days in Laboratory of Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Malikussaleh University, North Aceh, Aceh Province. The aim of this research was to know effect of different sperm solutions for effectiveness fertilization rate of Clarias gariepinus. This research used non factorial completely randomized treatment with three replications on each treatments that using aquadest, natural milk, coconut water and NaCl fisiologis as the sperm solutions. The test observed in this research was fertilization rate, hatching rate, and survival rate. Result showed us that the used of aquadest as the sperm solutions got the best goals which was 98,33 % for ferlilization rate, 77,28 % for hatching rate, and 93,44 % for survival rate. Based on statistical analyze also showed that f count > f table in 99.99 % level of trust for the first treatment with value 29.417 > 7.59. Meanwhile the water quality value that measurable during this research was 26.07 - 28.15 0C and 8.67 - 8.95 for pH.
Pengaruh pemberian pupuk buatan yang berbeda terhadap kelimpahan Azolla sp. Rosdiana, Rosdiana; Ayuzar, Eva; Zulfikar, Zulfikar
Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, Vol. 4: No. 1 (April, 2017)
Publisher : Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/aa.v4i1.321

Abstract

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan Januari- Febuari 2016 di Laboratorium Hatchery dan Teknologi Budidaya Program Studi Budidaya Perairan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Malikussaleh. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dengan 5 perlakuan 3 kali ulangan A tanpa pupuk (kontrol) ; perlakuan B kultur Azolla sp dengan pupuk NPK 1gr/3 liter ; perlakuan C kultur Azolla sp dengan Pupuk TSP 1gr/3liter; perlakuan D kultur Azolla sp dengan Campuran (Urea, TSP dan NPK) 1gr/3liter dan perlakuan E Kultur Azolla sp dengan Pupuk Urea 1gr/3liter. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian ini  adalah kepadatan populasi Azolla sp dan parameter kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian dosis pupuk yang berbeda memberi pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan biomassa tanaman Azolla sp dimana Fhitung > Ftabel. Pupuk yang paling baik digunakan dalam kultur tanaman Azolla sp yaitu pupuk TSP, dimana dengan dosis 1 gr/3L air dapat memberi pertumbuhan yang tinggi dan perkembangan yang baik untuk tanaman Azolla sp.The research was conducted in January-February 2016 at Hatchery and Technology Laboratory Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University. The method used in this study was completely randomized design (CRD) non factorial with 5 treatments 3 replications A without fertilizer (control); treatment B culture Azolla sp with NPK 1 g / 3 liter; culture Azolla sp C treatment with TSP1 fertilizer gr / 3 liter; Azolla sp treatment D culture with a mixture (Urea, TSP and NPK) 1 g / 3 liter and treatment E culture Azolla sp with Urea 1 g / 3 liter. The parameters observed in this study was the population density of Azolla sp, Azolla sp biomass and water quality parameters. The results showed fertilizered. with different dosages to influence the growth and biomass of Azolla sp plant where Fcount > F table. Fertilizer is best used in the culture of Azolla sp namely TSP fertilizer plant, where a dose of 1 g /3 L of water can give higher growth and good development for Azolla sp plant.
Efektifitas bubuk rumput laut merah (Gracillaria sp) sebagai imunostimulan terhadap infeksi bakteri streptococcus iniae pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) Amanda, Cut Sofia; Ayuzar, Eva
Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, Vol. 3: No. 2 (October, 2016)
Publisher : Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/aa.v3i2.328

