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INDONESIA
J@TI (TEKNIK INDUSTRI)
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25021516     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri [e-ISSN 2502-1516] merupakan jurnal nasional yang mengangkat tulisan-tulisan penelitian dalam disiplin ilmu teknik industri. Pertama kali terbit sejak tahun 2006 hingga saat ini dengan frekuensi terbit tiga (3) kali dalam setahun. Setiap edisi terbitan berisi 8 artikel jurnal. Terbit setiap Januari, Mei, dan September.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 465 Documents
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ENHANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS IN PLASTIC MANUFACTURING THROUGH THE TRANSITION FROM HYDRAULIC TO ELECTRIC INJECTION MOLDING TECHNOLOGY Soesilo, Rahman; Valentin, Adelia Dwi
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 2 (2025): Mei 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.2.104-110

Abstract

This study addresses the critical issue of sustainability and CO2 emissions in the plastic manufacturing sector, focusing on the transition from hydraulic to electric injection molding systems. The research is based on a case study of PT. RPI Indonesia, which replaced 21 hydraulic injection molding machines with more efficient alternatives. A quantitative methodology was employed, collecting energy consumption and CO2 emissions data before and after the transition. The findings reveal a significant reduction in energy consumption, approximately 25%, leading to a decrease in CO2 emissions from 5,191.5 tons to 1,934.8 tons annually. This transition not only mitigates environmental impacts but also aligns with global sustainability initiatives. The study concludes that adopting advanced injection molding technologies enhances operational efficiency and contributes significantly to sustainability goals in the plastic manufacturing industry. Future research should explore long-term outcomes of such transitions and further strategies to improve sustainability.
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS DENGAN PENDEKATAN SIX SIGMA DAN PERPEKTIF MBNQA SEBAGAI KRITERIA PRASYARAT BAKU MUTU PADA PT. TAMANACO Saputra, Aditya Apriawan
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 2 (2025): Mei 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.2.42-68

Abstract

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tingginya angka cacat produksi aluminium collapsible tube khususnya pada produk Kloderma 0.05% gel 5 gram Ø13,4 x 90 mm di PT. Tamanaco. Pada semester kedua tahun 2023, tingkat defect mencapai 8,81% (1.217.720 pcs) dari total produksi 13.816.072 pcs, menyebabkan kerugian sekitar Rp. 384.422.026. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan pemahaman tentang perbaikan kualitas berkelanjutan, pengendalian kualitas produksi, pengukuran kinerja, dan penyusunan standar mutu pada produksi. Metode yang digunakan adalah DMAIC Six Sigma dan pengukuran kinerja Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA). Hasil implementasi DMAIC Six Sigma mengidentifikasi 9 jenis cacat dalam proses base coating dan printing, dengan cacat utama bercak putih (17,75%), warna tidak solid (17,71%), bercak kotoran (17,18%), tinta printing tergores (11,35%), gelembung pada base coating (7,87%), dan coating tidak rata (7,74%). Level Sigma mencapai 3,7, sesuai dengan rata-rata industri manufaktur di Indonesia, dengan yield process sebesar 78,89%. Faktor penyebab cacat dianalisis dan ditemukan berasal dari lima faktor utama: manusia, mesin, metode, material, dan lingkungan. Pengukuran kinerja organisasi dengan MBNQA menghasilkan nilai 533,72 poin dari 1.000, menunjukkan PT. Tamanaco berada pada level rata-rata dengan predikat Good Performance (skor 476-575). Berdasarkan hasil analisis DMAIC dan pengukuran kinerja organisasi dengan MBNQA, disusun standar mutu dan lembar pemeriksaan yang disepakati untuk digunakan dalam proses produksi sebagai alat kendali terhadap kinerja produksi.Kata kunci: DMAIC; Six Sigma; MBNQA; baku mutuAbstractThis research addresses the high defect rate in the production of aluminum collapsible tubes, specifically for the Kloderma 0.05% gel (5-gram, Ø13.4 x 90 mm) produced by Tamanaco Ltd. During the second semester of 2023, the defect rate reached 8.81% (1,217,720 units) out of a total production of 13,816,072 units, resulting in financial losses estimated at IDR 384,422,026. The study aims to improve understanding of continuous quality improvement, production quality control, performance measurement, and the establishment of production quality standards. The research employed the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) Six Sigma methodology and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) performance measurement framework. The DMAIC analysis identified nine defect types in the base coating and printing processes, with the most significant defects being: white spots (17.75%), non-solid color (17.71%), dirt spots (17.18%), scratched printing ink (11.35%), bubbles in the base coating (7.87%), and uneven coating (7.74%). The production process achieved a sigma level of 3.7, aligning with the average performance of Indonesia’s manufacturing sector, with a yield of 78.89%. The root cause analysis revealed that defects originated from five primary factors: human error, machinery issues, methodological inconsistencies, material quality, and environmental conditions. Organizational performance, assessed using the MBNQA framework, scored 533.72 points out of 1,000, placing Tamanaco Ltd. within the "good performance" category (476–575 points). As a result of the DMAIC analysis and the MBNQA performance evaluation, new quality standards and inspection sheets were developed and implemented as control tools to monitor and enhance production performance.Keywords: DMAIC; Six Sigma; MBNQA; quality standard
PENGUKURAN READINESS LEVEL MENGGUNAKAN INDI 4.0: STUDI KASUS UMKM DI BANDUNG Gumilang, Zahwa Fitria; Mahfudz, Muhammad Syarqim
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 2 (2025): Mei 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.2.111-124

