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Penambahan Gliserol terhadap Karakteristik Bioplastik dari Komposit Pati Aren dan Glukomanan Purnavita, Sari; Subandriyo, Dyionisius Yoga; Anggraeni, Ayu
METANA Vol 16, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio glukomanan dan pati aren dengan penambahan gliserol terhadap karakteristik bioplastik yang dihasilkan. Pembuatan bioplastik dilakukan dengan mencampurkan larutan glukomanan dan larutan pati aren, selanjutnya dilakukan penambahan gliserol dan poli vinil alkohol. Campuran tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu 80Â°C selama 20 menit, hasil pencampuran kemudian dimasukkan cetakan dan dikeringkan dengan oven hingga menjadi lembaran, Selanjutnya bioplastik tersebut diuji karakteristiknya yang meliputi ketahanan air, tensile strength dan tensile elongation. Rasio glukomanan terhadap pati aren yaitu 1:0,5 ; 1:1 ; 1:1,5 ; dan 1:2 Serta jumlah penambahan gliserol yaitu : 0 ml dan 10 ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai rasio glukomanan dan pati aren dengan penambahan gliserol berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik bioplastik. Pada penambahan gliserol 0 ml (tanpa gliserol), komposit bioplastik dengan perbandingan glukomanan : pati aren sebesar 1:1 menghasilkan nilai ketahanan terhadap air yang tertinggi , nilai tensile strength yang cukup tinggi, dan morfologi yang baik, tetapi nilai tensile elongation rendah. Sedangkan pada percobaan dengan penambahan gliserol 10 ml, komposit bioplastik dengan perbandingan glukomanan : pati aren sebesar 1:1 menghasilkan nilai tensile elongatiom yang tertinggi, morfologi bagus tetapi nilai tensile strength dan ketahanan airnya rendah.Â Aim of this research to determine the effect of glucomannan ratio and sugar palm starch with the addition of glycerol to the bioplastic characteristics. Making of bioplastics by mixing glucomannan solution and sugar palm starch solution, then addition of glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol. The mixture is heated at 80Â° C for 20 minutes, the result of mixing afer that put into a mold and dried in the oven until it becomes a sheet. After that, the characteristics of the bioplastics were tested which included water resistance, tensile strength and tensile elongation. The ratio of glucomannan to sugar palm starch is 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1,5; and 1:2 And the amount of glycerol addition are: 0 ml and 10 ml. The results showed that the ratio of sugar palm starch and glucomannan with the addition of glycerol affected the bioplastic characteristics. At the addition of glycerol 0 ml, bioplastic composites with glucomane: palm starch ratio of 1:1 produce the highest water resistance value, high tensile strength value, and good morfology but low tensile elongation value. Whereas in experiments with the addition of 10 ml of glycerol, bioplastic composites with a glucomane: palm starch ratio of 1:1 produced the highest tensile elongatiom value and good morfology result but the value of tensile strength and water resistance was low

Proses Pembuatan Minyak Kelapa Murni dengan Menggunakan Rhizopus Oligosporus Moehady, Bintang Iwhan; Hidayatulloh, Irwan
METANA Vol 16, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Minyak kelapa murni merupakan bahan makanan yang banyak digunakan sebagai bahan konsumsi dan bahan tambahan untuk proses industri. Minyak kelapa murni diproduksi dari bahan baku krim santan yang merupakan hasil pelindihan antara air dengan buah kelapa. Pemecahan emulsi pada santan menggunakan teknik ekstraksi kering (dry extraction) dan teknik ekstraksi basah (wet extraction). Penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan proses ekstraksi basah, yaitu secara fermentasi menggunakan inokulum padat berupa mikroba atau ragi yang dikembangkan pada media padat. Proses tersebut dipilih untuk menyesuaikan dengan situasi masyarakat daerah di Indonesia yang banyak menghasilkan kelapa serta menyesuaikan dengan keberadaan ragi tempe yang telah memasyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan minyak kelapa dari bahan baku santan (coconut milk) dengan menggunakan inokulum ragi tempe yang mengandung Rhizopus oligosporus. Hasil minyak kelapa murni akan dianalisa parameternya berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Dari data percobaan di peroleh hasil analisa produk minyak kelapa murni yang paling optimum sesuai dengan SNI adalah percobaan pada variasi jumlah ragi tempe 0.5 gram dengan jumlah minyak yang dihasilkan 91.35 gram dan nilai kekeruhan 1,8 NTU. Hasil analisis kimia dan fisik: Indeks bias: 1,451, Kadar air: 0,3%, Kadar kotoran: 0,023%, Kadar bebas asam lemak: 0,96%, Kadar minyak Pelikan: 1,82%, angka saponifikasi: 262,969 mgKOH / g lemak.Â Virgin coconut oil is a food ingredient that is widely used as a consumption material and as an additive for industrial processes. The oil produced from coconut milk cream which was the result of leaching between water and coconut. The emulsion in coconut milk then broken by dry extraction method and wet extraction method. In this research the method carried out by a wet extraction process, which used fermentation using microbes or yeast that was developed on solid media. This process was chosen to adapt to the Indonesian people who produced ton coconut each year and in the same time, the tempeh yeast that has been popular in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to obtain virgin coconut oil from coconut milk using yeast inoculum containing Rhizopus oligosporus. The parameters of virgin coconut oil analyzed based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The experimental data obtained from the results of the most optimal analysis of virgin coconut oil in accordance with SNI experiments on the variation of the amount of tempeh yeast 0.5 grams with the amount of oil produced 91.35 grams and turbidity value 1.8 NTU. Chemical and physical analysis results: Refractive index: 1,451, Air content: 0,3%, Dirt content: 0,023%, Free fatty acid level: 0,96%, Pelicans oil content: 1,82%, saponification rate: 262,969 mg KOH /g fat.

