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Jurnal RISA
Published by Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
ISSN : 25488074     EISSN : -     DOI : https://doi.org/10.26593/risa
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Jurnal RISA aims to contribute to scientific research, practice, and education by publishing national and international studies. The scope of this journal includes the dissemination of research findings, ideas, and reviews in the following subject areas: 1. History, Theory, and Philosophy of Architecture; 2. Housing and Settlements; 3. Architecture and Urban Design; and 4. Building Management Technology.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Arsitektur
Articles 430 Documents
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ADAPTIVE REUSE PADA GEDUNG PERTUNJUKAN DE MAJESTIC SEBAGAI BANGUNAN CAGAR BUDAYA GOLONGAN A DI KOTA BANDUNG Jessica Victoryana; Harastoeti Dibyo Hartono
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6601.136-150

Abstract

Abstract - De Majestic Performing Art Building is a cultural heritage building type A in the Bandung City. The building that is located at Braga Street 1, Bandung was built in the early 1920 with the original labelled as Concordia Bioscoop. De Majestic was the first cinema that is established in the Bandung City and was the first cinema that show the first film in the city. Unfortunately, the heyday of De Majestic Building only lasted until the year of 2002, where conservation and replacement of the function were carried out. Throughout its age, this building has undergone several conservation efforts along with the times, as well as changes in the management. The changes that have been done including; Gedung Bioskop Majestic, Asia Africa Cultural Center, New Majestic, Gedung Pertunjukan De Majestic. This building also has a fairly dark history that occurred in 2008, this has caused a lot decrease in public interest in visiting and using this building. With this condition, the building has received less attention as a cultural heritage building in the city of Bandung, even though the physical condition of the building itself can be categorized as well-maintained and can still be optimized. Therefore, this research leads to an evaluation of De Majestic Building of its function in order to recreate a worthwhile study to increase the vitality and maximize the potential of the building. This study uses descriptive methods and qualitative evaluation, by examining the physical and operational conditions of De Majestic Building. After those, an analysis is also applied regarding the alignment of the area where the building stands, and the allocation of the area in accordance with the Bandung City regulations that have been set by the government. This research also refers to theories related to building conservation, principles of adaptive reuse process, regulations governing cultural heritage buildings in Indonesia. The result of this research is an idea and a new function idea that has gone through the analysis process which means it has the greatest potential to be implemented in the De Majestic Building. The selected new function idea have gone through analysis such as the define of its location, historical value, building characteristics, space requirements, and the potential of the building for the area. The existence of a new function is expected to increase the vitality of the building and interest in visiting buildings and areas, as well as restore values that have begun to fade in this modern era among the community. With the new function ideas, local and non-local people can participate in maintaining, protecting, and utilizing the existence of Cultural Heritage Buildings in the Bandung City. Keywords: Conservation, Cultural Heritage Building, Adaptive Re-Use, De Majestic Bandung
CITRA DESA TRUSMI SEBAGAI WADAH AKTIVITAS MASYARAKAT Julian Farrel Malik Hakim; Franseno Pujianto
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6602.151-168

Abstract

Abstract - The image is a visualization that formed by the interaction between human as an observer and an object. The visualization is an impression of an object to be easier to remember by the observer. The image in architecture has a role to give a picture to the observer about the structure of a space or region. The observer will have a picture of the space whenever remembering it. The appearance of the image will be different according to who the observer is. Building an image of a particular place is needed because it will create meaning or value for the one that has been there to build a connection to the place. If anyone remembers there is a memory left there, anyone has a tendency to value the place. Trusmi Village in Cirebon already has an identity as a village that full of batik artisan and still preserves their culture. This identity is still preserved since they still doing things that related to the ancestors’ tradition and batik crafts. This study aims to understand the influence of daily activities and traditional activities carried out by the community on the image-forming elements in Trusmi Village. The place to carry out activities will be identified by the community as an element forming the image of Trusmi Village. The method used is quantitative, data obtained from literature studies, direct observations in the field, and interviews with residents of Trusmi Village. Observations focused on the activities of the residents and their places of activity, which were then mapped out by activities in the village. Then, from the activity data, it will be analyzed with image-forming elements so that it can be seen the path used for the activity, the edge that becomes the boundary of the activity space, the district found as the center of activity, nodes that become the point gathering, and landmarks that guide activity orientation. The conclusion of this study, it was found that the "Image of Trusmi Village" can be found based on the analysis of the place where community activities are carried out in Trusmi Village. This shows the influence of the residents' daily activities and activities carried out as a tradition informing the physical picture of Trusmi Village. Trusmi Cirebon village can be concluded as a village whose image is easy to remember because in this village you can find the Main Path which is the place for daily activities, Strong Edge which is a continuous wall of batik showrooms on the Main Path, District Center for Ritual and Commercial Activities, Anchor Nodes, and Landmarks are used to direct the community within the village and visitors from outside the village. Key Words: Activity, ancestors’ tradition, batik, image-forming element, Trusmi Cirebon Village
PERWUJUDAN GAGASAN “COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITECTURE” OLEH ROBERT VENTURI PADA ARSITEKTUR PURI AGUNG KARANGASEM BALI Ilona Beatrix Hendrata; Yuswadi Saliya
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6604.169-183