Abstract

Pandemi COVID-19 mendorong banyak UMKM yang terdampak penurunan omzet untuk segera beradaptasi melalui adopsi teknologi digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai tingkat kesiapan UMKM di wilayah Bandung, dalam menghadapi transformasi digital, serta mengidentifikasi tantangan yang mereka hadapi selama proses tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei dengan instrumen kuesioner berbasis INDI 4.0 (Industri 4.0 Readiness Index), yang terdiri atas 5 pilar dan 17 bidang dengan total 32 pertanyaan. Sampel terdiri dari 16 UMKM yang bergerak di sektor fesyen, makanan dan minuman, serta furniture. Metode analisis deskriptif antara lain mean, persentase dan grafik radar digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh UMKM berada pada level 1 atau tahap awal dalam kesiapan menuju Industri 4.0. Tantangan utama yang dihadapi meliputi keterbatasan akses terhadap pendanaan serta kurangnya tenaga kerja yang kompeten dalam proses digitalisasi. Oleh karena itu, dukungan finansial seperti skema pinjaman P2P lending berbasis syariah dapat menjadi solusi alternatif. Selain itu, peran aktif pemilik UMKM dalam menyelenggarakan workshop atau pelatihan mengenai Industri 4.0 dinilai penting untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesiapan karyawan dalam menghadapi era digital. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam penggunaan INDI 4.0 untuk mengukur kesiapan digital UMKM non-manufaktur serta mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam transformasi digital. Abstract[Assessment of Digital Readiness Using INDI 4.0: A Case Study of MSMEs in Bandung] The COVID-19 pandemic has compelled many MSMEs facing declining revenues to adopt digital technologies rapidly. This study aims to assess the digital readiness of MSMEs in Bandung and identify key challenges in their digital transformation journey. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire based on the Industry 4.0 Readiness Index (INDI 4.0), comprising 5 pillars and 17 dimensions across 32 items. The sample includes 16 MSMEs from the fashion, food and beverage, and furniture sectors. Descriptive analyses, including means, percentages, and radar charts, were employed. Findings indicate that all MSMEs are at level 1—initial readiness—for Industry 4.0. Major challenges include limited access to funding and a lack of digitally skilled labor. Sharia-compliant P2P lending and owner-driven training initiatives are suggested as potential enablers. This study contributes to the application of INDI 4.0 in the non-manufacturing MSME context and offers insights into the barriers to digital transformation in emerging economies.Keywords: digital transformation;MSMEs; INDI 4.0; COVID-19; Industry 4.0
EVALUATING SERVICE QUALITY AND PASSENGER SATISFACTION OF FEEDER BUSES IN URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Putri, Ade Aisyah Arifna; Purwaningsih, Ratna; Widharto, Yusuf; Fadli, Dinda Anggraini
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 2 (2025): Mei 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.2.69-75