Dampak Lingkungan dan Kesehatan Pemanfaatan Limbah Cat Sebagai Produk Material Bangunan Citra, Ari Dina Permana; Iswandari, Hargianti Dini
METANA Vol 16, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Limbah cat yang tidak mempunyai nilai ekonomis dan memerlukan biaya untuk pengolahannya, dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku menjadi produk yang berguna. Limbah cat digunakan sebagai bahan baku campuran pembuatan produk bata beton (paving block) agar dapat mencegah dampak negative lingkungan. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak lingkungan dan kesehatan dari limbah cat dan pemanfaatannya sebagai campuran bata beton. Â Dampak lingkungan sebagai ekotoksisitas dan dampak kesehatan berupa toksisitas dihitung menggunakan perangkat kajian daur hidup LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) pada variasi kadar limbah cat sebesar 1,2,3,4 dan 5% pada bata beton. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penurunan potensi dampak lingkungan dan kesehatan produk bata beton dibandingkan limbah cat padat. Ekotoksisitas limbah cat terendah pada media tanah dan tertinggi pada media perairan air tawar. Toksisitas pada manusia jauh lebih tinggi dibanding pada media lingkungan, dipakai sebagai dasar penanganan limbah cat. Pemanfaatan limbah cat sebagai bahan baku campuran bata beton dapat mengurangi ekotoksisitas dan toksisitas secara signifikan, dapat digunakan sebagai model pengelolaan limbah.Â Paint waste that has no economic value and requires a cost for its processing can be used as raw material to become a useful product. Waste paint is used as a raw material for the manufacture of concrete brick products (paving blocks) in order to prevent negative environmental impacts. The research carried out aims to assess the environmental and health impacts of paint waste and its use as a concrete brick mixture. Environmental impacts as ecotoxicity and health impacts in the form of toxicity are calculated using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) life cycle assessment tool on the variation of paint waste content of 1,2,3,4 and 5% in concrete bricks. The results of the study show a decrease in the potential environmental and health impacts of concrete brick products compared to solid paint waste. The lowest paint waste ecotoxicity in soil media and highest in freshwater waters media. Toxicity in humans is much higher than in environmental media, used as a basis for handling paint waste. The use of paint waste as raw material for concrete brick mix can significantly reduce the ecotoxicity and toxicity, it can be used as a waste management model.

Chemical Structure of Mangrove Species Rhizophora stylosa as Natural Dyes Paryanto, Paryanto; Pranolo, Sunu Herwi; Susanti, Ari Diana; Dewi, Kristina Ratna; Rossari, Meydiana
METANA Vol 16, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Textile dyes are divided into two types, natural dyes and synthetic dyes. Natural dyes commonly made from extraction. Extraction is a process in which one or more components are separated selectively from a liquid or solid mixture, the feed, by means of a liquid immiscible solvent. Extraction can be classified into two group, liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction. Solvents that are usually used in the extraction of natural dyes are aquades and ethanol. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical structure, especially tannin in natural dyes from mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa through several samples testing natural dyes. Rhizophora stylosa that have been extracted and evaporated will conducted several tests to obtain chemical structures in natural dyes and yield of tannin in natural dyes. Tests carried out include testing FT-IR, and HPLC. Based on FT-IR analysis, the extraction of Rhizophora stylosa containing tannin indicated by the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) in the area of 3385.36 cm-1, aromatic (C-H) in the area of 1365.53 cm-1, carbonyl (C=O) in the area 1646.36 cm-1, esters (C-O) in the area 1217.30 cm-1. While tannin content obtained from the analysis of HPLC were 6.087 ppm.Â