Abstract

Abstract - Postmodern architecture was initiated around the 1960s, when architects who were supported by the ideas of philosophers and writers saw that modern architecture was no longer in accordance with the times because of the inability to answer the specific cultural context in an architectural work. A character named Robert Venturi is one who plays an important role in the development of Postmodern Architecture with various ideas, the most famous of which is "Less is Bore" which responds to the architectural motto "Less is More" in Modern architecture. Robert Venturi wrote several books, including "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" which contains Robert Venturi's Postmodern ideas. Postmodern architecture which has eclectic and hybrid thinking is also developing rapidly in Indonesia, especially on the island of Bali as one of the cultural centers. The architecture that characterizes the island of Bali is the temple as a place of worship and the castle as the residence of the Balinese kingdom. Puri Agung Karangasem is located in the center of Amlapura City, a kingdom in East Bali. It was founded at the end of the 19th century by Anak Agung Anglurah Ktut Karangasem who was appointed as Stadholder II. Puri Agung Karangasem applies the concept of a blend of several cultures in its architecture. Balinese architecture, colonial architecture according to the development period, and there is Chinese influence. This research is qualitative with descriptive-analytical approach. The data that has been collected will be processed by comparing, grouping and summarizing. The study will look for Venturi's ideas in "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" which are reflected in the architecture of Puri Agung Karangasem. The results of the study show that many of Venturi's ideas are realized in terms of mass and spatial planning, building figures and ornamentation resulting from acculturation of the three cultures. This proves that before Postmodern Architecture developed in 1960 and Venturi issued the idea, Puri Agung Karangasem on the island of Bali had implemented this concept in the construction of the Puri since more than 60 years earlier. Keyword: Castle, Bali, Robert Venturi, Postmodern Architecture
EVALUASI PENERAPAN KONSEP BIOKLIMATIK PADA RAD+AR HQ Benno Tumpak Ahimsa Sirait; Yenny Gunawan
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6605.184-195

Abstract

Abstract - Bioclimatic architecture has existed since the 20th century, but its development in Indonesia has only recently been seen. Architecture in Indonesia often imitates or plagiarizes architecture in foreign countries with different climates. As a result, building created with such notions are uncomfortable for users and also wasteful of energy use. Indonesia's location in a tropical climate has not yet been widely developed for its application in present day architecture. This research begins by examining bioclimatic architecture in Jakarta and RAD+ar HQ building as the object of study with the concept of bioclimatic architecture. Furthermore, physical data collection, environmental condition measurement data, and perception interview data were carried out to conduct an assessment of how the application of the bioclimatic concept in RAD+ar HQ buildings and how building users' perceptions of comfort in RAD+ar HQ/ buildings were taken. From this study, it was found that the application of the bioclimatic concept to the RAD+ar HQ building was not fully due to the different initial concepts and modifications due to the limitations of the pandemic conditions, which concerned air circulation between users of the building. Most of the users of RAD+ar HQ buildings already feel comfortable thermally and visually, but not all users feel comfortable thermally, this can be caused by thermal conditions where the majority of the rooms are outside the standard of thermal comfort. Although bioclimatic principle was applied to the architecture, the bioclimatic principles have not been applied entirely. Key Words: bioclimatic architecture, tropical architecture, RAD+ar Headquarters
UPAYA PENINGKATAN PERFORMA PENCAHAYAAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP HEMAT ENERGI PADA AREA DUDUK PUJASERA FOODSTEP DI APARTEMEN PARAHYANGAN RESIDENCE BANDUNG Marion Halim; Mira Dewi Pangestu
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6606.196-211