Abstract

Semarang faces congestion issues in land transportation, prompting the city government to introduce feeder buses connecting lower-demand areas to major transit hubs. The preliminary survey found that the number of passengers increased steadily. However, the increase in this number was accompanied by an increase in the number of passengers’ complaints. Thus, this study attempts to measure passenger satisfaction using the Consumer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and evaluates operational performance with the Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The literature review identified 14 aspects to measure passenger satisfaction, covering 28 attributes. Aspects needing improvement in quadrant I of the IPA analysis include vehicle condition, driver competency, and promptness of service providers in addressing complaints. Recommendations for improvement include adjusting departure intervals during peak and off-peak hours, implementing driver evaluation programs, conducting regular fleet inspections, and fostering customer engagement through forums.
DETEKSI CACAT DAN PENGUKURAN JARUM JAHIT MENGGUNAKAN COMPUTER VISION DAN MACHINE LEARNING: TINJAUAN PUSTAKA SISTEMATIS (SLR) Rahmawati, Fennyka
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 2 (2025): Mei 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.2.125-137

Abstract

Masih ditemukan kerusakan jahitan akibat interaksi antara jarum dan kain mempengaruhi optimalisasi operasi. Mesin jahit industri memiliki kecepatan tinggi dapat menyebabkan jarum jahit patah selama proses penjahitan. Patahan jarum jahit yang masih tertinggal akan memperburuk kerusakan pada serat kain. Deteksi cacat mendapat perhatian lebih bertujuan untuk menjaga kualitas produk. Pemanfaatan teknologi seperti computer vision dan machine learning mempermudah proses deteksi lebih cepat dan akurat. Basis data Scopus digunakan untuk mengekstrak artikel, yang mana hasil informasi akan divisualisasi perangkat lunak VOSViewer. Penelitian ini memberi gambaran umum yang komprehensif dan analisis bibliometrik dari studi publikasi terkait deteksi cacat dan pengukuran di bidang tekstil dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir yang didapatkan 131 artikel pada pencarian 23 Desember 2024. Walaupun terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan, namun tidak ditemukan pada deteksi cacat khusus jarum jahit dalam tren melainkan banyak ditemukan deteksi cacat pada jahitan dan kain. Metode yang paling sering digunakan adalah transformasi hough, GLCM, morphology sebagai fitur ekstraksi. Sementara dalam klasifikasi kecacatan yang paling banyak digunakan adalah support vector machine (SVM) dan Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Tiongkok memimpin jumlah publikasi terbanyak. Textile Research journal merupakan jurnal paling produktif dalam bidang penelitian ini. Abstract[Defect Detection and Sewing Needle Measurement Using Computer Vision and Machine Learning: Systematic Literature Review (SLR)] Sewing damage is still found due to the interaction between the needle and the fabric affecting the optimization of operations. Industrial sewing machines have high speeds that can cause sewing needles to break during the sewing process. Broken sewing needles that are still left will worsen the damage to the fabric fibers. More focus has been placed on defect identification in order to preserve product quality. The detection procedure is facilitated more quickly and precisely by the use of technologies like computer vision and machine learning. After articles are extracted from the Scopus database, the information is shown using VOSViewer software. The 131 papers that the search on December 23, 2024, turned up for this study's thorough examination and bibliometric analysis of published works regarding flaw detection and measurement in the textile sector during the past ten years. There was a noticeable rise in sewing and fabric fault detections, even if the trend did not find any particular issues with sewing needles. Artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) are the most used methods for classifying faults. The country with the most publications is China. The most fruitful journal in this area of study is Textile Research.Keywords: bibliometric analysis; defect detection; broken needle; extraction method; classification method
IMPLEMENTATION OF AGGREGATE PLANNING FOR SMES IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Sarjono, Haryadi
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.3.179-185