Effect of The Ratio of H-Zeolite Catalyst and Temperature in The Opening Ring Reaction in Bio Lube Base Oil Production from Palm Oil Izzan, Abdillah Iman; Octaviani, Ary; Purwanto, Purwanto
METANA Vol 16, No 1 (2020): Juni 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Lubricants are materials that can reduce friction between two components. Lubricants are very important to keep the engine from being damaged quickly. Currently lubricants on the market generally comes from petroleum derivatives with limited availability. Therefore, technology needs to be developed to look for other raw materials as a substitute for petroleum based lubricating oil, namely by utilizing the potential of existing vegetable oils, one of which is palm oil. Biolubricant made from palm oil will be made using the method of transesterification, epoxidation and ring opening reaction. To increase yield and high product quality, a catalyst in the form of H-Zeolite is used. So that this study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of H-Zeolite catalyst to ring opening reactions. The quality of lube base oil could be indicated from density, viscosity index and acid number. Acid number will smaller in presence higher content in 10% weight ratio of H-Zeolite as catalyst and EPOME also higher temperature of ring-opening reaction because the catalyst H-Zeolit will work more effective in temperature 75oC. Other evidence is of density and viscosity index would show good value than smaller amount of H-Zeolit and lower temperature of reaction. Advices for the future research are the purification needs to be done not only physically but also chemically to maximize the results obtained. Preferably on the reaction of opening the epoxides rings used a long chain alcohol compounds that have a high viscosity and boiling point to obtain a better viscosities value

Soil Recovery Menggunakan Pupuk Microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa dan Efeknya terhadap Produktivitas Melon Aulia, Margaretha Praba; Aji, Rangga Warsita
METANA Vol 17, No 1 (2021): Juni 2021
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v17i1.34295

Lahan pertanian maupun perkebunan di Indonesia mengalami penurunan kesuburan akibat dari penggunaan pupuk kimia buatan berlebih yang menghilangkan unsur hara asli dari tanah. Kerusakan tanah ini juga diakibatkan oleh pH tanah yang terlalu asam. Keasaman pH tanah ini dapat berdampak pada penurunan produktivitas hasil pertanian maupun perkebunan. Melon adalah salah satu tanaman buah yang memerlukan pH netral selama pertumbuhannya sehingga didapatkan produktivitas maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pH terhadap soil recovery yang akan terlihat pada produktivitas melon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pemberian perlakuan terhadap pengendalian pH menggunakan pupuk organik hayati berbasis microalgae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa yang terdapat dalam pupuk Chloten, urea, kapur serta tanpa perlakuan tambahan sebagai kontrol terhadap pH tanah yang berdampak pada produktivitas hasil panen melon. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa pH tanah serta produktivitas melon. Perlakuan keasaman tanah menggunakan pupuk berbasis mikroalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa tidak memiliki efek signifikan terhadap keasaman tanah serta produktivitas tanaman melon. Penggunaan pupuk berbasi microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa merupakan perlakuan terbaik yang didapat untuk mengatur keasaman tanah serta memiliki tingkat produktivitas hasil melon tertinggi.Â Agricultural land and plantations in Indonesia have decreased fertility due to the use of excess artificial chemical fertilizers that remove native nutrients from the soil. Soil damage is also caused by soil pH that is too acidic. The acidity of this soil pH can have an impact on decreasing the productivity of agricultural and plantation products. Melon is a fruit plant that requires a neutral pH during its growth in order to obtain maximum productivity. This study aims to determine the impact of pH on soil recovery which will be seen in melon productivity. This research was conducted by giving treatment to pH control using bio-organic fertilizer based on Chlorella Pyrenoidosa microalgae which is contained in Chloten, urea, lime and without additional treatment as a control for soil pH which has an impact on the productivity of melon yields. The parameters used in this study were analysis of soil pH and melon productivity. Soil acidity treatment using Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae-based fertilizer did not have a significant effect on soil acidity and the productivity of melons. The use of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae based fertilizer is the best treatment obtained to regulate soil acidity and has the highest yield of melon yields.