Abstract

Abstract - Lighting among various aspects, is crucial in facilitating users to carry out activities. Lighting can be categorized as decent, if it can meet the visual comfort standards in accordance to the demands of existing activities. One of the differentiating aspects in the lighting procurement strategy is the buildings’ typology. Each typology has different lighting characteristics, where a typically large room typology has a central area that is more difficult achieve natural lighting (Anasiru, 2016) and so it relies more on artificial lighting. However, there have been numerous findings and innovations in the use of natural lighting in buildings with similar typologies. This arises in response to concerns about the high level usage of energy in buildings, proving the need for an energy-efficient lighting system. The object reviewed in this study is Pujasera FoodStep, a commercial area on the semi-basement floor of the Parahyangan Residence Apartment. The object of this research is filled with various food outlets and sitting areas, with an area of about 1250 m2. In addition to being used for eating activities, it is also often used for studying, doing college assignments, and holding discussions. This room with a rather large typology utilizes artificial lighting as the main light source, aside from several natural lighting strategies implemented in this area, namely side openings and light wells. Fulfilling the quantity and quality standards of lighting become especially important at the Foodstep Pujasera, promoted by the management as a learning and working area in addition to dining area. This is made to be even more concerning with the existing state deemed uncomfortable visually based on initial observations. Because of the high usage od artificial lighting in pujasera foodstep as a result of the large semi-basement space, a strategy is needed that can take advantage of existing natural lighting from side openings and lightwells so that it can lighten the burden of artificial lighting, especially considering existing conditions that do not seem to include the potentials of natural lighting in its system, where all the lights can be seen turned on throughout the day, even in areas near the openings. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of visual comfort in the existing conditions, to seek proposed strategies related to artificial lighting to be able to fulfill visual comfort, and also to seek proposed strategies for collaborating artificial lighting and natural lighting in order to save energy.The method used is descriptive experimental, with a quantitative approach through simulation assisted by DIALUX Light Wizard, Curic Sun, and DIALUX Evo software. Through this research, several conclusions were obtained. First, the lighting in existing conditions that rely on artificial light as the main lighting does not meet the standard of visual comfort. Second, is the creation of artificial lighting design that can achieve visual comfort. Third, is to propose a strategy that can collaborate artificial lighting with natural lighting in the Foodstep food court seating area. Suggestions that can be given through this research is to consider the role of other elements aside from artificial lighting as aspects that also affect lighting in the room. The elements mentioned are the design of the side openings and lightwells, as well as the use of wall, floor, and ceiling materials. Key Words: Lighting, visual comfort, energy saving, Foodstep foodcourt
KAJIAN ESTETIKA MASJID SALMAN ITB DITINJAU DARI STRUKTUR Gilang Pratomo; Kamal Abdullah Arif; Enrico Nirwan Histanto
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6607.212-227

Abstract

Abstract - The Salman ITB Mosque is one of Indonesia's most important architectural accomplishments. It has an upward curved roof with a column-free prayer space that is still in good working order. The structure serves as a medium for distributing load, but the structural function of a building extends beyond that to include the aesthetic value of the architectural work itself. The purpose of this study is to look at the use of structures in the Salman ITB Mosque building, which not only serve as a means of distributing loads but also have an aesthetic value. The findings of the study could lead to scientific advancements in the construction of structures that improve the aesthetic value of structures. Designers can use this knowledge to create structure-based designs in the future, so that structural aspects are no longer considered as an afterthought to the architectural design, but are valued equally. The Bjorn Normann hypothesis is used to investigate the structure's aesthetics, which states that the structure's aesthetics can be appraised based on its structural and architectural functions. The outcomes of the study of books connected to structure will be based on the theory. This is a qualitative descriptive study that uses data from book reviews, direct observation, interviews, and simulations to process the data. The analysis is split into two sections. The first section is devoted to a consideration of the structure and its structural features as a load-distribution medium. The second section delves into the structure's architectural features, such as forms, expressions, and elements that divide the space. Findings emerged from the conversation, which were used to draw conclusions. The structure, as a space-forming element, plays the most important role in accomplishing structural ethics at the Salman Mosque ITB, according to this study. Furthermore, in the ITB Salman Mosque, the structure as an expression of the building still plays a significant part in achieving the structure's aesthetics. Finally, in the Salman ITB Mosque, the structure as a type of building plays the least important function in achieving structural beauty. This is possible due to the structure's position as a load distributor, which places a premium on optimizing the structure's design and arrangement. Keywords: Salman Mosque ITB, structural aesthetics, structural function, architectural functions, load distribution, form, expression, and interior space.
PENDEKATAN LOKALITAS BALI PADA DESAIN ARSITEKTUR HOTEL POTATO HEAD STUDIOS DI SEMINYAK Joshua Jordan; Bachtiar Fauzy
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6997.228-247