Abstract

Usaha budidaya ikan lele dumbo memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi karena merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil perikanan yang potensial untuk diekspor. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan Mei hingga Bulan Juni 2015 dan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Syiah Kuala, Laboratorium Akuatik Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Syiah Kuala dan laboratorium Mikrobiologi BBI Ujong Batee Aceh Besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas bubuk rumput laut merah (Gracillaria sp) sebagai imunostimulan infeksi bakteri Streptococcus iniae pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus). Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu secara eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dengan empat perlakuan tiga kali ulangan. Perlakuan adalah pemberian bubuk rumput laut merah secara perendaman dengan dosis perlakuan A (125 mg/l), perlakuan B (100 mg/l), perlakuan C (75 mg/l) dan perlakuan D (kontrol) tanpa perendaman dengan bubuk rumput laut merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perendendaman bubuk rumput laut merah terhadap ikan lele dumbo dengan dosis yang berbeda berpengaruh terhadap pencegahan infeksi bakteri Streptococcus iniae pada ikan lele dumbo. Pemberian bubuk rumput laut merah untuk meningkatkan sistem imun ikan lele dumbo menunjukkan pengaruh sangat nyata terhadap kelangsungan hidup, dimana F hitung (45.111) > F tabel 0,01 (7.59). Perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada perendaman dengan bubuk rumput laut merah dengan dosis 100 mg/l dengan persentase kelangsungan hidup sebesar 83,33%. Selanjutnya kelangsungan hidup terendah terdapat pada perlakuan D (kontrol) tanpa perendaman dengan bubuk rumput laut merah dengan persentase kelangsungan hidup 23,33 % dan mengalami gejala klinis yang paling buruk. Total leukosit pada ikan lele dumbo meningkat pada saat diberi perlakuan perendaman dengan bubuk rumput laut merah dan pada saat uji tantang dengan bakteri Streptococcus iniae. Kualitas air selama penelitian berada pada kondisi yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan ikan lele dumbo dengan kisaran Do 5,0-6,4 ppm, suhu 28-30 0C dan pH 7,0-7,3.Catfish farming has a potential economic value for its commodity in export trading. This study was conducted in May until June 2015 at Physiology Laboratory and Aquatic Laboratory 0f Veteranary Faculty, Syiah Kuala University, then at Laboratory of BBI Ujung Batee. Aceh Besar. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of red seaweed powder (Gracillaria sp) as immunostimulant againts Streptococcus iniae bacterial infection in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The method used in this study was experimental method by using a completely randomized design (CRD) non factorial with four treatments of three replications. The factor of experiment was different dosages of red seaweed powder throld soaking treatment. Those different dosages were A (125 mg / l), treatment B (100 mg / l), treatment C (75 mg / l) and treatment D (control) without the red seaweed powder. The results showed that red seaweed powder word give prevention on bacterial infection in catfish. Aplication of red seaweed powder to the immune system of catfish showed highly significant effect on survival rate where F count (45,111)> F table 0,01 (7,59). The hignest survival rate was obtainied from red seaweed powder at a dose of 100 mg/l with a survival rate 83.33%. Furthermore, the lowest one was from the treatment D (control) without soaking by red seaweed powder which survival rate was 23.33% then its clinical symptoms were the worst one. Total leukocytes of catfish inereased when the fish was red seawed powder treated and bacterial challenge test. Water quality during the study was in optimal conditions for the growth of the catfish which the parameters water DO 5.0 to 6.4 ppm, a temperature 28-30 0C and pH 7.0 to 7.3.
Efektivitas serbuk daun mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) terhadap bakteri Edwardsiella tarda Fajri, Nurul; Ayuzar, Eva; Ezraneti, Riri
Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, Vol. 3: No. 1 (April, 2016)
Publisher : Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/aa.v3i1.334

Abstract

Penyakit adalah salah satu penghambat dalam mengembangkan produksi ikan nila. Satu dari bakteri yang berbahaya dalam budidaya ikan nila adalah Edwardsiella tarda. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada januari 2016 di laboratorium hatchery dan teknologi akuakultur, Prodi Budidaya Perairan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Malikussaleh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas serbuk Phaleria macrocarpa untuk mencegah infeksi bakteri Edwardsiella tarda. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dengan 5 perlakuan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serbuk P. macrocarpa dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Edwardsiella tarda karena mengandung bahan antimikroba dengan diameter zona hambat 9,5 - 14,5 mm.Disease is one of the obstacles in achieving tilapia production targets. One of harmful bacteria types in tilapia fish farming is Edwardsiella tarda. This research was conducted on January 2016 held at the Laboratory of Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology, Aquaculture departement Agriculture Faculty Malikussaleh University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectivenes Phaleria macrocarpa powder to prevent infection of bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. This research used experimental method, namely a completely randomized design (CRD) non factorial with five treatments within three replications. The results showed that the P. macrocarpa powder could inhibiting the growth of Edwardsiella tarda because it contained antimicrobial compounds with a clear zone formed 9.5-14, 5 mm.