Improve Capsicum spp. Seed Quality in Seedling Using Microorganism Organic Fertilizers Juhariah, Jujuk; Lestariana, Dwi Suci; Aulia, Margaretha Praba
METANA Vol 16, No 2 (2020): Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v16i2.33380

This study aims to improve the seed quality in seedling using microorganism-based fertilizer. This study was conducted from July to September 2019 at Boyolali Universityâ€™s greenhouse. This experiment was an arranged factorial randomized block design with three factors, which are three chili varieties (green, white, and curly chili) and three kinds of organic fertilizers (microalgae, effective microorganisms, and local microorganisms). Then the plants observed five times. Parameters observed are the living plant number, leavesâ€™ number, and plant height. The results show that there was no significant difference in living plant numbers among all the treatments. The significant differences appear in the number of leaves and plant height. The significant difference indicated that the difference influenced by the plant type not because of the application of the fertilizer.Â

Komposit Kolang-Kaling Dan Tepung Tapioka Dengan Penambahan Berbagai Jenis Plasticizer Indarti, Laurentina Dinia Eka; Purnavita, Sari; Pratiwi, Mumpuni Asih
METANA Vol 17, No 1 (2021): Juni 2021
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v17i1.33636

Plastik komersial dimasyarakat sangatlah digemari. Namun, penggunaan plastik komersial sebagai bahan pengemas saat ini mulai dikurangi karena plastik dari bahan sintetik kimia ini sulit diurai oleh mikroba dan membutuhkan waktu cukup lama untuk terurai. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh rasio bahan baku dan pengaruh jenis plasticizer terhadap karakteristik bioplastik. Pembuatan bioplastik dilakukan dengan menimbang 20 g campuran bahan dengan rasio kolang-kaling : tepung tapioka. Metode yang dilakukan dengan memanaskan tepung tapioka dan aquadest dalam beaker glass hingga terjadi gelatinasi. Selanjutnya menambah bubur kolang-kaling dan plasticizer sesuai rasio yang ditetapkan. Lalu, campuran tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu 70â„ƒ sambil diaduk selama 15 menit kemudian dilakukan degassing process. Campuran dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 60â„ƒ selama 24 jam. Pada variabel ke dua, proses dilakukan dengan berbagai jenis plasticizer. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh FT-IR (alkohol, alkana dan alkena), rasio bahan baku terbaik 3 : 1. Rasio bahan baku 3:1 menghasilkan nilai tensile strength sebesar 10,05 MPa, elongation sebesar 22,325 % dan ketahanan air sebesar 57,41 %, serta mampu terdegradasi dengan mudah. Penelitian dengan variabel bebas jenis plasticizer menunjukkan bahwa dengan plasticizer gliserol diperoleh nilai tensile strength dan elongation tertinggi yaitu sebesar 7,08 MPa dan 19,48 %, ketahanan air sebesar 50 %, dan bioplastik yang dihasilkan paling mudah terdegradasi.Â Commercial plastic in the community is very popular. However, the use of commercial plastics as packaging materials is now starting to be reduced because plastics from these chemical synthetic materials are difficult to decompose by microbes and take a long time to decompose. This study aims to study the influence of raw material ratio and the influence of plasticizer type on bioplastic characteristics. Bioplastic making is done by weighing 20 g of mixed ingredients with kolang-kaling ratio: tapioca flour. The method is done by heating tapioca flour and aquadest in beaker glass until gelatination occurs. Next add the kolang-kaling porridge and plasticizer according to the ratio set. Then, the mixture is heated at 70Â°C while stirring for 15 minutes then degassing process. The mixture is dried in the oven at 60Â°C for 24 hours. In the second variable, the process is carried out with various types of plasticizers. The results of this study obtained FT-IR (alcohol, alkanes and alkenes), the ratio of the best raw materials 3 : 1. The 3:1 raw material ratio produces tensile strength of 10.05 MPa, elongation of 22.325% and water resistance of 57.41%, and is able to degrade easily. Research with plasticizer-free variable type shows that with glycerol plasticizer obtained tensile strength and elongation highest value of 7.08 MPa and 19.48%, water resistance of 50%, and bioplastic produced most easily degraded.