Abstract

This study aims to examine the use of aggregate planning methods in micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) operating in the aluminum industry within the Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek) region. It addresses the lack of structured aggregate planning practices in these enterprises and introduces an illustrative framework for evaluating labor control strategies. A heuristic approach is applied to compare cost estimations under three different aggregate planning methods: Permanent Workforce Control, Subcontract Control, and Hiring and Layoffs Control. Four MSMEs were selected as case study subjects, and cost-based simulations were conducted to demonstrate the potential impact of each method. The analysis reveals comparative outcomes of each method across the four case studies. While specific results are not detailed here, the study provides a practical view of cost variations associated with each planning strategy. The study is limited to illustrative simulation based on four MSMEs in a single industrial sector and region. Further empirical validation is recommended. The study serves as a preliminary reference for MSMEs to assess the suitability of different workforce planning approaches in response to fluctuating production demands.
MITIGASI RISIKO KECELAKAAN KERJA DI PELABUHAN DENGAN BOWTIE ANALYSIS: STUDI KASUS DI PT PELABUHAN INDONESIA REGIONAL 2 TELUK BAYUR Hendri, Ari Kurniawan; Ihsan, Taufiq; Silvia, Shinta; Maulidya, Annisa
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.3.186-196

Abstract

Kegiatan bongkar muat di pelabuhan merupakan aktivitas yang kompleks dan berisiko tinggi, sehingga membutuhkan perhatian khusus terhadap keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja (K3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, menganalisis, dan mengendalikan risiko kecelakaan kerja pada kegiatan bongkar muat di PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Pelindo) Regional 2 Teluk Bayur. Metode yang digunakan adalah Bowtie Analysis, yang memungkinkan visualisasi dan analisis hubungan sebab-akibat dari suatu kejadian secara komprehensif.  Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapangan, kuesioner, wawancara dengan pekerja dan staf K3, serta studi literatur.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua jenis kegiatan dengan risiko tinggi, yaitu penanganan general cargo dan penanganan peti kemas.  Ancaman utama yang dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan kerja antara lain human error, peralatan yang tidak layak, kurangnya penerangan, housekeeping yang buruk, dan cuaca buruk.  Konsekuensi dari kecelakaan kerja meliputi kematian, cedera fisik dan trauma psikologis, gangguan operasional bongkar muat, dan turunnya reputasi perusahaan.  Berdasarkan analisis risiko, dirumuskan rekomendasi strategi pengendalian risiko yang efektif, meliputi preventive control dan mitigation control, serta rekomendasi perbaikan prosedur K3 yang ada. Abstract[Mitigating Occupational Accident Risks in Ports with Bowtie Analysis: A Case Study at PT Pelabuhan Indonesia Regional 2 Teluk Bayur] Loading and unloading activities in ports are complex and high-risk operations, demanding specific attention to occupational health and safety (OHS). This study aims to identify, analyze, and control the risk of accidents in these activities at PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Pelindo) Regional 2 Teluk Bayur. The Bowtie Analysis method is used for its comprehensive visualization and analysis of cause-and-effect relationships in accidents. Data was gathered through field observations, questionnaires, interviews with workers and OHS staff, and a literature review. The results reveal two high-risk activities: general cargo handling and container handling. Major threats leading to accidents include human error, equipment malfunction, poor lighting, inadequate housekeeping, and adverse weather. Consequences range from fatalities and physical injuries to psychological trauma, operational disruptions, and damage to the company's reputation. Based on the risk analysis, this study formulates recommendations for effective risk control strategies, including preventive and mitigation controls, along with suggestions for improving existing OHS procedures.Keywords: solar panel; renewable energy; optimization; hybrid
A NOVEL DEMAND FORECASTING METHOD USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND CONJOINT ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING THE VOLUME OF NEW TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES Cahyono, Rully Tri; Adabi, Akmalul
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.3.138-147

Abstract

In developing new transportation projects, the common approach is to prioritize infrastructure first, with the expectation that demand will follow. This is particularly true for public sector logistics activities, such as seaports, airports, and logistics zones. Unlike the private sector, predicting future demand for public transportation is more challenging due to its complexity. Incorrect demand forecasting can result in improperly sized infrastructure and inefficient human resource allocation. This paper introduces a novel method for forecasting demand in public sector transportation projects. It integrates historical data with the perceptions of transportation stakeholders, improving forecasting accuracy. The method combines conjoint analysis with disaggregated forecasting for each product group. It was applied to a real case namely the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation's plan to develop a cargo transshipment terminal at Denpasar Airport in Bali. A survey of 233 logistics professionals in Jakarta, Bandung, and Denpasar was conducted, and the forecasts were verified through interviews. The results showed that the forecasts for each product category were accurate. This method’s reliability suggests its potential for use in other transportation development projects.
EVALUATION OF OFFICE CHAIR DESIGN FROM ERGONOMIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC PERSPECTIVES Fitrianto, Taufik Ramadhan; Rahmat, Bahtiar; Nugroho, Alfani Risman; Prakoso, Galih; Afifah, Anshah Silmi; Anggiriani, Siska; Juwitasari, Dhian
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.3.148-154