Abstract

Abstract - Globalization is a phenomenon that is difficult to avoid, and its effects are also felt in the field of architecture. As time passed by, more architectural works in Indonesia are built very modern and the locality approach is starting to be forgotten, especially in design. As a result, Indonesian architectural works began to lose their real context and identity. The purpose of this study is to uncover the local Balinese approach applied by Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), in the architectural design of the Potato Head Studios hotel in Seminyak, Bali. The research was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of description, comparison, analysis and interpretation. The theories used are the principle of Balinese locality and the theory of the design approach on historical approaches, historicism, study of precedents and materials. The supporting theories are the Ordering Principles and the theory of Good Building / Architecture. The case study is divided into the scope of the surrounding environment, the site, the form, the figure and its sustainability. The results show that the Balinese locality approach to the architectural design of this hotel as a whole was dominated by the concept of harmony with nature and the approach to materials. The use of materials involves local craftsmen applying aspects of material sustainability in the building process and using recycled materials to create an interesting creation of shapes and textures on the wall, ceiling and floor elements. In addition, the historical approach of Balinese philosophy and culture is shown by the application of the sanga mandala concept to the shape of the building mass, and the use of the ancient Tika calendar which translates into a breeze block facade. From the concept of Balinese architecture, it can be seen that there is the application of natah as a form OHof the rwabhineda concept and also the woven elements on the ceiling, facade and railing of the building. A precedent study approach was also carried out at this hotel so as to create an architectural design that was different from the surrounding inns. The benefits of this research include providing an understanding to readers and designers regarding the local Balinese approach used in the this hotel and becoming a design inspiration. As a suggestion, the Balinese locality approach from the architectural concept can be applied further to the site and shape of the building mass. The pattern of the Tika calendar can also be simplified to make it easier to identify. Keywords: design approach, locality, architectural design, Bali
STRATEGI TRANSFORMASI ARSITEKTUR PADA STUDIO AKANOMA DI PADALARANG, KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT Neysa Amanda Irawan; Bachtiar Fauzy
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6998.248-265

Abstract

Abstract – The architecture in Indonesia, like the architecture of many countries and regions in the world, has recently undergone various changes due to the phenomenon of globalization. The rapid modernization and the rapid pace of architectural development create enormous opportunities for the entry of foreign cultural values. This causes rapid changes and transformations that occur in the architecture. This condition is thought to have resulted in the transformation of traditional architecture as a relic of past architecture, both in function, spatial planning or building form.The purpose of this research is to find out how Studio Akanoma responds to this globalization phenomenon by transforming its architecture, as well as revealing the architectural transformation strategy of the Akanoma Studio building in Padalarang, West Bandung Regency. Studio Akanoma is the work of Yu Sing, which currently functions as the office of an architectural consulting bureau. The theory applied in this study refers to (1) the theory of architectural transformation, (2) the theory of architectural transformation process (3) the theory of function, space, and form in architecture, and (4) the theory of traditional Javanese culture and architecture. This research was designed using a qualitative method with a case study approach.The results of this study indicate that the architectural transformation that occurred in the Akanoma Studio building in Padalarang, West Bandung Regency shows a transformation strategy that closely interweaves elements of traditional architectural locality in the context of modern life, with the use of pragmatic and iconic transformation strategy. This can be seen in the architectural expression, both in the function, layout, and form of the building. How to maintain the existence of traditional architecture in the present and in the future is a factual and interesting problem for the development of local/traditional architectural knowledge. More broadly, this study is expected to provide an overview of the development and transformation strategy of traditional architecture which is expected to answer future architectural challenges, and can be applied in the activities of designing and building architecture as a work of the built environment. Keywords: globalization, architectural transformation, identity, Padalarang Bandung Barat
KONSISTENSI MASYARAKAT ADAT TERHADAP TATANAN FISIK SPASIAL KAMPUNG ADAT CIREUNDEU, CIMAHI SELATAN Nadya Sherlinda; Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6999.266-282