Enhanced adsorption property of TiO2 based nanoribbons produced by alkaline hydrothermal process Ariyanti, Dessy; Moâ€™ungatonga, Satriani; Gao, Wei
METANA Vol 16, No 2 (2020): Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v16i2.33428

TiO2 is a semiconductor material with endless potential for the development of renewable energy as well as in the environmental field application. With various methods, TiO2 nanostructures with various morphology, properties and application can be developed. In this paper, the synthesis of TiO2 based nanoribbons with high adsorption property produced by alkaline hydrothermal methods were investigated. Its morphology, crystal structure and physical properties were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The result shows that by controlling the hydrothermal processing time, different morphology and structures of TiO2 nanoribbons with different adsorption properties can be obtained. The nanoribbons produced via alkaline hydrothermal method has width 200-300 nm and length up to several microns. It also possesses fair adsorption capacity over dyes (Rhodamine B and Methyl orange) considering its large surface area and high pore volume.Â

Uji Kinerja Mesin Pencacah Tumbuhan Nilam dengan Kapasitas 120 Kg/Jam Porawati, Hilda; Darmuji, Darmuji; Rifa'i, Ahmad Imam
METANA Vol 16, No 2 (2020): Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/metana.v16i2.34010

Tumbuhan nilam merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri dan salah satu penyumbang devisa terbesar diÂ antaraÂ tanamanÂ atsiriÂ lainnya. Minyak nilam merupakan bahan baku dalam industri kosmetik, parfum, antiseptik serta aromaterapi. Salah satu indikator peningkatan kapasitas produksi minyak nilam adalah terdapat pada proses pencacahan tumbuhan nilam sebelum dilakukan proses penyulingan minyak nilam. Proses pencacahan tumbuhan nilam akan lebih efektif dalam efisiensi waktu pengerjaan dan peningkatan kapasitas jika dilakukan dengan mesin pencacah. Komponen utama dari mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam adalah rangka, cover dan rangka, poros, saluran masuk, saluran keluar, kedudukan mata pisau, transmisiÂ tunggalÂ sertaÂ mesinÂ penggerak. Daya mesin penggerak yang digunakan sebesar 5.5 HP dengan mata pisau planer berjumlah 4 buah dimensi 300 x 30 x 30 mm yang terbuat dari komposisi material High Speed Steel (HSS) 18%. Posisi mata pisau di pasang dengan kemiringan mata pisau 3â°. Sistem transmisi menggunakan sistem transmisi tunggal yaitu 2 buah pulley dihubungkan dengan menggunakan v-belt. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengatur variasi putaran motor penggerak untuk mengetahui kapasitas cacahan dalam rentang waktu 1 jam. Ukuran hasil cacahan yang diteliti diatur dengan variasi jarak potong mata pisau yaitu 20 mm dan 30 mm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas cacahan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya putaran poros mata pisau. Pada putaran poros mata pisau > 1000 rpm mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam memiliki kapasitas cacahan Â±120 kg/jam. Kapasitas cacahan untuk variasi jarak 30 mm memiliki kapasitas cacahan yang lebih banyak di bandingkan dengan pengaturan jarak 30 mm. Berdasarkan syarat mutu dan metode uji dari mesin pencacah (chopper) mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam SNI 7580:2010 tergolong kedalam mesin kelas A.Â Patchouli plant produces essential oils and one of the largest foreign exchange earners, among other essential plants. Patchouli oil is a raw material in the cosmetics, perfume, antiseptic, and aromatherapy industries. One indicator of an increase in patchouli oil production capacity is the patchouli plant's chopping process before the patchouli oil refining process is carried out. The patchouli plant's chopping process will be more effective in the efficiency of processing time and increased capacity if it is done with a chopping machine. The patchouli chopping machine's main components are the frame, cover and frame, shaft, inlet, outlet, the position of the blade, single transmission, and engine. The power of the engine used is 5.5 HP with 4 planer blades of 300 x dimensions. 30 x 30 mm, which is made of 18% High-Speed Steel (HSS) material composition. The position of the blade is attached with a 3 angle of the blade. The transmission system uses a single transmission system, namely 2 pulleys connected using a v-belt. This research was conducted by adjusting the motor rotation variation to determine the chopping capacity within 1 hour. The size of the chopped results studied was adjusted by varying the cutting distance of the blades, namely 20 mm and 30 mm. The results showed that the chopping capacity increased with an increasing rotation of the blade shaft. At the blade rotation> 1000 rpm, the patchouli chopping machine has a Â±120 kg/hour chopping capacity. The chopping capacity for 30 mm spacing variations has more chopping capacity than the 30 mm spacing setting. Based on the chopper's quality requirements and the test method, the patchouli plant SNI 7580: 2010 is classified as a class A machine.

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