Abstract

Workplace seating that does not match user anthropometry often leads to discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study evaluates the office chairs used at the Politeknik Industri Furnitur dan Pengolahan Kayu Kendal by combining discomfort analysis and anthropometric mismatch assessment. Thirty-two employees (16 males, 16 females) participated, completing the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire and providing seated anthropometric measurements. The NBM results revealed that lower back discomfort was the most common complaint, particularly among female respondents, who also reported higher discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and upper back. Mismatch analysis confirmed severe incompatibilities between existing chair dimensions and user anthropometry, with seat height (100% mismatch for both genders) and seat depth (94% for men, 88% for women) as the most problematic. Based on these findings, a redesigned chair was developed, lowering seat height by 30 mm and reducing seat depth by 66 mm, alongside adjustments to backrest and armrest dimensions. Comparison with Indonesian (SNI) and international ergonomic standards (ISO 9241-5, BIFMA G1, EN 1335-1) showed that the redesign falls within recommended ranges. The study demonstrates how anthropometry-based redesign can reduce mismatch and improve comfort, providing practical guidance for the local furniture industry.
OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN SISTEM HYBRID PANEL SURYA-PLN UNTUK MEMINIMASI BIAYA ENERGI LISTRIK JANGKA PANJANG (STUDI KASUS: 20 TAHUN) Wiranata, F. Edwin; Kristiyani, Ika; Laheba, Timothy
J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 20, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jati.20.3.155-162

Abstract

Integrasi panel surya dengan jaringan PLN menjadi salah satu solusi menjanjikan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan energi fosil dan biaya listrik. Namun, penentuan kapasitas panel surya optimal yang mempertimbangkan degradasi efisiensi dan biaya investasi masih menjadi tantangan terutama bagi konsumen rumah tangga yang memiliki luas area terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung kapasitas panel surya optimal yang meminimasi total biaya selama 20 tahun. Metodologi penelitian ini meliputi penentuan parameter sebagai data awal, pemodelan matematika, simulasi untuk optimasi serta analisis sensitivitas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model optimasi non-linear dengan variabel kapasitas panel surya (S), degradasi efisiensi tahunan (0,5%), dan biaya energi PLN (Rp1700/kWh). Analisis dilakukan melalui simulasi numerik untuk berbagai kapasitas S. Pada studi kasus dengan kebutuhan energi 5000 kWh/tahun, kapasitas optimal adalah 4 KWp (26,7 m²), menghasilkan total biaya Rp 48.000.000,- selama 20 tahun (penghematan 71,8% dibandingkan tanpa panel surya). Model ini memberikan kerangka kuantitatif untuk memilih ukuran sistem hybrid yang optimal, dengan sensitivitas terhadap harga panel surya dan degradasi efisiensi. Abstract[Optimization of the Solar Panel-PLN Hybrid System to Minimize Long-Term Electricity Costs: A 20-Year Case Study] Integration of solar panels with the PLN network is a promising solution to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and electricity costs. However, determining the optimal solar panel capacity that accounts for efficiency degradation and investment costs remains a challenge, especially for household consumers with limited land area. This study aims to calculate the optimal solar panel capacity that minimizes the total cost over a 20-year period. The research methodology includes determining parameters as initial data, mathematical modeling, simulation for optimization, and sensitivity analysis. The method used is a non-linear optimization model with variables such as solar panel capacity (S), annual efficiency degradation (0.5%), and PLN energy costs (IDR 1700/kWh). Numerical simulations were conducted for various solar panel capacities (S). In a case study with an energy requirement of 5000 kWh/year, the optimal capacity was found to be 4 KWp (26.7 m²), resulting in a total cost of IDR 48 million over 20 years, which represents a 71.8% savings compared to not using solar panels. This model provides a quantitative framework for selecting the optimal hybrid system size, with sensitivity to solar panel prices and efficiency degradation.Keywords: solar panel; renewable energy; optimization; hybrid

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