Abstract

Abstract - Cireundeu Traditional Village is one of the traditional villages that still exist today. Located in Leuwigajah Village, South Cimahi District, Cireundeu Traditional Village has Sunda Wiwitan as the root of indigenous identity. Like a traditional village, there are many traditions, cultures, ancestral values, and rules handed down by previous elders. However, the rapid flow of globalization that is currently happening can have an impact on the meaning of customary values ​​in the Cireundeu Traditional Village. “Miindung ka time, mibapa ka era” – is one of the established principles which means that humans must grow and develop by following the progress of the times while still preserving the inherited culture. The existence of this principle makes the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village open to the development of the times. This openness can affect the meaning of existing customary values, especially regarding village arrangements and patterns of spatial arrangement in buildings. The purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of the arrangement, as well as the customary values ​​of buildings with a residential scale in the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village. The research was conducted with the hope of exploring what is behind the arrangement of the Cireundeu Traditional Village and how the consistency of indigenous peoples is in following the arrangement. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by direct observation in the field, conducting interviews with figures who were considered to understand the history of the Cireundeu Traditional Village, and searching for secondary data using literature studies from previous research so that previous documentation about the Cireundeu Traditional Village could be obtained. Based on the collected data, it is concluded that the arrangement of the Cireundeu Traditional Village is based on the applicable rules and regulations regarding the placement of the main door and side door. Based on virtual documentation that was traced in 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019, and 2022, not much has changed. Although the form of housing is not in the form of a house on stilts, the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village still interpret traditional values ​​through the application of the Pancawara concept. Thus, it is concluded that although the indigenous peoples are open to rapid development, the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village are still consistent in maintaining traditional values. The application of these traditional values ​​of course undergoes several adjustments with the progress of the times. However, it can still be expressed through physical and spatial arrangements both at the village scale and at the residential scale. Keywords: traditional village, Pancawara, Cireundeu Traditional Village, Sunda Wiwitan
RUANG INTERPERSONAL BERDASARKAN POLA AKTIVITAS IBADAH JEMAAH MASJID AL-BAROKAH, SUKARAJA, CICENDO, BANDUNG DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 Jasmine Athayanissa; Indri Astrina Fitria Indrarani
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.7000.283-298

Abstract

Abstract - The implementation of joint worship is highly prioritized in Islam. Such as straightening and tightening the rows during congregational prayers by bringing the shoulders and ankles closer between adjacent congregations, to maintaining the ukhuwwah Islamic relationship recommended by the Prophet Muhammad by shaking hands when meeting with other Muslims. Entering its 3rd year, Indonesia must fight against the spread of a new variant during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely the BA.2 Subvariant or the Omicron Variant which requires mosques, as facilities for collective worship, to adjust managers and congregations in carrying out various activities. Likewise, the Al-Barokah Mosque which functions as a residential mosque in the Sukaraja area, Bandung City. Prisoners between individuals and personal hygiene are crucial things to be monitored together. Residents of the Muslim community who are accustomed to worshiping together at the mosque daily, carrying out activities to build brotherhood together, must change their traditions to avoid a virus that has not gone away for a long time. The solemnity of congregational worship that is felt through togetherness in activities in the mosque, must be forced to change in maintaining personal health. There is a drastic change that is increasingly turning into a polemic not only for the manager, but also for all the congregation who carry it out. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive method by borrowing the inductive method in the process of justification and confirmation of the observation results. Observations were made on managers, implementers, and congregation as performers of worship activities in the mosque area, to find out the real results of activity patterns based on various subject positions. Direct communication and filling out questionnaires by activity actors are also used to obtain a more personal quality of information, related to observations of the user's interpersonal space. The conclusion is generated by combining the observation findings on several different activities which are analyzed through the theory of interpersonal space based on the procedures for worship in Islam and justified through the results of questionnaires and direct interviews with the managers and congregants of Al-Barokah Mosque, Sukaraja, Cicendo, Bandung City, to see personal space. and the social space that followed. The research was aimed at knowing the changing conditions of the congregation's interpersonal space during the Covid-19 pandemic, within the scope of joint and munfarid religious activities. Keywords: activity, interpersonal, mosque, omicron, pandemic, space

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